Effect of Glycyrrhiza Polysacchride on Growth Performance and Immunity Function of Mice

Aniso-dose glycyrrhiza polysaccharide was injected into abdominal cavity of mice. The effect of glycyrrhiza polysaccharide on growth performance and immune ruction of mice was determined. The results showed that the growth performance and immune function of mice were improved and there were significant differences among the treatment groups and control group.

α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

Aim To screen for α-glucosidase inhibitor from Glyeyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.. Methods Glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, flavonoids of glycyrrhiza, alkaloids of glycyrrhiza, and glycyrrhiza polysaccharides were isolated from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. respectively. Three compounds were isolated from the flavonoids of glycyrrhiza as guided by the α-glucosidase inhibitory test in vitro. Moreover, the characteristics of inhibitory kinetics of glycyrol and glycyrrhetinic acid were investi- gated. Results The flavonoids of glycyrrhiza and glycyrrhetinic acid had the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Glycyrol,β-sitosterol and liquifitin were isolated and identified. Glycyrol was a fast- binding, reversible, noncompetitive α-glucosidase inhibitor, showing IC50 at 0.26 μg·mL^-1 Glycyrrhetinic acid was a fast-binding, irreversible α-glucosidase inhibitor, showing IC50 at 102.4 μg·mL^-1. Conclusion Glycyrol is an effective α-glucosidase inhibitor.

Evidence of Hydropassive Movement in Stomatal Oscillations of Glycyrrhiza inflata under Desert Conditions

Stomatal conductance was found to change from steady-state to a slate of oscillations during daytime when vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increased to a value of 1 kPa in Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin grown under the conditions of arid desert in north-west China. The injected metabolic inhibitors (NaN3 or carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP)) slightly reduced the stomatal conductance but did not significantly decrease the intensity of stomatal oscillations (amplitude/average). The oscillation intensity was found to he significantly correlated with VPD and root resistance, but not with the respiration rate. There might exist a minimum threshold of VPD (0.8 kPa) and root resistance (1/4 relative value) that induced stomatal oscillations. These results suggested that stomatal oscillations induced by atmospheric drought stress and root resistance were mainly a type of hydropassive movement.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Mo on Yield and Accumulation of Active Constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of different concentrations of molybdenum（Mo）on the growth,yield and the accumulations of active constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Method] The seedlings of one-year-old G.uralensis were subjected to four concentrations of Mo（0,0.52,5.20 and 10.40 mg/L Mo）culturing in vermiculite and 0.52 mg/L Mo was the normal concentration in the complete Hoagland nutrition solution.The solution was irrigated to the pots every week.The fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots of the plants were measured by electronic balance.The contents of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin of roots were determined by HPLC.[Result] This result showed that both fresh and dry weights of the shoots and roots increased with the increasing of Mo concentrations.During the later period of this experiment,they showed significant differences among different Mo treatments.On the 105 d,both fresh and dry weights of the shoots and roots under 0 mg/L Mo reached the lowest,and the 5.20 and 10.40 mg/L Mo reached the highest.However,the contents of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin increased first and then decreased with increasing of Mo concentrations.During the whole experiment,the contents of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin under 5.20 mg/L Mo were always higher than that under other Mo treatments.[Conclusion] In conclusion,both the concentrations of 5.20 and 10.40 mg/L Mo could promote the accumulation of the shoots and roots of G.uralensis,but the 5.20 mg/L Mo was more useful for the accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in the roots.

Measurement and comparison of glycyrrhizic acid contents in root of licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)from different cultivating areas

The samples of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) from 14 different cultivated areas were determined by the method of high Performance Capillary Electrophoresis (HPCE) for the contents of glycyrrihizic acid (GA) in root. The results showed that the licorice plants come from various cultivated areas of China has different contents of GA. The GA content of licorice from Zhaodong in Heilongjiang Province is the highest, followed by those from E抰uoke, Chifeng, and Hangjin Banner in Inner Mongolia. Some suggestions for establishing the production base of licorice were put forward based on the study.

Structure Determination of Inflasaponin Ⅱ and Ⅵ fromGlycyrrhiza inflata Root

Seven triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the 10% EtOH extract of the root of Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods,two of them were identified as glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-β-D-6”-ethyl-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-6’-n-butyl-glucuro-nopyranoside(1),and glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-β-D-6”-n-butyl-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-6’-n-ethyl-glucuronopyranoside(2). Both are new compounds and named inflasaponins Ⅱ and Ⅵ respec-tively.

Primary Speciation Analysis on 6 Kinds of Microelements in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.

[Objective]The aim was to analyze the primary speciation of 6 microelements in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and provide theoretical basis for explaining pharmacodynamic principle of liquorice and discussing quality control of liquorice planting. [Method]The 6 elements Cu,Zn,Ca,Fe,Mg and Mn in roots of G.uralensis were extracted based on traditional decoction method and were separated into water-soluble state and suspension state by micro porous filtering film. The elements in water-soluble state were detected by flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometry （FAAS）. [Result]The results showed that extractive rates of the elements were in the range of 1.71%-60.06%,and immerse-residue ratio in 0.018 3-1.682 0; the results also indicated that the immerse-residue ratio of Zn was biggest （1.68）,Zn played an important medical role and might be considered as the best characteristic element in G.uralensis; the recoveries of the elements were ranged from 95.72% to 103.15% and relative standard deviations （RSD） were less than 2.38%. [Conclusion]Because of its high accuracy,FAAS method is feasible for analyzing primary speciation of microelements in G.uralensis.

Study on Scavenging and Disconnecting Effects of Nitrosation Reaction by Extracts of Tetradium Ruticarpum and Glycyrrhizae

In order to investigate and compare the effects of Tetradium ruticarpum and Glycyrrhizae extracts in terms of scavenging sodium nitrite and inhibiting N-ni- troso compounds formation, the 1_9（3^3） orthogonal test was conducted to extract the active components. In addition, the capacities of scavenging sodium nitrite and of in- hibiting the N-nitroso compounds formation were measured to confirm the optimum condition of extracting. When the scavenging rate was considered as the main index, the maximum capacities of scavenging sodium nitrite by the extracts of Tetradi- urn ruticarpum and Glycyrrhizae were 0.836 5 and 0.558 0, respectively. Further- more, when the disconnection rate was considered as the main index, the maximum capacities of inhibiting the N-nitroso compounds formation by the extracts of Tetradi- urn ruticarpum and G/ycyrrhizae were 0.922 8 and 0.625 6, respectively. As a re- suit, the capacity of inhibiting nitrosation reaction by Tetradium ruticarpum was shown to be much stronger than G/ycyrrhizae, no matter the scavenging rate or the disconnection rate as the main index to be considered.

Optimization of RAPD-PCR Reaction System for Glycyrrhiza uralensis Based on Orthogonal Design

[Objective] The aim was to obtain the optimum RAPD-PCR reaction system for Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Method] Orthogonal design was adopted to screen the suitable concentration of four major factors（dNTPs,primers,Taq polymerase and DNA template） in PCR reaction system.[Result] The optimal reaction system obtained by orthogonal design was 25 μl in total volume,containing 2.5 μl of 10×PCR buffer solution（include MgCl2）,2.5 μl of 10 mmol/L dNTPs,2 μl（100 ng） of DNA template,2 μl of 10 μmol/L primers,0.4 μl（5 U） of Taq polymerase;the optimum annealing temperature was 34 ℃.[Conclusion] Orthogonal design was an effective method for the optimization of RAPD-PCR reaction system for G.uralensis.

甘草属(Glycyrrhiza)化学成分及药理作用研究进展

文章概述了甘草目前的研究现状,扼要综述了甘草的有效成分提取方法,甘草叶及根和地上部分的化学成分。对甘草的药理作用、常见剂型及临床应用3个方面归纳总结,甘草具有补益脾气、润肺止咳、缓和药性的功效,对消化系统、心血管系统等疾病具有良好的治疗作用。并介绍了其在医疗、食品及日用化工生产中的应用。

甘草属Glycyrrhiza L.植物资源化学及利用研究进展

甘草作为一种优良的天然植物资源,已被广泛应用于医药、食品、化工、畜牧等领域,国内外相关研究也方兴正艾,但近年来随着生态环境的破坏及无节制的采挖,资源状况日益严峻。本文从中药资源化学的角度出发,对甘草属植物的种类及资源分布进行总结,并针对不同品种甘草的活性成分、药理作用以及应用现状进行综述。旨在为进一步深入研究和开发该类药用植物资源提供参考,并为多层次、精细化的甘草资源综合利用提供依据。

SCoT与EST-SSR标记检测甘草属(Glycyrrhiza L.)植物遗传多样性的比较研究

为探讨SCoT、EST-SSR标记技术在甘草属植物遗传多样性研究的适用性,采用SCoT、EST-SSR分子标记对甘草属8自然居群的4种1变种共计14个个体进行基因组DNA的多态性检测。实验筛选出的18对SCoT通用引物共扩增出313条带,其中312条为多态性条带,平均多态率(PPB)为99.68%,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)和位点品均期望杂合度(He)等遗传参数与EST-SSR标记无显著差异。多态性检测效率高的标记为SCoT,E=17.333,Ai=21.145,高于EST-SSR,E=6.909,Ai=8.719。SCoT与EST-SSR标记聚类分析结果趋势相似,均将14份材料划分为3组,与基于形态学分类结果一致。2种标记相比,EST-SSR(0.820)产生的平均相似系数范围大于SCoT(0.785),EST-SSR标记个体间遗传差异检测能力略高于SCoT。结果表明SCoT和EST-SSR两种标记均可揭示甘草属种间与种内的遗传多样性水平以及亲缘关系,是进行甘草属植物自然群体的遗传结构、种间基因渐渗等研究的有效分子标记。其中,SCoT标记多态性高,信息量大,更适于甘草属植物种质资源的遗传多样性分析;个体间遗传差异检测上EST-SSR标记效果更佳,更利于疑难种鉴定及亲本分析。

Effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang

Objective:To discuss the effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis(G.uralensis) Fisch polysaccharide on growth performance and immunologic function in mice in Ural City,Xinjiang and to provide important data supporting the application of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide.Methods:A total of100 Kunming mice aged 3 weeks old were randomly divided into 5 groups with 20 mice in each group(10 were females and 10 were males).About 0.5 mL normal saline was given to the mice of control group every day and 0.5 mL G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide was given to the mice of other groups at the concentration of 1,20,50 and 100 mg/mL respectively.The growth performance(average body weight,average daily feed intake and feed efficiency),immune organ indexes(spleen index and thymus index) and immunologic function(serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells) of mice in each group were detected continuously.Results:The average body weight,feed efficiency,serum IL-2,CD4^+/CD8^+ and the activity of NK cells of mice were increased with the increase of administrated time after administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide and were reached up the largest level on Day 28.At the same time,each index was proportional to the given dose and was significantly higher than those of control group and reached up the largest level at the administrated dose of 100 mg/mL.After administrating G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide,the spleen index and thymus index of mice were increased with the increase of administrated dose and the spleen index and thymus index of mice administrated with the dose of 100 mg/mL were maximum which was more than 1.51 times and 1.43 times of that in control group respectively and the comparative differences showed statistical significance(P<0.05).The average daily feed intake of mice in each group was increased with the passage of lime and at the same time,the comparison of average daily feed intake of mice in each group was not significantly different(P>0.05).Conclusions:G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide can significantly improve the growth performance and immunologic function of mice and laid a research basis for the clinical application of G.uralensis Fisch polysaccharide.

A systematic summary of natural compounds in Radix Glycyrrhizae

Objective： To accumulate data from studies on the compounds identified from Gancao （Radix Glycyrrhizae, GC）, andthen systematically summarize and classify these compounds according to their structural characteristics. Methods： Fivedatabases （CNKI, VIP, Wanfang data, CBM, and Pubmed） were used to search for studies on the chemical structure ofcompounds from GC. The retrieval time of the respective databases was from their inception to March 2016. Accordingto the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the papers were carefully screened, and the data were extracted. Results： A totalof 653 compounds from GC were collated from 252 articles, including flavonols （n = 201） belonging to 10 subgroups,terpenes and saponins （n = 167）, coumarins （n = 30） belonging to 3 subgroups, aliphatics （n = 206）, aromatics （n = 35）,and others （n = 14）. The flavones, represented by liquiritin and liquiritigenin, were the most reported compounds isolatedfrom GC, followed by terpenes and saponins such as glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid. Conclusion： The morethan 600 natural compounds in GC may be responsible for GC’s anti-inflammatory, phlegm-expelling, cough- andpain-relieving activities.

Intellectual Property Protection and High Quality Development of Radix Glycyrrhizae for Treatment of COVID-19

Radix Glycyrrhizae is the dominant native medicinal material variety in the north and northwestern medicinal materials producing areas.It is a main Chinese medicine of effective TCM drugs and formulas for the treatment of new coronavirus disease(COVID-19).This paper introduces the medicinal value of Radix Glycyrrhizae,involving the labeling,cultural heritage,and creative intellectual property rights of the Chinese medicinal materials,analyzes the poverty-stricken areas that are ecologically suitable for Radix Glycyrrhizae cultivation,and the superior counties and production bases of the Chinese medicinal materials.Besides,mainly from the aspects of perfect intellectual property rights,the establishment of authentic medicinal material production bases,and the construction of quality control systems,etc.,it discusses the rural revitalization strategy and the development strategy of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),agricultural intellectual property protection and high-quality development strategy of Radix Glycyrrhizae.

A New Dihydroflavone Glycoside from Glycyrrhiza uralensis

A new dihydroflavone glycoside was isolated from the underground parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Its structure was elucidated as 7-hydroxyl-4'-O-β-D-(6'-O-α-hydroxylpropionyl) glucopyranosyl dihydroflavone by spectral methods.

Identification of potential anti-pneumonia pharmacological components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma after the treatment with Gan An He Ji oral liquid

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma,a traditional Chinese medicine also known as Gan Cao(GC),is frequently included in clinical prescriptions for the treatment of pneumonia.However,the pharmacological components of GC for pneumonia treatment are rarely explored.Gan An He Ji oral liquid(GAHJ)has a simple composition and contains GC liquid extracts and paregoric,and has been used clinically for many years.Therefore,GAHJ was selected as a compound preparation for the study of GC in the treatment of pneumonia.We conducted an in vivo study of patients with pneumonia undergoing GAHJ treatments for three days.Using the intelligent mass spectrometry data-processing technologies to analyze the metabolism of GC in vivo,we obtained 168 related components of GC in humans,consisting of 24 prototype components and 144 metabolites,with 135 compounds screened in plasma and 82 in urine.After analysis of the metabolic transformation relationship and relative exposure,six components(liquiritin,liquiritigenin,glycyrrhizin,glycyrrhetinic acid,daidzin,and formononetin)were selected as potential effective components.The experimental results based on two animal pneumonia models and the inflammatory cell model showed that the mixture of these six components was effective in the treatment of pneumonia and lung injury and could effectively downregulate the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS).Interestingly,glycyrrhetinic acid exhibited the strongest inhibition on iNOS and the highest exposure in vivo.The following molecular dynamic simulations indicated a strong bond between glycyrrhetinic acid and iNOS.Thus,the current study provides a pharmaceutical basis for GC and reveals the possible corresponding mechanisms in pneumonia treatment.

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of an Actin Gene from Chinese Licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch)

A PCR-based homologous cloning strategy was used to identify an actin gene from the roots of Chinese licorice（Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch）. Results of sequence analysis indicate that a 1137 bp cDNA with an open reading frame encoding 377 amino acids, actin ortholog, GuActin, was successfully cloned and characterized（GenBank accession No. EU190972）. Thus far, GuActin is the first actin of Chinese licorice that has been identified at a molecular level. Analysis by Northern blot shows that GuActin was expressed strongly in the roots, particularly in radicles than in stems and leaves. These results suggest that GuActin may be a member of the vegetative subfamily of the actin family.

Conditions and Stimulation for Germination in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch Seeds

Evaluation of seed quality is the key to seed distributing and seeding of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, as an important species for pharmacy and soil conservation. Here, we study the effects of light and temperature on seed germination and mechanical and chemical scarification on breaking the seed coat. Seeds were collected in 2004, 2005, and 2006, placed in Petri dishes, and incubated at constant temperature 20, 25, and 30℃, and alternating temperature 15-25, 20-30, 15-30, and 20-35℃ under either an 8h photoperiod or total darkness for 28 consecutive days. Different methods were used to break the dormancy owing to hard seededness in this species such as chemical scarification by immersing in concentrated sulphuric acid for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min, in 0.2% KNO3 solution to saturate the seedbed, and prechilling for 7 d at 7℃ and mechanical scarification by cutting. The results showed that alternating temperature at 20-30℃ with 8 h photoperiod and 16 h darkness was optimum for G. uralensis seed germinating in the laboratory. Hard seeds were broken by concentrated sulphuric acid soaking or mechanical scarification by cutting. Germination of seeds harvested in two different years was both promoted by immersing for 30-45 min in concentrated sulphuric acid. KNO3 solution was ineffective for reducing hard seeds. During seed germinating, the first count was on the 7th day and the last count was on the 14th day.

Simultaneous Determination of Saponins in Radix Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

To establish a method for determining five saponins(notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1 and ammonium glycyrrhizinate) in Glycyrrhizae, Notoginseng and Ginseng, the high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector(HPLC-DAD) method was applied to an Inertsil ODS-SP column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid in a gradient elution manner. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelengths were 203 nm and 237 nm, respectively. The linear ranges were 0.700,0—7.000,0 μg for R1(r=1.000,0), 0.751,1— 7.511,4 μg for Rg1(r=1.000,0), 0.677,2—6.771,6 μg for Re(r=1.000,0), 0.733,9—7.339,1 μg for Rb1(r= 1.000,0), and 0.540,0—5.399,8 μg for ammonium glycyrrhizinate(r=0.999,9), respectively. In addition, their average recoveries were 100.28%, 105.83%, 104.09%, 99.36% and 98.54%, respectively. The relative standard deviations(RSDs) of precision, reproducibility and recovery were all less than 1.5%. The results indicate that the method is simple, accurate and reproducible so that it can be used for the simultaneous determination of the five saponins in Chinese patent medicines containing the three kinds of herbs.