Evaluation of the Ignition Temperature in Thermal Explosion Synthesis of TiAl_3 by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Application of the Semenov theory of spontaneous ignition to evaluation of the critical temperature (Tc) in thermal explosion (TE) synthesis was conducted with the Ti-75at pct Al binary system using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates. And the critical temperature for isothermal TE is predicted to be 728.9癈 by the multiple linear regression of Tcs evaluated according to Semenov theory, which is close to the range of 740~745癈 obtained from the isothermal DSC observation. This result proves that Semenov theory of spontaneous ignition is also feasible for TE synthesis in binary metallic systems like Ti-75 at. pct Al system.

Ignition-proof performance and mechanism of AZ91D-3Nd-xDy magnesium alloys at high temperatures

This study focused on the synergistic effect of alloying elements neodymium(Nd) and dysprosium(Dy) on the ignition-proof performance of AZ91D alloy. The ignition-proof mechanism of AZ91D-3 Nd-x Dy(x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 wt.%) alloy was discussed in depth through ignition-proof testing and microstructure observation. The results showed that the AZ91D-3 Nd-2 Dy alloy exhibited the highest ignition-point of 893 K, increased by 69 K as compared to the AZ91D alloy. The ignition-proof mechanism of Nd and Dy additions lay in three aspects:(1) the formation of denser oxide film consisting of Dy_2O_3 and MgO improves the oxidation resistance of the alloy,(2) the great reduction of the low melting-point phase β-Mg_(17)Al_(12), which leads to the decrease in the oxygen diffusion channels, and(3) the newly formed high melting-point phases(Al_2Nd and Al_2Dy), which block the oxygen diffusion channels and prevent the chemical reaction of Mg and oxygen.

Effects of Ce concentrations on ignition temperature and surface tension of Mg-9wt.%Al alloy

Magnesium alloys are well known for their excellent properties, but the potential issues with oxidation and burning during melting and casting largely limit its industrial applications. The addition of Ce in magnesium alloys can significantly raise ignition-proof performance and change the structure of the oxide film on the surface of the molten metal as well as the surface tension values. Surface tension is an important physical parameter of the metal melts, and it plays an important role in the formation of surface oxide film. In this present work, the ignition temperature and the surface tension of Mg-9wt.%Al alloy with different Ce concentrations were studied. Surface tensions was measured using the maximum bubble pressure method (MBPM). Ignition temperature was measured using NiCr-NiSi type thermocouples and was monitored and recorded via a WXT-604 desk recording device. The results show that the ignition point of Mg-9wt.%Al alloy can be effectively elevated by adding Ce. The ignition temperature reaches its highest point of 720 ℃ when the addition of Ce is 1wt.%. The surface tension of the molten Mg-9wt.%Al alloy decreases exponentially with the increase of Ce addition at the same temperature. Similarly, the experiment also shows that the surface tension of Mg-9wt.%Al alloy decreases exponentially with the increase of temperature.

Correlation of Performance, Exhaust Gas Temperature and Speed of a Spark Ignition Engine Using Kiva4

The objective of this study was to investigate performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine, particularly, the correlation between performance, exhaust gas temperature and speed, using Kiva4. Test data to validate kiva4 simulation results were conducted on a 3-cylinder, four-stroke Volkswagen (VW) Polo 6 TSI 1.2 gasoline engine. Three different tests were, therefore, carried out. In one set, variations in exhaust gas temperature were studied by varying the engine load, while keeping the engine speed constant. In another test, exhaust gas temperature variations were studied by keeping the engine at idling whilst varying the speeds. A third test involved studying variations in exhaust gas temperature under a constant load with variable engine speeds. To study variations in exhaust gas temperatures under test conditions, a basic grid/mesh generator, K3PREP, was employed to write an itape17 file comprising of a 45° asymmetrical mesh. This was based on the symmetry of the combustion chamber of the engine used in carrying out experimental tests. Simulations were therefore performed based on the input parameters established in the conducted tests. Simulations with the kiva4 code showed a significant predictability of the performance characteristics of the engine. This was evident in the appreciable agreement obtained in the simulation results when compared with the test data, under the considered test conditions. A percentage error, between experimental results and results from simulations with the kiva4 code of only between 2% to 3% was observed.

Safety distance for preventing hot particle ignition of building insulation materials

Trajectories of flying hot particles were predicted in this work, and the temperatures during the movement were also calculated. Once the particle tem- perature decreased to the critical temperature for a hot particle to ignite building insulation materials, which was predicted by hot-spot ignition theory, the distance particle traveled was determined as the minimum safety distance for preventing the ignition of building insulation materials by hot particles. The results showed that for sphere aluminum particles with the same initial velocities and diameters, the horizontal and vertical distances traveled by particles with higher initial tem- peratures were higher. Smaller particles traveled farther when other conditions were the same. The critical temperature for an aluminum particle to ignite rigid polyurethane foam increased rapidly with the decrease of particle diameter. The horizontal and vertical safety distances were closely related to the initial temper- ature, diameter and initial velocity of particles. These results could help update the safety provision of firework display.

Study on Ignition-Proof AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Added with Rare Earth

Magnesium alloy is prone to burning during its melting and casting processes in air, which is a major factor of obstructing its application. Fluxes and cover gases are currently used for the melting and production processes, and semi-solid casting is also used to shape composites made of magnesium alloy, but there still remain many problems. Alloying is a promising method of preventing magnesium from burning. The effect of RE additions on the ignition temperature of AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated. The changes of the quality of oxidation film and the as-cast microstructure were analyzed, and the mechanical property was compared with that without rare earth. For AZ91D with RE in the range of 0.08% to 0.12%. It is shown that the ignition temperature point can be greatly heightened, the quality of oxidation film is obviously improved, the as-cast microstructure is refined greatly, and the mechanical property is bettered a little, therefore, such an alloy is promising.

Ignition Conditions for Simulated Fuel Pellets in Degenerate Plasma

A high-density, low-temperature plasma can be obtained during the compression phase in inertial confinement fusion. When high density and low temperature are reached in the plasma in the fast ignition approach, the plasma electrons can be degenerate. The electronic stopping of a slow ion is smaller than that given by the classical formula, because some transitions between the electron states are forbidden. In this case, bremsstrahlung emission is strongly sup- pressed and the ignition temperature becomes lower than that in classical plasma. The equations that predict the behavior of these plasmas are different from the classical ones, and this is the main factor in the process of decreasing the ignition temperature of the plasma. In this work, physical conditions of ignition are studied by calculating the effect of radiation loss on the ignition temperature for a simulated fuel pellet, （D/Tx/3Hey）, in degenerate plasma. In fast ignition, the energy needed for obtaining high densities is minimized and the gain can be increased considerably.

Non-equilibrium ignition criterion for magnetized deuterium–tritium fuel

In this paper, non-equilibrium ignition conditions for magnetized cylindrical deuterium–tritium plasma in the presence of an axial magnetic field have been investigated. It is expected that temperature imbalance between ions and electrons as well as the axial magnetic field will relax the threshold of ignition conditions.Therefore, ignition conditions for this model are derived numerically involving the energy balance equation at the stagnation point. It has been derived using parametric space including electron and ion temperature(T_e, T_i), areal density(q R), and seed magnetic field-dependent free parameters of B/q, mB, and BR. For B/ρ < 10~6 G cm^3 g^(-1),mB < 4 × 10~4 G cm g^(-1), and BR <3 × 10~5 G cm, the minimum fuel areal density exceeds between ρR >0.002 g cm^(-2), ρR> 0.25 g cm^(-2), and ρR > 0.02 g cm^(-2),respectively. The practical equilibrium conditions also addressed which is in good agreement with the corresponding one-temperature magnetized mode proposed in previous studies. Moreover, it has been shown that the typical criterion of BR ≥(6.13–4.64) × 10~5 G cm would be expectable. It is also confirmed that the minimum product of areal density times fuel temperature in equilibrium model is located in the range of T = 6–8 keV for all these free parameters, depending on the magnitude of the magnetic field. This is the entry point for the non-equilibrium model consistent with equilibrium model.

A Chemical Kinetics Perspective on the High-Temperature Oxidation of Methane and Propane through Experiments and Kinetic Analysis

In the conversion of methane and propane under high temperature and pressure,the ignition delay time(IDT)is a key parameter to consider for designing an inherently safe process.In this study,the IDT characteristics of methane and propane(700–1000 K,10–20 bar)were studied experimentally and using kinetic modeling tools at stoichiometric fuel-tooxygen ratios.All the experiments were conducted through insentropic compression.The reliable experimental data were obtained by using the adiabatic core hypothesis,which can be used to generate and validate the detailed chemical kinetics model.The IDTs of methane and propane were recorded by a rapid compression machine(RCM)and compared to the predicted values obtained by the NUIGMech 3.0 mechanism.To test the applicability of NUIGMech 3.0 under different reaction conditions,the influence of temperature in the range of 700–1000 K(and the influence of pressure in the range of 10–20 bar)on the IDT was studied.The results showed that NUIGMech 3.0 could reasonably reproduce the experimentally determined IDT under the wide range of conditions studied.The constant volume chemical kinetics model was used to reveal the effect of temperature on the elementary reaction,and the negative temperature coefficient(NTC)behavior of propane was also observed at 20 bar.The experimental data can serve as a reference for the correction and application of kinetic data,as well as provide a theoretical basis for the safe conversion of low-carbon hydrocarbon chemicals.

An efficient light-to-heat conversion coupling photothermal effect and exothermic chemical reaction in Au NRs/V_(2)C MXene membranes for high-performance laser ignition

MXene,a new type of two-dimensional materials,have been demonstrated as one of the best photothermal materials owing to their strong light-matter interaction and high photothermal conversion efficiency in recent years.Herein,we report the intriguing light-to-heat conversion property of vanadium carbide(V_(2)C)MXene under irradiation of millisecond laser pulse.Unlike the typical photothermal materials,the V_(2)C MXene not only converts the incident laser energy to heat by the physical photothermal effect,but also triggers the exothermic oxidation of the V_(2)C MXene.The oxidation could be greatly promoted with addition of plasmonic Au nanorods(Au NRs)for light absorption enhancement.Owing to the unique light-to-heat conversion property,the Au NRs/V_(2)C MXene membrane could serve as high temperature pulse(HTP)generators that is proposed for numerous applications with high demand for immediacy.As a proof-of concept application,Au NRs/V_(2)C MXene membrane was applied for laser ignition of the high energy density materials,such as 2,4,6,8,10,12-(hexanitrohexaaza)cyclododecane(HNIW or CL-20).An improved ignition performance,in terms of lowered laser threshold,is achieved as compared to the state-of-the-art light-to-heat conversion materials.

The Feasibility of Applying AC Driven Low-Temperature Plasma for Multi-Cycle Detonation Initiation

Ignition is a key system in pulse detonation engines （PDE）. As advanced ignition methods, nanosecond pulse discharge low-temperature plasma ignition is used in some combustion systems, and continuous alternating current （AC） driven low-temperature plasma using dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） is used for the combustion assistant. However, continuous AC driven plasmas cannot be used for ignition in pulse detonation engines. In this paper, experimental and numerical studies of pneumatic valve PDE using an AC driven low-temperature plasma igniter were described. The pneumatic valve was jointly designed with the low-temperature plasma igniter, and the numerical simulation of the cold-state flow field in the pneumatic valve showed that a complex flow in the discharge area, along with low speed, was beneficial for successful ignition. In the experiments ethylene was used as the fuel and air as oxidizing agent, ignition by an AC driven low-temperature plasma achieved multi-cycle intermittent detonation combustion on a PDE, the working frequency of the PDE reached 15 Hz and the peak pressure of the detonation wave was approximately 2.0 MPa. The experimental verifications of the feasibility in PDE ignition expanded the application field of AC driven low-temperature plasma.

活性炭气相吸附过程中安全性研究进展

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是目前我国造成大气污染的主要因素,主要来源于工业排放,VOCs包括烃、醛、醇、醚、酮、酯、羧酸等。活性炭吸附VOCs已成为目前的主要环保技术,然而,在活性炭吸附VOCs过程中,由于吸附热的产生容易导致活性炭床层温度升高,从而引发活性炭床层起火是重大安全隐患。因此,本文从活性炭的结构、性质,吸附操作方式和条件,以及VOCs组分等方面,具体综述和分析活性炭的生产原料、制备方法和后处理过程等影响活性炭着火点的主要因素,以及气流的湿度、氧气含量等性质,气体流速、活性炭床层厚度、吸附工况等吸附工艺对活性炭床层温升产生的影响,为系统掌握和评价活性炭在气相吸附过程中应用安全性提供了参考。在此基础上,针对活性炭吸附床吸附净化含VOCs废气的安全使用提出了具体的建议。最后,指出了在该领域还存在的主要技术问题。

镁铝水滑石抑制聚乙烯粉尘爆炸特性与机理

为寻求新型、清洁、高效的聚乙烯粉尘爆炸抑制剂,将镁铝水滑石用于聚乙烯粉尘爆炸抑制,并从爆炸超压和最低着火温度两方面,分析了镁铝水滑石抑制聚乙烯粉尘爆炸特性,并与氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁进行对比。结果表明,镁铝水滑石对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸超压和最低着火温度的抑制作用均优于氢氧化铝和氢氧化镁。在爆炸超压的抑制方面,在抑制比为2时,镁铝水滑石可完全抑制聚乙烯粉尘爆炸,而氢氧化铝和氢氧化镁对聚乙烯达到完全抑爆所需的抑制比分别为4和5。最低着火温度的抑制方面,抑制比为1时,镁铝水滑石可使聚乙烯粉尘的最低着火温度提高290℃,大于氢氧化铝的260℃和氢氧化镁的250℃。此外,结合镁铝水滑石的热解特性及红外光谱,从物理作用和化学作用两个方面对聚乙烯粉尘爆炸的抑制机理进行分析,揭示了阻断爆炸反应的进程。

柴油机低温启动过程关键影响参数研究

为实现柴油机在极端低温环境下可以具备较好的启动性能,对相关影响柴油机启动的参数进行研究。通过正交仿真研究了环境因素(进气压力、进气温度)、设计参数(压缩比、燃烧室缩口比、喷嘴直径)、控制参数(喷油温度、预喷油量、主喷提前角、主喷持续期、主预喷间隔)对柴油机低温条件下启动过程的影响,通过极差分析提取出对柴油机启动过程影响较大的关键影响参数,并以缸内压力、缸内温度和瞬时放热率为评价指标对各因素进行参数匹配研究。结果表明,环境因素和控制参数对柴油机启动过程的影响程度更高,进气压力、进气温度、主喷提前角和主喷持续期为影响柴油机低温条件下启动的关键影响参数,并选择组合1作为最佳参数匹配组合。研究得到了柴油机低温启动过程中的关键影响参数,可为改善低温环境下柴油机的启动效果提供参考。

喷油压力对柴油喷雾两阶段着火的影响

基于流动式定容燃烧试验装置以及CONVERGE三维仿真模型,研究了冷起动工况对应缸内上止点环境下喷射压力对柴油自由射流的喷雾宏观特性及两阶段着火转化过程的影响.结果表明:在冷起动工况条件下,低喷射压力(20 MPa)条件下的液相贯穿距略大;随着喷射压力的增加,气相喷雾贯穿距增大,气/液相喷雾锥角增大,表明在喷雾体头部区域形成较大的混合气区域;不同喷射压力条件下,喷雾内的局部温度及局部当量比分布规律相似;但随着喷射压力的增大,高温低当量比区域面积增大,促进了低温反应的进行.另一方面,较高的喷射压力使得喷雾流速增大,抑制了喷雾低温核心区域CH_(2)O和热量的累积,进而恶化了低温反应阶段向高温反应阶段的过渡,使高温着火准备过程延长.最终导致高温着火滞燃期随喷射压力升高呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势.

固体发动机药柱低温点火开裂失效的跨尺度分析

为了准确预测推进剂装药在低温点火过程中是否发生开裂,提出了一种全局⁃局部单向收缩耦合的跨尺度分析方法。针对高能硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂,开展低温中应变率单轴拉伸试验,获取了推进剂的典型失效模式。结果表明,基于发展的推进剂非线性粘弹性本构模型,实现了固体发动机药柱低温点火的宏观结构分析,获取了推进剂药柱结构危险点的位置;同时建立了考虑颗粒与基体界面脱湿和颗粒断裂的细观颗粒填充模型,进一步将宏观结构分析结果作用于相应的细观代表性体积单元(RVE)上。最后,建立推进剂细观失效准则,表明在低温点火条件下药柱结构完整性满足要求。收缩跨尺度分析方法可作为预测药柱在低温点火过程中开裂行为的有效手段。

深部煤层地下煤气化原位点火的CFD模拟

地下煤气化(Underground Coal Gasification,UCG)作为一种新型采煤技术受到了广泛的关注,但UCG的实验成本较高,在开展UCG实验之前应当对煤层的演变机理进行深入的探究。计算流体力学(Calculated Fluid Dynamics,CFD)可以凭借计算机强大的计算能力,以较为低廉的成本模拟UCG的生产过程。采用Ansys公司开发的CFD软件Fluent模拟了1000 K烟气加热下深部煤层的原位加热着火过程,重点分析了温度、氧气摩尔分数和孔隙度的变化。结果表明,泵入500 s的1000 K烟气不足以点燃煤层,1000 s的烟气加热时间足以点燃煤层,该结果在时间上与劳伦斯实验室的点火时间相当。在煤层内表面,高温主要集中在靠近入口0~0.6 m内的煤层。着火前的最高温度低于加热烟气入口温度1000 K,而着火后的最高温度超过1000 K,最高温度约1250 K。O_(2)在高温区几乎全部消耗,而在其他温度较低的区域,到达煤层内表面的氧气摩尔分数不到2%。高温区孔隙度迅速增长,在1000 s时部分煤层孔隙度可达0.9左右。在煤层内部,煤层越厚,温度上升越低。在1000 s和2000 s时,7 cm线上煤层的最高温度仅为500 K左右,远低于相同加热时间下煤层内表面的最高温度。在2000 s的点火过程中,渗入7 cm和14 cm煤层中的氧气较少,内部煤层孔隙度均在0.4以下。较低的孔隙度是由较低的温度和较低的氧气摩尔分数共同造成的。对温度、氧气摩尔分数和孔隙度的模拟可为如何促进煤层内部的反应提供参考。

铁颗粒非均相着火模型与着火特性研究

基于缩小未反应核模型,考虑氧化层对氧气的扩散影响,构建了空气中Fe颗粒的非均相着火模型.模型计算的着火温度与实验着火温度的最大误差为6.95%,与Mi等的着火模型对比,两者所计算的颗粒升温速率基本一致,着火延迟时间的数量级相同.基于该模型研究了环境压强、氧气浓度、初始氧化层厚度和颗粒粒径对着火温度、着火延迟的影响.结果表明:着火温度、着火延迟时间随环境压强、氧气浓度增大而减小,随初始氧化层厚度增厚而增大;粒径小于10μm的范围内,着火温度随粒径减小而增大,粒径在10~50μm范围内,粒径对着火温度影响不大;随着粒径增加,着火延迟时间增加.

不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化过程研究

目的 探究不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化层结构特征。方法 利用高温水浴浸泡处理去除原料微米硼的表面氧化层,然后在恒温恒湿条件下对微米硼进行加速氧化,利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱对加速氧化后硼颗粒的氧化层厚度及组成进行分析,总结表面氧化层结构及成分组成变化规律,揭示温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制。结果 微米硼经高温水浴浸泡处理后,表面氧化层去除率达到50%。随着加速氧化时间的延长,硼颗粒氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,由内向外硼颗粒表面可以用B-B_(x)O_(y)-B_(2)O_(3)三层结构来表示,B_(x)O_(y)总是伴随着B_(2)O_(3)同时出现的,且随着氧化反应的进行,颗粒表面B_(x)O_(y)的含量将超过B的含量。结论 不同温湿度条件下微米硼的氧化机制为O_(2)向B颗粒内部单向扩散的反应机制,B先与O_(2)反应,形成低氧化物B_(x)O_(y),B_(x)O_(y)进而与O_(2)反应生成B_(2)O_(3)。随着氧化层厚度的增加,O_(2)向B颗粒内部扩散的阻力增大,氧化反应速率随之降低。相比湿度的影响,温度的升高可显著加快硼表面氧化层的形成;温度一定时,湿度的增加可促进硼氧化层的形成。