Echerichia coli Infection—Associated Glomerulonephritis in a Kidney Transplant Patient: A Case Report

Post infectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN) in renal allograft is a rare entity. Only a few Cases have been described in the literature. The post streptococcal glomerulonephritis is the classic example in native kidney. A wide variety of organism has been associated with PIGN in renal allograft such as Staphylococcus, Cytomegalovirus and Polyomavirus. We describe one case of Infection associated glomerulonephritis due to Echericha Coli, developed 5 years after kidney transplantation, in 47 years old female patient. The Clinical presentation was characterized by a peripheral edema and high blood pressure, and biological tests showed a nephrotic syndrome, an acute kidney injury, a consumption of Complement fractions. The renal biopsy revealed a diffuse endocapillary cell proliferation with preponderant deposits of C3. Total recovery was achieved 4 months after Methyprednisolone pulse and Cyclophasphamid with antimicrobial treatment.

Exploring the Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Rosa laevigata Michx.Fruit on Rats with Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Based on NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway

Objective:To investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosa laevigata Michx.fruit on rats with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis based on the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.Methods:Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups,a blank control group,a diabetic nephropathy(DN)model group,and an ethanolic extract intervention group,according to the random number table method,with 10 rats in each group.One day before the experiment,basic feeding was initiated for all the rats;the changes in activity and weight of each group of rats were observed and recorded after 7 d,and a rat model of renal function injury was established after 1 d.Results:Compared with the control group,the model group had significantly higher kidney/body ratio,24 h urine protein,serum creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen(BUN),glomerular mesangial cell(GMC)count,and extracellular matrix(ECM)positive area ratio(P<0.05);the same indicators were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the model group(P<0.05).The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in renal intrinsic cells was activated in the intervention group.The overactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome is known to promote interleukin(IL)-1βrelease,which was inhibited in the intervention group.Conclusion:The ethanolic extract of Rosa laevigata Michx.fruit has a protective effect on renal intrinsic cells and may be related to NLRP3 inflammasome pathway,suggesting that the fruit of Rosa laevigata Michx.has a potential role in protecting renal intrinsic cells from inflammatory damage.NLRP3 inflammasomes are involved in the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases,such as acute and chronic glomerulonephritis and renal fibrosis.

Renal Vein Thrombosis Suggestive of Extramembranous Glomerulonephritis Associated with Sjögren’s Syndrome (Case Report)

Introduction: Glomerular damage during Gougerot-Sjgren syndrome is much rarer than interstitial damage, and is essentially extra-membranous and membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis. Observation: We report the case of a 44-year-old woman with primary Sjgrens syndrome, confirmed by clinical dryness syndrome, positive anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, and a salivary gland biopsy revealing grade 4 lymphocytic sialadenitis according to CHISHOLMs classification. Later, the patient developed nephrotic syndrome, along with hypertension. Renal function remained normal with a creatinine level of 9.3 mg/l, and hematuria was absent. Only antinuclear antibodies tested positive, while anti-PLA2R antibodies were negative. A renal biopsy was performed, which was complicated on the same day by hemodynamic instability with hematuria. Renal CT scan with contrast injection revealed a posterior perirenal hematoma without contrast extravasation. Additionally, bilateral renal vein thrombosis was incidentally discovered, suggesting extramembranous glomerulonephritis. The patients hemodynamic status stabilized after fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline solution (0.9%), without the need for blood transfusion. Renal biopsy confirmed extramembranous glomerulonephritis with interstitial fibrosis and minimal tubular atrophy. The initial etiological assessment was negative. The patient was started on oral corticosteroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and therapeutic anticoagulation for renal vein thrombosis. The patients condition improved, with the disappearance of the syndrome and spontaneous regression of the hematoma. Discussion: The association of nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis primarily suggests glomerulopathy, in particular extra-membranous glomerulonephritis. Sjgrens syndrome can be associated with extra-membranous glomerulonephritis without being its direct cause. Like, it is possible that it is a cause of glomerulonephritis, essentially extra membranous and membrano-proliferative. Conclusion: Sjgrens syndrome is generally underestimated cause of glomerulonephritis, which should be considered in cases of extra-membranous glomerulonephritis.

Modeling Geometrically Nonlinear FG Plates: A Fast and Accurate Alternative to IGA Method Based on Deep Learning

Isogeometric analysis (IGA) is known to showadvanced features compared to traditional finite element approaches.Using IGA one may accurately obtain the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of plates with functionalgrading (FG). However, the procedure is usually complex and often is time-consuming. We thus put forward adeep learning method to model the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates, bypassing the complexIGA simulation process. A long bidirectional short-term memory (BLSTM) recurrent neural network is trainedusing the load and gradient index as inputs and the displacement responses as outputs. The nonlinear relationshipbetween the outputs and the inputs is constructed usingmachine learning so that the displacements can be directlyestimated by the deep learning network. To provide enough training data, we use S-FSDT Von-Karman IGA andobtain the displacement responses for different loads and gradient indexes. Results show that the recognition erroris low, and demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning technique as a fast and accurate alternative to IGA formodeling the geometrically nonlinear bending behavior of FG plates.

Efficiency and safety of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F for IgA nephropathy: an update systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy(IgAN)currently stands as the most prevalent primary chronic glomerular disease worldwide.The latest guidelines recommend the application of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors(RASi)in conjunction with corticosteroids for the treatment of IgAN patients exhibiting persistent proteinuria of≥1 g/d.However,numerous randomized controlled trials(RCTs)have revealed a heightened risk of adverse events associated with corticosteroid treatment.Multi-glycoside of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.(GTW),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),has been employed in the treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD)for an extensive period.Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of RCTs providing evidence supporting the effectiveness of GTW therapy in IgAN.Despite this,there remains a paucity of systematic reviews on the application of GTW therapy for IgAN.Consequently,this study undertakes a systematic review to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of GTW therapy,aiming to elucidate the role of GTW therapy in the treatment of IgAN.Methods:To collect relative information of randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of GTW in the treatment of IgAN,we searched for theses and dissertations publicized before April 10,2023,in PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang Data knowledge service platform(Wanfang Data),Chinese Scientific Journal Database(VIP),and Clinical Trial.The language limitation is English and Chinese.Independently,two reviewers performed literature screening,data extraction,and quality evaluation,and the meta-analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.4 and StataSE 15.0 software.Results:21 RCTs involving 1,405 Chinese patients were included.Compared to ACEI/ARB alone or in combination,GTW with RASi or alone reduced 24 h-Upro,ALB,Scr,GFR,BUN,CD4+,VEGF,ET-1,and improved clinical efficacy.However,no associations were found for TC,Ccr,and adverse events due to limited literature.Conclusion:This study highlights that Multi-glycoside of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f.(GTW)exhibits potential in safeguarding renal function and preserving the integrity of the basement membrane in patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy(IgAN).Consequently,GTW emerges as a promising therapeutic option for individuals with IgAN.Nevertheless,it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations stemming from insufficient methodology and a small sample size,which currently obscure the relationships between certain clinical variables,such as total cholesterol(TC)and creatinine clearance(Ccr).Therefore,the substantiation of our findings necessitates more rigorous and expansive trials to enhance the robustness and generalizability of the results.

Efficacy of activating blood and resolving stasis therapy for IgA nephropathy:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of activating blood and resolving stasis in patients with IgA nephropathy.Methods:From inception to May 2022,databases including PubMed,Embase,the Cochrane Library,Web of Science,WanFang database,Chinese Biomedical Database,VIP,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled trials about enhancing blood circulation and removing stasis for IgA nephropathy.For the articles that satisfied the requirements,quality assessment and meta-analysis were done.Results:Seventeen randomized controlled trials with a total of 1653 patients were included.Meta-analysis showed that activating blood and resolving stasis could increase therapeutic effectiveness(risk ratio(RR)=-0.47,95%confidence interval(CI)(-0.37,-0.2),P=0.0006)and decrease levels of serum creatinine(RR=-0.47,95%CI(-0.37,-0.2),P=0.0006),urea nitrogen(RR=0.85,95%CI(1.44,0.26),P=0.005),24-hour urinary protein quantification(RR=1.6,95%CI(2.44,0.95).P=0.00001),and urine red blood cell count(RR=1.7,95%CI(2.57,0.82),P=0.0001).There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of security(RR=0.6,95%CI(0.36,1.01),P=0.05).Conclusion:Western medicine combined activating blood and resolving stasis is more efficient than Western medicine therapy alone in treating IgA nephropathy,but it still needs to be supported by additional large-scale,multi-center randomized controlled clinical trials due to the poor quality of the included trials.

猪初乳中PEDV IgA抗体捕获ELISA检测方法的建立及其初步应用

为建立评价猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)疫苗免疫效力的方法,本研究利用纯化的PEDV免疫BALB/c小鼠,按照常规方法制备PEDV全病毒单克隆抗体(MAb)作为捕获抗体,PEDV细胞培养上清为夹心抗原,HRP标记的羊抗猪IgA为二抗,采用棋盘滴定法对各反应条件优化后建立了用于猪初乳中PEDV IgA检测的捕获ELISA方法,并确定其临界值为0.25。采用该捕获ELISA对PEDV、PCV2b、PRRSV、PRV、JEV、PPV、FMDV与CSFV IgA抗体阳性猪初乳进行检测,结果显示,除PEDV IgA抗体阳性猪初乳检测结果为阳性外,其他病毒抗体阳性猪初乳检测结果均为阴性,表明该方法特异性强。采用该方法和BIONOTE PEDV IgA试剂盒对从1∶10开始2倍倍比稀释的16个稀释度的阳性猪初乳样品检测,结果显示该方法对阳性样品检测的最大稀释度为1∶40960,是BIONOTE PEDV IgA试剂盒敏感性的16倍(1∶2560),表明本研究建立方法的敏感性高。分别采用同一批次和不同批次制备的MAb包被的ELISA板分别检测5份PEDV IgA抗体阳性和1份PEDV IgA抗体阴性猪初乳,评估该方法的重复性。结果显示,批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数分别为0.34%~4.49%和1.90%~8.71%,均小于10%,重复性好。利用该捕获ELSIA和IDEXX PEDV IgA抗体试剂盒分别对50份猪初乳检测,结果显示两种方法对样品检测的OD450nm值趋势高度一致,表明该方法检测结果与IDEXX试剂盒相关性强。利用该捕获ELISA和BIONOTE PEDV IgA试剂盒对100份临床采集的猪初乳样品检测,结果显示二者总体符合率为97.0%。利用该方法对90份免疫背景不同的猪初乳检测,结果显示,未感染PEDV且未免疫PED疫苗的母猪初乳检测结果均为阴性结果,感染了PEDV或接种过PED疫苗的母猪初乳均为阳性结果,检测结果与样品的免疫背景相符。本研究建立的捕获ELISA方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好,与同类进口产品检测结果符合率高,对临床样品的检测结果与其免疫背景相符。本研究为PEDV感染猪初乳的检测及PED疫苗免疫效力的评价提供了一种新的技术手段。

化学发光法检测EB VCA和EB EA IgA的方法学性能评价

目的对新产业MAGLUMI X8检测系统应用化学发光法检测EB VCA和EB EA IgA的分析性能进行方法学评价。方法选取2020年4—6月到中山大学附属肿瘤医院就诊的患者和体检人群各20例为研究对象,并收集其全血标本。分为鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal cancer,NPC)组(经病理诊断确诊的鼻咽癌患者20例)和健康对照(healthy control,HC组)(健康体检人群20例),参考美国临床实验室标准化协会(Clinical Laboratory Standardization Institute,CLSI)系列文件及国内卫生部行业标准,制定方法学评价方案,通过MAGLUMI X8检测系统测定EB VCA和EB EA IgA的精密度、敏感性与特异性、方法学比对、线性范围和参考区间。结果EB VCA IgA低、高值质控品分析总精密度CV分别为3.978%和2.337%,EB EA IgA低、高值质控品分析总精密度CV分别为6.078%和4.131%;EBV VCA IgA和EBV EA IgA血清学检测结果针对鼻咽癌样本检测阳性率(敏感性)分别为100%和86.36%,累计阳性率(敏感性)达100%,针对体检样本检测的特异性是95.24%;针对所有试验样本,VCA IgA临床准确性为97.56%;EA IgA准确性为90.70%。两者联合检测可以达到100%;EB VCA IgA与EBV EA IgA线性相关系数均≥0.95,线性范围验证通过。结论新产业MAGLUMI X8检测系统测定EB VCA和EB EA IgA的方法学性能良好,能够满足临床检测的需要。

Infection related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to anaplasmosis:A case

BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease with a range of clinical manifestations,from a flu-like illness with fever and myalgias to a severe systemic disease with multisystem organ failure.Although renal involvement is not a common presentation,there have been few cases reporting acute kidney injury from Anaplasmosis.CASE SUMMARY We present a 55-year-old female with anaplasmosis who developed acute kidney injury due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis(MPGN).The patient originally presented with cough and shortness of breath.She was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and received antibiotics.During the hospital course she developed severe acute renal failure.Initial serological work up didn’t provide any conclusive diagnosis.Hence,she underwent kidney biopsy which showed MPGN pattern suggesting autoimmune,multiple myeloma or infectious etiology.Extensive work up was undertaken which was negative for autoimmune diseases,vasculitis panel,paraproteinemias but tested positive for IgG anaplasma with high titers indicating Anaplasmosis.CONCLUSION Our case shows a unique presentation of severe acute renal failure from MPGN from tick borne illness.MPGN is usually seen with autoimmune diseases,hepatitis C virus infections,paraproteinemias.Hence,we suggest that tick borne illness should also be considered when evaluating acute renal failure cases in tick borne prevalent regions.

Bacteroides-derived isovaleric acid enhances mucosal immunity by facilitating intestinal IgA response in broilers

Background:The interaction between nutrition and immunity plays a vital role in nutrient digestion,absorption,and metabolism during poultry production.Recent studies showed that the gut microbiota contributes to the development of intestinal mucosal immunity.However,the mechanisms by which gut microbes regulate this process remain unclear.Methods:We compared the intestinal mucosal immunity and gut microbiota of Arbor Acre broilers AA(lower mucosal immunity)and Chinese native Wuliang Mountain Black-bone chickens(WLMB)(higher mucosal immunity)using 16S rDNA sequencing,transcriptomic analysis,and immunoglobulin A(IgA)antibody repertoire sequencing.We then combined 16S rDNA sequencing with transcriptomics to identify the key microbes and found that they were positively correlated with IgA production.Next,we transplanted candidate microbes into 1-day-old broiler to explore their role in intestinal mucosal immunity.Finally,we verified the function of candidate microbial metabolites in regulating the immune function of macrophages and the intestinal-epithelial cells(IECs)using in vitro experiments.Results:WLMB performs stronger mucosal immunity than AA,including higher IgA levels,more diverse IgA antibody repertoire,and higher bacterial affinity.Bacteroides was identified as the key microbes related to the intestinal IgA response.Bacteroides transplantation could increase IgA concentration in the duodenal contents by enhancing the expression of IgA,polymeric immunoglobin receptor(PIgR),B cell-activating factor of the TNF family(BAFF),and activation-induced cytidine deaminase(AID)in the duodenum.Additionally,Bacteroides-derived isovaleric acid promoted M2 macrophage polarization of macrophage via mTOR/PPAR-γ/STAT3 signaling pathways and regulated the immunologic function of IECs to produce cytokines,including interleukin(IL)-10,IL-4,BAFF,and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-β),thus promoting IgA production in B cells by facilitating AID expression.Conclusion:Our study revealed that Bacteroides modulate the intestinal IgA response and maintain gut health in broilers.Bacteroides may be a promising alternative as an immunomodulatory microbial agent for developing nextgeneration probiotics for broiler production.

C3 PHENOTYPE AND ALLELES，C3 HAV4－1 MONOCLONAL PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH IgA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Ｃ３ＰＨＥＮＯＴＹＰＥＡＮＤＡＬＬＥＬＥＳ，Ｃ３ＨＡＶ４－１ＭＯＮＯＣＬＯＮＡＬ ＰＨＥＮＯＴＹＰＥＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＩＮＨＹＰＥＲＴＥＮＳＩＶＥＰＡＴＩＥＮＴＳＷＩＴＨＩｇＡＧＬＯＭＥＲＵＬＯＮＥＰＨＲＩＴＩＳＧｕｏＪｉｚｈｅｎ（郭冀珍）（Ｓ...

Analysis of the Effect of Hormone Therapy Combined with Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of IgA Nephropathy

Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of hormone therapy combined with hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of IgA nephropathy.Methods:30 patients with IgA nephropathy who were admitted to the Urology Department of Jiuquan hospital from August 2021 to May 2023 were selected as the research subjects,and they divided into an observation group and control group by drawing lots,with 15 cases in each group.The observation group underwent hydroxychloroquine treatment in addition of hormone therapy,and the control group underwent conventional treatment and hormone therapy.The rate of effectiveness of treatment,serum index,and renal function of both groups were compared.Results:The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum creatinine and serum albumin(P>0.05)between the groups before treatment;after treatment,the serum creatinine and serum albumin in the steroid group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).Besides,there was no significant difference in urine protein quantification and glomerular filtration rate between the groups before treatment(P>0.05);after treatment,the hormone group’s urine protein quantification and glomerular filtration rate were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).The rate of effectiveness of the hormone group was significantly higher than that of the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Hormone therapy combined with hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of IgA nephropathy is more effective than hormone therapy alone,thus this treatment plan is worthy of promotion and application.

Triple hit to the kidney-dual pathological crescentic glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative immune complexmediated glomerulonephritis: A case report

BACKGROUND Anti-glomerular basement membrane(GBM)disease is a rare rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis,frequently associated with alveolar hemorrhage in the lungs and involving the kidney by crescentic glomerulonephritis.It has been described in association with other glomerulonephritides[such as anti-neutrophilic antibody(ANCA)-glomerulonephritis,membranous nephropathy,and immunoglobulin(Ig)A nephropathy].CASE SUMMARY Herein we present an unusual case of concurrent anti-GBM disease,ANCAassociated crescentic glomerulonephritis and diffuse proliferative immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis with predominant staining for IgA and C3 by immunofluorescence.The patient is a 46-year-old Caucasian male who presented to the emergency department with acute onset of flank pain and was found to have high serum creatinine levels of 15 mg/dL,proteinuria,and hematuria.He rapidly deteriorated and became anuric.He was found to have high anti-GBM antibodies titers(151 units)and high anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic-ANCA.Despite prompt and early treatment,the patient’s condition worsened,and he succumbed to his illness.CONCLUSION Our case emphasizes the importance of a renal biopsy in anti-GBM disease,even in the presence of positive serum anti-GBM antibodies,to identify other potential causes of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.The challenge in treating such cases lies in the different therapy modalities.

The Neglected Significance of Glomerular Density as a 5-year Progression Indicator for IgA Nephropathy

调查 glomerular 密度( GD )是否能是为 IgA nephropathy 与的病人的一个独立预示的因素的目的与时间一般水准 proteinuria 每 1.73 m 2,或为病人估计了 30～60 ml/min 的 glomerular 过滤率( eGFR )<有证实活体检视的 IgA nephropathy 的 173 个病人全部的 0.5 g/d.Methods A 诊断了从2000年1月被包括到2010年12月。所有这些病人被跟随在上面为超过 5 年。端点是一 > 在从在 5 年的后续以后的基线的 eGFR 的 30% 衰落。GD 的最佳的截止价值被巨鸟曲线计算。Kaplan-Meier 方法和考克斯回归分析被用于幸存 analysis.Results A 在 eGFR 的 30% 衰落发生在 14.5% 所有病人。GD 的最佳的诊断截止价值是 1.99/mm 2(AUC = 0.90，敏感 =84.0% ，特性 =81.8%) 由巨鸟曲线决定了。低 GD 组(GD < 1.99 每 1.73 m 2 与 30 ～ 60 ml/min 的 eGFR 为病人在肾的端点每公里 2) 经历了重要增加(在更低的 GD 的六个病人组织，当时在另外的组的一个病人) 。为有时间一般水准 proteinuria 的病人 < 0.5 g/d，更低的 GD 组从基线显示出更高的 eGFR 衰落(4.5？？

C3 glomerulonephritis

A case of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with pathological changes to the crescent glomerulonephritis“C3 glomerulonephritis”in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University was collected and its diagnosis,clinical manifestation,and pathological characteristics were explored.The experts analyzed the disease from the perspective of its causes,diagnosis,complications and treatment.Timely renal biopsy is required to clarify pathological diagnosis as the primary glomerular disease was newly recognized with a lower incidence.So misdiagnosis and delayed healing is more frequent.The paper aims to enhance the clinician’s understanding of“C3 glomerulonephritis”.

Treatment of hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis:A meta-analysis

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of antiviral or corticosteroid treatment on hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis(HBV-GN) . METHODS:Six and five trials were used respectively to evaluate the efficacy of either antiviral or corticosteroid treatment on HBV-GN.Pediatric patients were pooled separately to assess their response to the above treatment modalities.The primary and secondary outcomes were remission of proteinuria and clearance of Hepatitis B e-antigen(HBeAg) ,respectively.A fixed or random effect model was established to collect the data. RESULTS:The remission rate of proteinuria(RR=1.69,95%CI:1.08-2.65) and the clearance rate of HBeAg(RR =6.44,95%CI:3.11-13.35) were significantly higher in antiviral treatment group than in control group.The proteinuria remission was significantly associated with HBeAg clearance(P=0.002) .However,the difference in proteinuria remission rate was not statistically significant between corticosteroid treatment group and controlgroup(RR=1.45,95%CI:0.68-3.11) .Antiviral therapy could significantly promote the HBeAg clearance in pediatric patients,but neither antiviral nor corticosteroid therapy could significantly decrease proteinuria in pediatric patients compared to controls. CONCLUSION:Antiviral but not corticosteroid treatment can decrease proteinuria and promote HBeAg clearance in HBV-GN patients.

Abnormal Reactions of Free Radicals and Oxidative Damages in the Bodies of Patients With Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Objective To study the abnormal reactions of a series of free radicals and the oxidative damages induced by free radical abnormal reactions in the bodies of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods Eighty chronic glomerulonephritis patients (CGNP) and eighty healthy adult volunteers (HAV) were enrolled in a random control study, in which concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma, lipoperoxides (LPO) in plasma and in erythrocytes, and vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (?CAR) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in erythrocytes were determined with spectrophotometric assays. Results Compared with the average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HAV group, the average values of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly increased (P = 0.0001), while those of VC, VE and -CAR in plasma as well as those of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly decreased (P = 0.0001). Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed that with increase of the concentration of blood creatinine as well as prolongation of the course of disease in the CGNP, the concentrations of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP increased gradually, while the concentrations of VC, VE and ?CAR in plasma as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP decreased gradually (P = 0.002454 0.000001). The relative risk ratio (RR) of the above biochemical parameters reflecting oxidative damages in the bodies of CGNP ranged from 6.061 to 72.429. The reliability coefficient (alpha) that the above biochemical parameters were used to reflect the oxidative damages of the CGNP was 0.8137, standardized item alpha = 0.9728, Hotelling抯 T-Squared = 1135680.191, F = 53274.6478, P = 0.000001. Conclusions The findings in this study show that in the bodies of CGNP a series of free radical chain reactions result in severe pathological aggravation and induce oxidative damages in their bodies. Therefore, suitable dose of antioxidants should be supplemented to them so as to alleviate oxidative damages in their bodies.

Recurrence of primary glomerulonephritis:Review of the current evidence

In view of the availability of new immunosuppression strategies,the recurrence of allograft glomerulonephritis(GN) are reported to be increasing with time post transplantation.Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the GN recurrent disease provided a better chance to develop new strategies to deal with the GN recurrence.Recurrent GN diseases manifest with a variable course,stubborn behavior,and poor response to therapy.Some types of GN lead to rapid decline of kidney function resulting in a frustrating return to maintenance dialysis.This subgroup of aggressive diseases actually requires intensive efforts to ascertain their pathogenesis so that strategy could be implemented for better allograft survival.Epidemiology of native glomerulonephritis as the cause of end-stage renal failure and subsequent recurrence of individual glomerulonephritis after renal transplantation was evaluated using data from various registries,and pathogenesis of individual glomerulonephritis is discussed.The following review is aimed to define current protocols of the recurrent primary glomerulonephritis therapy.

Effect of Colquhoumia Root on the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β in Mesangial Proliferation Glomerulonephritis Model

Summary： To study the efficacy and the mechanism of Colquhoumia root （ Tripterygium hypoglaucure （Le,vL） Hutch） in the treatment of mesangial proliferation glomerulonephritis （MsPGN）, SD rats were injected with anti-thymoeyte serum （ATS） to make MsPGN model （anti-Thyl model）. The rats were then divided into 3 groups： normal control group, anti-Thyl model group and treatment group. Histopathologieal （HE, PAS）, immunohistoehemieal, RT-PCR technique and computer imaging analysis system were used to evaluate mesangial matrix production, the expression of TGF-β protein and mRNA in the tissues of kidney. Our result showed that proteinuria and the ratio of extraeellular matrix/glomerular capillaries area （ECM/CA） were increased significantly in model group. The expression of both TGF-β protein and mRNA in glomeruli was much higher in model group than in control group （P〈0.01）. After the treatment with Colquhoumia root, proteinuria, ECM/CA and the expression of both TGF-β1 protein and mRNA in glomeruli were significantly decreased in treatment group as compared with those in model group. It is concluded that Colquhoumia root is effective in reducing proteinuria and mesangial matrix proliferation in MsPGN and it may achieve these effects by inhibiting the expressions of TGF-β1 protein and mRNA of mesangial cells.

Study on Localization Factors of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Glomerulonephritis

The intraglomerular distribution of alpha 2-plasmin inhi-bitor (α2-PI), plasminogen (PLG), fibronectin (FN) andfibrinogen related antigen (FRA), were examined in 118 ca-ses of primary or secondary glomerular disease by immuno-fluorescence method. The plasma concentrations of α2-PI,PLGand FRA were also measured simultaneously. The results ofthis study indicated that there was significant correlationbetween the deposition of α2-PI, PLG, FN, FRA and thedegree of histopathological changes in patients with severeglomerulonephritis. There was no significant correlation be-tween the intensity of α2-PI, PLG, FN and FRA depositionin glomeruli and the serum levels of α2-PI, PLG and FRA.