Research Progress of Foreign Direct Investment and Global Value Chain Status

With the rapid development of globalization,the industries of various countries are actively seeking the best way to improve the global value chain(GVC)status while integrating into the world.As an important factor affecting the GVC status,foreign direct investment(FDI)has attracted extensive attention from scholars.On the basis of systematically summarizing the research progress of FDI theory,GVC status and the influence of FDI on GVC status,the paper tries to clarify the internal relationship between FDI and GVC status,explores the shortcomings of existing research,and puts forward the possible direction of future research.

China's Position in Global Value Chains Compared with the EU,U.S.and Japan

By creating a five-country I-O model of China, EU, US, Japan and other countries, this paper decomposes gross export into nine parts and investigates the GVC positions and competitiveness of China and the other three economies for different sectors using real domestic trade in value-added and GVC position indices. In addition, valueadded trade is taken into consideration to identify the labor division characteristics of the four economies in the GVC, which led to the following findings: China participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the downstream yet shows a significant tendency to move upstream in technology-intensive sectors; Japan participates primarily in the single links of the GVC at the upstream and boasts an advantage in technology-intensive sectors; the US participates in the multiple links of the GVC at the upstream with superiority in hightechnology sectors; the EU participates in the production and export of intermediate goods and final goods at both ends.

Cross-border Urban Networks Based on Manufacturing Global Value Chain:A Study of Listed Companies in Western China

Cross-border investment is essential for western China’s globalization.Global value chain(GVC)forms cross-border investment networks between industries in western China and overseas cities.Focusing on GVC,this study uses the social network analysis method,entropy method,multi-index comprehensive evaluation method,and quadratic assignment procedure analysis method to examine the characteristics and influencing factors of the urban networks of research and development(R&D),production,and sales formed as a result of the overseas investments of listed manufacturing companies in western China.Results showed that the three types of investment networks involved multiple industry types and multiple central cities with differentiated diversity and multicentrality.The R&D urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instruments,medicine and biological products,and metal and nonmetal industries.The destination cities were mostly those home to educational and scientific research centers.The production urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment,instrument,and food and beverage industries.The destination cities were mostly regional central cities in developing countries.The sales urban network’s leading sub-industries were the mechanical equipment and instrument,metal and nonmetal,and petrochemical and plastics industries.The destination cities were numerous and scattered.In addition,the R&D urban network easily formed specialized clusters,core nodes easily controlled the production urban network,and individual nodes did not easily control the sales urban network.Technological and economic system advantages greatly impacted the three network types.Considering the different influencing factors,this study suggests optimizing the institutional investment environment to narrow the institutional gap,adjusting and optimizing the investment layout to expand overseas markets,and increasing R&D funds to stimulate technological progress and overseas investments in western China.

Global Value Chain Embeddedness,Knowledge Spillovers,and Clustered Firms' Innovation Performance

Empirical evidence of the effects of global value chain( GVC) embeddedness on clustered firms' innovation is presented in this paper. The intermediary roles of the two types of knowledge spillover( explicit and implicit) in GVC embeddedness and clustered firms' innovation are considered, and the effects of structure embeddedness,relationship embeddedness,and acknowledgement embeddedness on clustered firms' innovation are examined. Analysis is based on the sample of 134 export-oriented firms from the Shaoxing industrial cluster in Zhejiang province of China. Results show that although GVC embeddedness is associated with high use of external knowledge sources,clustered firms' innovation is promoted indirectly through explicit knowledge spillover. Intrinsic connections exist among the different dimensions of GVC embeddedness,that is,structure embeddedness not only directly improves relationship embeddedness but also indirectly improves acknowledgement embeddedness through relationship embeddedness.

新型数字基础设施如何影响中国制造业GVC参与?

当前,新型基础设施能够产生各种积极的经济效应,虽然已被理论和实证研究广泛证实,但现有研究鲜有关注其对制造业全球价值链(GVC)参与的影响。在研究视角上,与现有文献关注于传统基础设施不同,本文着重从新型数字基础设施的作用视角,探讨影响中国参与全球价值链分工的因素,从而拓展和深化有关中国参与全球价值链影响因素的认识。在研究内容上,本文在理论和实证层面分析新型数字基础设施对中国参与全球价值链产生影响的作用机制,可从新型数字基础设施建设角度,探寻促进中国攀升全球价值链的更好对策建议。在研究方法上,尤其是在全球价值链分工地位的指标构建上,本文还尝试突破现有文献构建指标的不足,创新性地从企业层面构建能够更好地反映全球价值链分工地位的科学指标。研究结果在中国制造业亟待进一步深度融入全球价值链、提升全球价值链分工地位,进而迈向高水平开放的关键阶段,有着重要的政策启示作用。

Analyzing the Value Chains of China＇s Knock-off Handset industry

Establishing a two-sided market （specialized market） is an effective way to build a national value chain （NVC）. The Chinese knock-off wireless handset industry has succeeded in building a miniature version of an NVC based on the Huaqiangbei Market, a typical specialized market. ＂Ihis paper begins b）, analyzing the differences in the industrial chains of knock-off and traditional wireless handsets and concludes that due to lacking after-sales service, the value chain of knock-off wireless handsets is consumer-driven, with a focus on manufacturing and marketing. Analysis of the knock-off wireless handset-based NVC reveals that multi-level demands, a maturing industry and adaptive innovation are three pre-conditions for Chinese manufacturing to build an NVC in a two-sided market. Given the uneven scale and techniques among knock-off handset makers, their addiction to the low-end market and imperfect value chains constructed using the ＂knockoff pattern＂ this paper proposes that China can break these bottlenecks by letting the specialized and unilateral markets develop closer to each other and by providing governmental guidance in the specialized market.

GVC嵌入、创新型人力资本与制造业高质量发展——基于“新发展理念”的影响机制分析与效应检验

制造业高质量发展是实现经济高质量发展的重中之重。以制造业高质量发展的内涵为切入点,基于“新发展理念”构建指标体系测算我国制造业高质量发展状况,利用行业面板数据评估全球价值链嵌入对制造业高质量发展的影响以及创新型人力资本对该影响的偏效应。研究表明:现阶段,参与全球价值链分工整体上对制造业高质量发展具有一定的负向影响,但上游环节嵌入会转向正向作用;创新型人力资本能够显著提升制造业高质量发展水平。进一步对影响机制分析发现,创新型人力资本能够显著弱化GVC嵌入对制造业高质量发展的消极影响,并且弱化作用存在门槛效应;对于不同嵌入位置,创新型人力资本能够加强上游环节价值链嵌入对制造业高质量发展的正向作用,而下游环节价值链嵌入并不能有效发挥作用;对于不同行业类型,创新型人力资本会严重加剧购买者驱动行业嵌入GVC对制造业高质量发展的负向影响,而削弱生产者驱动行业嵌入GVC对制造业高质量发展的消极作用。

GVC视角下双边增加值贸易的解构与测算:以中美贸易为例

构建了多国模型中双边增加值贸易的解构模型,并利用2016年发布的世界投入产出表测算了2000—2014年中美56个产业部门的双边增加值贸易及总值贸易的数据,结合中美贸易失衡的扭曲程度指标的构建与测算,从总体和结构两个层面对中美增加值贸易进行了失衡分析和全球价值链地位分析,还原了中美双边贸易的真实状态。结果显示,总体上,双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了20.17%;美国出口中的回流比重呈现下降的趋势,而中国出口中的回流比重则是逐年上升;自2010年起中国出口中的国外增加值率逐渐下跌,而国内增加值率开始上升,这表明中国在全球价值链中的地位正在改善。结构上,中国对美国各行业增加值贸易以顺差为主;制造业的双边总值贸易失衡比增加值贸易失衡平均每年高估了96.30%,并且中国主要制造业部门对美国的增加值贸易出口均小于总值贸易出口,这说明中国制造业总体上仍然需要继续提升其在全球产业链中的位置;在新兴服务部门,美国相对中国处于全球价值链上游,而在建筑业和一些传统服务部门,中国相对美国处于全球价值链的上游。

共同创造与GVC嵌入:中国汽车产业创新网络治理研究

实现在全球价值链中的有效嵌入,是解决发展中国家产业发展、创新能力和国际竞争力提升的关键问题之一。目前,汽车产业价值链增值的核心环节仍集中在发达国家,中国汽车产业"三级价值链"与"二级价值链"之间的断裂阻碍了整个汽车产业在全球价值链中的有效嵌入,而共同创造子系统的构建和以"三层嵌入"、"三层治理"、"三层升级"为基本特征的动态嵌入式共同创造系统的形成有利于实现中国汽车产业的全球价值链嵌入和创新能力提升。

我国制造业绿色低碳转型的GVC升级机制与路径研究

推动我国制造业绿色低碳转型,是突破“双重锁定”与实现全球价值链升级的重要举措。基于2006—2018年30个省(区、市)的面板数据,在探究绿色低碳转型影响我国制造业全球价值链升级理论机制基础上,从4个维度构建制造业绿色低碳转型综合评价指标对其特征进行衡量,并对其余相关变量进行测度,运用设定的基准回归模型与中介效应计量模型,研究了我国制造业绿色低碳转型与全球价值链升级二者之间的影响机制并进行实证检验。研究结论:①根据相关指标测度结果发现,我国制造业绿色低碳转型指标及制造业全球价值链升级指标均呈逐年优化趋势,且绿色低碳转型水平具有明显区域异质性,呈现出东中西的阶梯化发展态势。②制造业绿色低碳转型从4个方面直接影响制造业GVC升级。其中,产业结构和技术创新对制造业GVC升级的影响大于清洁能源消费和减污降碳,且都为正向促进作用。此外,基于出口贸易结构改善和绿色贸易壁垒削减效应间接影响制造业GVC升级的中介效应,也通过计量模型检验得到证实。③绿色低碳转型对制造业GVC升级的影响存在区域差异性。东部对促进GVC升级的作用最大,中部地区的边际效用明显,西部的影响较不显著。因此,应围绕“双碳”战略目标下的制造业高质量发展要求,着力加快行业绿色技术创新,打造制造业绿色低碳产业体系,延长清洁能源产业链条,因地制宜统筹各地区制造业优势,促进减污降碳协同增效,推进制造业向GVC的中高端迈进。

嵌入GVC的我国产业集群竞争力提升模式研究——基于“双钻石模型”

全球化生产网络的形成，“片断化”生产模式的发展，使得传统的产业集群在构建其区域经济系统时必须嵌入到全球的价值链（GVC）中，构建产业集群的全球竞争力提升模式。本文主要在波特“钻石模型”的基础上构建适合我国产业集群竞争力提升的“双钻石模型”，并且分析在GVC下“国内钻石”的变化趋势。在此基础上从“双钻石模型”的四个要素出发提出我国产业集群竞争力提升的路径选择。

绿色技术创新对中国制造业GVC升级的影响研究

为了研究绿色技术创新对中国制造业GVC升级的影响效果,深入剖析作用机理,基于对GVC指数的测算刻画中国制造业GVC升级特征,构建计量模型进行实证分析。结果表明:①中国制造业嵌入GVC程度整体表现出GVC国际分工地位仍处于相对下游位置,但拥有相对较高的参与程度,并筛选出优势产业、问题产业、潜力产业、支柱产业;②绿色技术创新整体上显著促进我国制造业GVC升级;③绿色技术创新对制造业GVC升级的影响具有显著的行业异质性,劳动密集型行业呈现出与整体相似的影响效果,而资本与技术密集型行业呈现的效果却不明显。

How Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Impact a Country's Position in Global Value Chains?

Economic globalization in the 21st century has been characterized by the rise and spread of global value chains(GVCs).It faces significant challenges due to increasing domestic and international policy uncertainty in the context of emerging mega risks like geopolitical tensions and climate change.This paper begins by constructing a theoretical model for an open economy to study how risk-averse firms make decisions regarding the sourcing of intermediate inputs in an uncertain environment.Our model solution proposes that firms will source fewer intermediate inputs from countries with more economic uncertainty.An increase in domestic and foreign uncertainty will have opposite impacts on a country's position in GVCs.In this sense,we argue that a country tends to move downstream along GVCs if its own economic policies become more uncertain,and it tends to move upstream with an increase in the uncertainty of its trading partner countries.Our regression analyses,based on data including the World Input-Output Database,World Development Indicators,the UN Comtrade database,and the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index,provide empirical support for this model-based conclusion.Our findings highlight that a nation must consider foreign economic policy uncertainty and maintain domestic policy stability to participate in GVCs.

海外知识资本与全球价值链升级——基于GVC地位指数的实证研究

利用WWZ法测算出2003—2014年我国在41个国家56个行业中的全球价值链地位指数,并实证分析了外商直接投资、对外直接投资、出口、进口四类海外知识资本对我国价值链升级的影响。结果表明:对外直接投资和出口能有效提升我国价值链地位,外商直接投资和进口在发达经济体中存在抑制作用;对外直接投资能促进我国制造业低、中、高三类技术部门价值链升级,外商直接投资在三个技术部门显示抑制效果,出口对中、高技术部门有推动力,进口只对低技术部门有正向影响。

全球价值链体系下中国出口贸易地位再分析--基于增加值贸易和GVC地位指数的视角

在全球价值链分工体系下,增加值贸易核算方法比传统贸易统计方法更能真实准确地揭示一国参与国际分工的情况、所处的地位、获取的贸易利益。本文基于OECD和WTO2013年联合发布的1995-2011年连续17年的WIOT数据,先通过增加值贸易法将中国的总出口分解为Koopman(2010)的五部分,然后运用GVC地位指数法测算中国的国际分工地位,并将其和世界主要的39个经济体加以比较,进而判断中国在新型国际分工下的地位和获取贸易利益的情况。增加值分析显示,中国出口的国内增加值中最终产品所占比例最高,达33%~46%;其次是转移的中间产品所包含的国内增加值比例,为23%~27%;出口所包含的国外增加值比例为14%~28%;出口的被进口国自己使用的中间产品包含的国内增加值比例为14%~17%;返回的国内增加值比例为0.24%~1.23%。GVC地位指数研究结果表明:中国虽然出口总值超过美国和德国雄踞世界第一,但是在全球价值链分工体系中其地位相对较低,出口获利能力不高。

Revisiting the driving force underlying Chinese PM_(2.5)emissions:From the two perspectives of GVC and IDA

The depth and breadth of participation in the global value chain(GVC)significantly impacts a country's fine particulate contamination(PM_(2.5))emissions.First,based on the GVC accounting framework,the sources of PM_(2.5) emissions in China between 1990 and 2015 are identified and investigated considering production-side,consumption-side,and export-implied pollution.Then,index decomposition analysis(IDA)of emissions is conducted to further investigate the changes in and causes of air pollution in China.Throughout the analytical process,differences between the PM_(2.5) emissions in two time periods-one of rapid economic growth and another of the“new normal”economy-are compared.The results demonstrate that:China is embedded in high pollution links of GVCs;China transfers pollution to third-parties by importing intermediate products from resource-intensive countries in the global production system;extensive economic growth caused an increase in China's total PM_(2.5) emissions,but cleaner production technology can reduce the emissions intensity.Industrial restructuring under the“new normal”has increased China's short-term PM_(2.5) emissions intensity.These results suggest that China should optimize and upgrade its domestic economic structure and transform its export growth mode to deliver high added value and low pollution.Further,it should prioritize cooperation between the upstream and downstream value chain and accelerate the upgrading of its consumption structure in this new era.

全球价值链的脱钩与反脱钩:来自中国制造业企业微观数据的经验证据

本文基于中国制造业上市公司的微观数据和WIOD及亚行的世界投入产出表数据,考察美国的价值链脱钩策略对中国企业创新内在动力的激发效应和对中国全球价值链地位攀升的影响。研究发现:首先,美国的价值链脱钩策略对中国企业创新内在动力存在显著的正向激发作用,且激发效应能够抵消遏制效应。其次,脱钩策略对中国全球价值链地位攀升的叠加效应显著为正,与产业上游度负相关,表明美国的脱钩策略并不会阻断中国全球价值链地位的攀升和产业技术水平的提高。最后,中国企业自主创新对FDI技术外溢的吸收和转化等“学习效应”过于依赖,存在“低质低效”的双低现象,降低了价值链地位攀升的效率。FDI对产业价值链地位有显著的提升作用,但对国内企业“高质高效”的自主创新具有抑制作用。本文结论为提高企业自主创新质量和效率以及价值链地位提供了政策启示。

Value-Added Trade and Evolution of China's Comparative Advantages

Based on heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns, this paper estimates China's ratio of value-added exports(RVAE) using value-added trade accounting, and discusses the evolution of China's comparative advantages from the perspective of value-added trade. Our research findings suggest that without taking into account heterogeneity in firm's sales destinations and trade patterns,China's RVAE will be overestimated. Conventional gross trade accounting underestimates the export competitiveness of China's labor-intensive and capital intensive sectors, but overestimates the export competitiveness of China's technology-intensive sectors,which leads to a significant reversal of comparative advantages. Conventional gross trade accounting method overestimates the trade surplus of China's manufacturing and technology-intensive sectors with the US by about 60% and 85% respectively.

中国产业攀升全球价值链:发展动态、国际比较及对策启示

文章按要素密集度划分产业结构,分别利用前后向参与度、增加值技术复杂度以及基于前后向联系的生产长度构造指标,测度产业在全球价值链生产中的相对价值输出地位、产业控制力水平和生产位置。在此基础上,先从净贡献和产业控制力水平角度分析我国不同类型产业自加入WTO以来嵌入全球价值链的发展趋势,再与美德日韩四国进行同业比较,以掌握国际发展动态,最后以优势国家生产位置为参照,结合现实情况,分析我国不同类型产业攀升全球价值链面临的挑战。

数字贸易对制造业全球价值链地位的影响研究——基于跨国面板数据的经验证据

基于2007-2020年54个国家的跨国面板数据,采用固定效应模型和面板门槛模型,实证检验了数字贸易发展对一国制造业全球价值链地位的影响。研究发现,数字贸易与制造业全球价值链地位之间存在“先负后正”的U型关系,即在数字贸易发展初期,其对制造业全球价值链地位会产生一定的抑制作用;超过一定门槛值后,这种抑制作用会慢慢演变成促进作用。研发强度和贸易开放度对数字贸易提升国家制造业全球价值链地位起到正向调节作用;进一步的异质性检验发现,数字贸易对发达国家制造业全球价值链地位具有更大的提升作用。据此,文章提出应加大数字贸易发展、重视研发投入力度、推进高水平贸易开放等对策建议。