The world today is facing turbulence and change,and global development is at a crossroads.At this critical juncture,President Xi Jinping put forth the Global Development Initiative(GDI)with the theme“implementing the...The world today is facing turbulence and change,and global development is at a crossroads.At this critical juncture,President Xi Jinping put forth the Global Development Initiative(GDI)with the theme“implementing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda for more robust,greener and healthier global development”at the 76th General Assembly of the United Nations,which sheds light on the direction of global development.The GDI,proposed by China,has galvanized support from the international community as an international public goods to promote common development.Following the historical trends of human development,the GDI breaks through the limitations of the hegemonic stability theory and the free-riding curse to expand and innovate the theoretical perception of international public goods with the right approach to principles and interests.With a people-oriented approach and the basic principles of green and innovative development,the GDI both addresses urgent challenges and attaches importance to enhancing development capabilities and creating supporting conditions to offer a holistic solution to global challenges.Through the implementation of multiple pathways under international cooperation,the GDI will build a consensus on global development,increase the momentum of global development,and play an important role in creating a community with a shared future for mankind.展开更多
The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many princip...The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.展开更多
The Central Arctic Ocean （CAO） is a global commons, and fishes in the CAO are common property resources. If humanity does not manage this region well, then this will lead to a ＂Tragedy of the Commons,＂ an old prob...The Central Arctic Ocean （CAO） is a global commons, and fishes in the CAO are common property resources. If humanity does not manage this region well, then this will lead to a ＂Tragedy of the Commons,＂ an old problem in human society. However, the two existing means of commons governance, privatization and government control, are not appropriate for the CAO. This study＇s findings indicate that CAO fisheries management will most likely result from a process of self-organization. The openness of the CAO and the imbalance of powers, interests and responsibilities among the states that are involved will lead to a process of self-organized governance of CAO fisheries. There are four stages in this process： competition, synergy, establishment of governing principles and mechanisms, and expansion and evolution of influence. The outcome of CAO fisheries governance will be the result of compromise among the parties as no one actor is in a dominant position.展开更多
This article discusses the representation of the sea in selected works of W. H. Longfellow, Herman Melville, and lan Wedde, tracing its transformation from a romantic icon to a global commons. Despite differences in t...This article discusses the representation of the sea in selected works of W. H. Longfellow, Herman Melville, and lan Wedde, tracing its transformation from a romantic icon to a global commons. Despite differences in their portrayals, all three artists find stagnation alongside vitality in the ebb and flow or the rolling of the sea. Similar to Longfellow, Melville romanticizes the sea in Moby-Dick as an ultimate sanctuary, the domain of reveries. At the same time, Melville also portrays the sea as a global commons where U.S. capitalism dominates the global order and exploits the resources. In addressing the environmental issues such as the possibility of whales＇ extinction, Melville echoes ＂the tragedy of the commons＂ lamented by Garrett Hardin. Queequeg, the ＂primitive＂ man who saves Ishmael from the wolfish industrial capitalism is thought to be modeled after a MAori from New Zealand. Today, the M^ori＇s ancestral sea-based culture is threatened by economic globalization. Wedde, a New Zealand poet, confronted the plans to construct an aluminum smelter in his country. His poem juxtaposes themes of precariousness and desolation with resilience and defiant survival, a motif mirrored in Longfellow＇s and Melville＇s portrayals of the sea.展开更多
The reconstruction of global annual mean temperatures made by the PAGES 2k Consortium in 2019 represents one of the most influential sequences of global climate variability over the Common Era.However,it is still not ...The reconstruction of global annual mean temperatures made by the PAGES 2k Consortium in 2019 represents one of the most influential sequences of global climate variability over the Common Era.However,it is still not clear how the reconstruction can be influenced by the selection of reconstruction methods and the selection of proxy records with different temporal resolutions over different regions.We adopt a widely used Composite-Plus-Scale method to elucidate the effects of the selection of the proxy records on temperature reconstruction.To ensure the uniformity of data,different types of proxy records spanning the past~2000 years from the PAGES 2k proxy network were used to investigate the potential effects of proxy selection in hemispheric and global temperature reconstructions during the past two millennia.The long-term trends,spectral characteristics,and volcanic responses of the annual temperatures were studied based on the reconstructions.Our results reveal a significant cooling trend in the global annual mean temperature using both tree-ring and non-tree-ring records during the 1–1850CE period,and show that the cooling exhibits a stronger trend in the Southern Hemisphere(SH)than that in the Northern Hemisphere(NH).Yet,the long-term trends vary according to different combinations of proxy records.Different reconstructions based on different types of proxies also exhibit different features in terms of volcanic responses and spectral properties.Tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions show stronger cooling responses to tropical volcanic eruptions,while non-tree-ring-based reconstructions suggest less robust volcanic responses,which may be related to dating uncertainties and low temporal resolution of the proxies.Tree-ring width records tend to preserve a substantial proportion of high-frequency(<200 years)variability,whereas non-tree-ring proxies tend to capture a larger fraction of low-frequency(>200 years)variations.Efforts are needed to reduce uncertainties of the temperature reconstruction over the Common Era associated with the insufficient spatiotemporal coverage of the current proxy network,especially for the first millennium and for the SH and tropics,also to develop statistical methods and to improve the signal strength and constrain uncertainties in existing proxy records.展开更多
文摘The world today is facing turbulence and change,and global development is at a crossroads.At this critical juncture,President Xi Jinping put forth the Global Development Initiative(GDI)with the theme“implementing the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda for more robust,greener and healthier global development”at the 76th General Assembly of the United Nations,which sheds light on the direction of global development.The GDI,proposed by China,has galvanized support from the international community as an international public goods to promote common development.Following the historical trends of human development,the GDI breaks through the limitations of the hegemonic stability theory and the free-riding curse to expand and innovate the theoretical perception of international public goods with the right approach to principles and interests.With a people-oriented approach and the basic principles of green and innovative development,the GDI both addresses urgent challenges and attaches importance to enhancing development capabilities and creating supporting conditions to offer a holistic solution to global challenges.Through the implementation of multiple pathways under international cooperation,the GDI will build a consensus on global development,increase the momentum of global development,and play an important role in creating a community with a shared future for mankind.
文摘The concept of common interests of mankind in the environmental protec-tion spurred -by the internationalized and globalized environmental problems are discussed in this paper. While making challenges for many principles and rules of international law and the traditional conception of national security, the concept does play its role in strengthening the environmental protection. However, it cannot be neglected that diflerent national interests pose an obstacle to the realization of the common interests of mankind in the envirormental protection. The article concludes that whether the concept plays its greater role in the environmental protection will depend on many factors, such as the spread of environmental awareness, the revision of the traditional conception and the balanced development of the world economy.
基金the project "A Survey on the Attitude of the Indigenous People in Alaska to Economic Development Activities in the Arctic Region and the Path of Cooperation between China and the United States", funded by the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administrationthe project "Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program" (Grant no. CHINARE2016-04-05-01) funded by the State Oceanic Administration of China
文摘The Central Arctic Ocean （CAO） is a global commons, and fishes in the CAO are common property resources. If humanity does not manage this region well, then this will lead to a ＂Tragedy of the Commons,＂ an old problem in human society. However, the two existing means of commons governance, privatization and government control, are not appropriate for the CAO. This study＇s findings indicate that CAO fisheries management will most likely result from a process of self-organization. The openness of the CAO and the imbalance of powers, interests and responsibilities among the states that are involved will lead to a process of self-organized governance of CAO fisheries. There are four stages in this process： competition, synergy, establishment of governing principles and mechanisms, and expansion and evolution of influence. The outcome of CAO fisheries governance will be the result of compromise among the parties as no one actor is in a dominant position.
文摘This article discusses the representation of the sea in selected works of W. H. Longfellow, Herman Melville, and lan Wedde, tracing its transformation from a romantic icon to a global commons. Despite differences in their portrayals, all three artists find stagnation alongside vitality in the ebb and flow or the rolling of the sea. Similar to Longfellow, Melville romanticizes the sea in Moby-Dick as an ultimate sanctuary, the domain of reveries. At the same time, Melville also portrays the sea as a global commons where U.S. capitalism dominates the global order and exploits the resources. In addressing the environmental issues such as the possibility of whales＇ extinction, Melville echoes ＂the tragedy of the commons＂ lamented by Garrett Hardin. Queequeg, the ＂primitive＂ man who saves Ishmael from the wolfish industrial capitalism is thought to be modeled after a MAori from New Zealand. Today, the M^ori＇s ancestral sea-based culture is threatened by economic globalization. Wedde, a New Zealand poet, confronted the plans to construct an aluminum smelter in his country. His poem juxtaposes themes of precariousness and desolation with resilience and defiant survival, a motif mirrored in Longfellow＇s and Melville＇s portrayals of the sea.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42130511,42488201)the“Geo X”Interdisciplinary Research Funds for the Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling,Nanjing University(Grant Nos.202330029&2023300286)。
文摘The reconstruction of global annual mean temperatures made by the PAGES 2k Consortium in 2019 represents one of the most influential sequences of global climate variability over the Common Era.However,it is still not clear how the reconstruction can be influenced by the selection of reconstruction methods and the selection of proxy records with different temporal resolutions over different regions.We adopt a widely used Composite-Plus-Scale method to elucidate the effects of the selection of the proxy records on temperature reconstruction.To ensure the uniformity of data,different types of proxy records spanning the past~2000 years from the PAGES 2k proxy network were used to investigate the potential effects of proxy selection in hemispheric and global temperature reconstructions during the past two millennia.The long-term trends,spectral characteristics,and volcanic responses of the annual temperatures were studied based on the reconstructions.Our results reveal a significant cooling trend in the global annual mean temperature using both tree-ring and non-tree-ring records during the 1–1850CE period,and show that the cooling exhibits a stronger trend in the Southern Hemisphere(SH)than that in the Northern Hemisphere(NH).Yet,the long-term trends vary according to different combinations of proxy records.Different reconstructions based on different types of proxies also exhibit different features in terms of volcanic responses and spectral properties.Tree-ring-based temperature reconstructions show stronger cooling responses to tropical volcanic eruptions,while non-tree-ring-based reconstructions suggest less robust volcanic responses,which may be related to dating uncertainties and low temporal resolution of the proxies.Tree-ring width records tend to preserve a substantial proportion of high-frequency(<200 years)variability,whereas non-tree-ring proxies tend to capture a larger fraction of low-frequency(>200 years)variations.Efforts are needed to reduce uncertainties of the temperature reconstruction over the Common Era associated with the insufficient spatiotemporal coverage of the current proxy network,especially for the first millennium and for the SH and tropics,also to develop statistical methods and to improve the signal strength and constrain uncertainties in existing proxy records.
