Single-atom catalysis: Bridging the homo-and heterogeneous catalysis

Single-atom catalysis,the catalysis by single-atom catalysts(SACs),has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a new frontier in the heterogeneous catalysis field.SACs have the advantages of both homogeneous catalysts(isolated active sites)and heterogeneous catalysts(stable and easy to separate),and are thus predicted to be able to bridge the homo-and heterogeneous catalysis.This prediction was first experimentally demonstrated in 2016.In this mini-review,we summarize the few homogeneous catalysis progresses reported recently where SACs have exhibited promising application:a)Rh/ZnO and Rh/CoO SAC have been used successfully in hydroformylation of olefin of which the activity are comparable to the homogeneous Wilkinson’s catalyst;b)a Pt/Al2O3 SAC has shown excellent performance in hydrosilylation reaction;and c)M-N-C SACs(M=Fe,Co etc.)have been applied in the activation of C–H bonds.All of these examples suggest that fabrication of suitable SACs could provide a new avenue for the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts.These pioneering works shed new light on the recognition of single-atom catalysis in bridging the homo-and heterogeneous catalysis.

Cerium phosphate-supported Au catalysts for CO oxidation

LaPO_4 and hydroxyapatite(Ca_(10)(PO_4)_6(OH)_2)are typical metal phosphates recently found to be useful for making supported metal or metal oxide catalysts,but CePO_4(also belonging to the metal phosphate family)has been rarely used to make supported catalysts.It would be interesting to develop CePO_4-supported catalysts and explore their catalytic applications.Herein,hexagonal CePO_4 nanorods(denoted as CePO_4-H),hexagonal CePO_4 nanowires(CePO_4-HNW),monoclinic CePO_4 nanoparticles(CePO_4-M),and monoclinic CePO_4 nanowires(CePO_4-MNW)prepared by different methods were used to support gold via deposition-precipitation with urea(DPU).The gold contents of these catalysts were all around 1 wt%.The catalytic activities of these Au/CePO_4 catalysts in CO oxidation were found to follow the sequence of Au/CePO_4-MNW>Au/CePO_4-HNW> Au/CePO_4-M>Au/CePO_4-H.These catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES),N_2 adsorption–desorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),oxygen temperature-programmed desorption(O_2-TPD),and CO_2 temperature-programmed desorption(CO_2-TPD)to find possible correlations between the physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of these catalysts.

SYNTHESIS AND CATALYTIC PROPERTY OF POLYMER-SUPPORTED Fe-Co HETEROTETRAMETALLIC CLUSTERS

Four polymer-supported Fe-Co tetrametallic clusters have been prepared by ion exchange and ligand exchange. Their structures were characterized by IR, UV/visible diffuse reflectance spectra and elemental analysis, and by analogy with the reference cluster PhCH_2NMe_3FeCo_3 (CO)_2 . The four heterogenous clusters were efficient catalysts in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene, turnover numbers amounted to 823 — 924 with the yield of 83.2—92.4% heptyl aldehydes and ratios of normal aldehyde to iso-aldehyde of 1.2—1.6, they are facilitated forming the normal aldehyde in comparison with the homogeneous analogue. For the polymer-supported clusters prepared by ion exchange, the polymer-cation parts had no obvious effect on the activity of the cluster anion. The polymer-phosphine substituted cluster prepared by ligand exchange was more stable than the clusters preparedby ion exchange.

MCM-41-Supported Bidentate Phosphine Rhodium Complex： An Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Hydrosilylation of Olefins

MCM-41-supported bidentate phosphine rhodium complex （MCM-41-2P-RhC13） was conveniently synthesized from commercially available and cheap γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane via immobilization on MCM-41, followed by reacting with diphenylphosphinomethanol and rhodium chloride. It was found that the title complex is a highly efficient catalyst for the hydrosilylation of olefins with triethoxysilane and can be recovered and recycled by a simple filtration of the reaction solution and used for at least 10 consecutive trials without any decreases in activity.

An overview on metal-related catalysts: metal oxides, nanoporous metals and supported metal nanoparticles on metal organic frameworks and zeolites

Metal nanoparticles(NPs) supported on porous materials have shown great advantages in many catalytic application fields. Supported metal NPs are receiving extensive attention due to their significant contribution in a wide range of current and future applications, and this is arguably one of the fastest growing research fields. In this review, we highlight various types of metal catalysts that possess great potential in several catalytic reactions. The major focus has been on metal oxides, nanoporous metals and metal NPs supported on metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) and zeolites. Special attention has been given to the synthesis strategies and application of the NPs supported on MOFs and zeolites, which are considered highly interesting and rapidly expanding areas in heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, the prospects of these catalysts have been included in the concluding remarks.

Coordination environment of active sites and their effect on catalytic performance of heterogeneous catalysts

The structural complexity of supported metal catalysts,playing significant role in a wide range of chemical technologies,have prevented us from deeply understanding their catalytic mechanisms at atomic level.A fundamental understanding of the nature of active sites and structure–performance relationship of supported metal catalysts from a comprehensive view will open up numerous new opportunities for the development of advanced catalysts to address the global challenges in energy conversion and environmental protection.This review surveys the effects of multiple factors,including the metal size,shape,support,alloy and ligand modifier,on the coordinated environment of active center and further their influence on the catalytic reactions,aiming to provide guidance for the design of industrialized heterogeneous catalysts with extraordinary performance.Subsequently,the key structure characterization techniques in determining the coordination structure of active metal sites,especially the dynamic coordination structure change under the reaction condition,are well summarized.A brief summary is finally provided together with personal perspectives on the further development in the field of heterogeneous metal catalysts.

Covalent organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts

Covalent organic frameworks （COFs）, established as an emerging class of crystalline porous polymers with high surface area, structural diversity, and esignability, attract much interest and exhibit potential applications in catalysis. In this review, we summarize the use of COFs as a versatile platform to develop heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of chemical reactions. Catalytic COFs are categorized in accordance with the types of active sites, involving single functional active sites, bifunctional active sites, and metal nanoparticles （NPs） embedded in pores. Special emphasis is placed on the deliberate or incidental synthesis strategies, the stability, the heterogeneity, and the shape/size selectivity for COF catalysis. Moreover, a description of the application of COFs as photocatalysts and electrocatalysts is presented. Finally, the prospects of COFs in catalysis and remaining issues in this field are indicated.

New routes for the construction of strong metal-support interactions

Supported metal nanoparticles(NPs)on solid carriers are highly efficient catalysts in many industrial reactions.However,the sintering and/or leaching of metal NPs occurred under harsh reaction conditions that caused the catalyst deactivation.Strong metal-support interactions(SMSIs)serve as an effective method to stabilize the metal NPs against sintering and leaching,which have been extensively studied.In addition to the classical route to construct SMSIs via high-temperature reduction treatments,new routes have emerged recently to extend the scope of catalysts with SMSIs and optimized their catalytic performances.In this review,we briefly summarize these routes that avoid the high-temperature reduction treatments for the construction of SMSIs.Their significant advantages in stabilizing metal NPs,modulating the geometric/electronic structure of metal species,and the mechanism on the SMSI formation are particularly discussed.Finally,the current challenges and developing trends in the construction of SMSIs for achieving more efficient catalysts are outlooked.

Gold-containing metal nanoparticles for catalytic hydrogen generation from liquid chemical hydrides

Liquid chemical hydrides, which store hydrogen in the form of chemical bonds, are considered one of the most promising classes of hydrogen storage materials. Their application depends heavily on the development of efficient catalytic systems. Gold‐containing metal nanoparticles have exhibited excellent catalytic performance for hydrogen generation from liquid chemical hydrides. The present mini‐review focuses on recent developments in hydrogen generation from liquid chemical hydrides using gold‐nanoparticle and gold‐containing heterometallic nanoparticle catalysts.

脂肪醇还原氨化催化剂载体的研究进展

基于还原氨化策略,以醇和氨为原料高选择性合成伯胺是绿色化学的重要研究领域。负载型催化剂作为非均相催化体系的重要组成部分,催化还原氨化反应性能由活性组分、助剂和载体等因素共同决定。介绍了醇还原氨化反应机理,综述了脂肪醇还原氨化合成伯胺反应中负载型金属催化剂中载体的作用,包括载体种类、载体效应与优化,载体效应主要包括碱性位点、酸性位点、酸-碱位点协同作用及金属分散性和颗粒尺寸调控。

Heterogeneousα-Diimine Nickel Catalysts with Improved Catalytic Performance in Ethylene Polymerization

Heterogenization can improve the thermal tolerance of olefin polymerization catalysts and result in good product morphology con-trol,which are two important parameters for industrial polyethylene production.In this work,α-diimine nickel catalysts bearing-OH or-ONa anchoring groups were designed and prepared.The anchoring groups can enable facile heterogenization of the cata-lysts on silica.The heterogeneous catalysts demonstrated enhanced thermal stabilities,along with high catalytic activity at 120℃(up to 5.5×10^(6)g·PE·mol·Ni^(-1)·h^(-1)).Furthermore,the heterogenization process results in the improvements of many other parame-ters,including polymer morphology control,catalytic activity(up to 1.9×10^(7)g·PE·mol·Ni^(-1)·h^(-1))and polyethylene molecular weight(Mn up to 2.3×10^(6)g·mol^(-1)).More importantly,the structure and properties of the polymer products can be controlled by catalyst structures,polymerization conditions and heterogenization to achieve good mechanical properties and elasticity.

Co基催化剂在氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究进展

氢甲酰化反应是工业中重要的合成醛的过程。目前,氢甲酰化反应中使用的催化剂以Rh和Co基催化剂为主,其中Rh基催化剂主要应用于短链烯烃的氢甲酰化,中长链烯烃的氢甲酰化仍采用Co基催化剂。以Co基催化剂为主线,重点综述了均相和多相负载型Co基催化剂的制备及在氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究进展。分析表明,在均相Co基催化剂中引入给电子能力强、空间位阻大的烷膦配体有助于提高产品醛区域选择性并使反应条件变得更温和。在多相负载型Co基催化剂中,载体种类及性质、贵金属助剂、金属前驱体、配体及制备条件等均能对氢甲酰化反应催化性能产生影响。今后可以设计合成给电子能力强、空间位阻大的烷膦配体,将其负载于具有高比表面积、多级孔道结构的载体上或通过官能团修饰将配体多相化负载金属Co以提高其氢甲酰化反应催化性能。

单原子催化剂电子结构调控实现高效多相催化

过去十年见证了单原子催化领域的快速发展,其最高的原子利用效率和充分暴露的活性位点使得单原子催化剂对众多反应的催化活性具有显著提升。在单原子催化领域的早期发展阶段,研究者只是关注单原子催化剂催化活性与催化选择性的提高,而其内在的反应机理以及活性位点同催化性能之间的构效关系往往被忽视。关于单原子催化剂中金属-基底相互作用的深入探讨能够帮助我们理解催化机理,并进一步指导多相催化剂的理性设计。值得注意的是,由于单原子催化剂均一的活性位点及其几何构型,我们可以通过理论计算以及一些原位的表征技术,来揭示其中的金属-基底相互作用,继而进一步促进单原子催化领域的发展以及多相催化剂的理性设计。这篇综述总结了金属-基底相互作用的基本概念,其作用,以及其在一些重要多相催化中的应用,最后提出了金属-基底相互作用在单原子催化领域所面临的挑战与机遇。

共价有机骨架在交叉偶联反应中的应用进展

交叉偶联反应是构建C—C键、C—N键和C—O键的高效方法。利用有机聚合物材料作为催化剂载体进行的异相催化反应具有催化剂可回收、反应高效等优点。综述了共价有机骨架(COFs)通过负载金属构成异相催化剂,在多种交叉偶联反应中的应用;对催化效率和催化剂的循环次数进行了详细描述,并指出了该领域面临的问题与挑战。

Pd/CuO_(x)催化碘苯和丙烯酸甲酯的Heck反应性能研究

Heck反应是构建碳-碳键的有效方法之一。目前广泛应用的非均相Pd基催化剂通常面临着催化活性低、载量高等问题。因此设计高效稳定且成本低廉的非均相催化剂是目前研究的重点。本文以等体积浸渍法制备的铜基氧化物(CuO_(x))负载的Pd基催化剂,在Heck反应中表现出优异的催化性能。利用XRD、TEM、H_(2)-TPR、XPS等一系列表征研究了载Pd铜基催化剂的微观结构及催化Heck反应的影响因素。实验结果表明金属-载体相互作用较弱的催化剂(Pd/Cu-3)在Heck反应中表现出更优异的催化性能,这可能是因为载体上的活性金属Pd更容易浸出到溶液中,加速催化Heck反应,表现出更优异的催化性能。这为进一步设计高效载Pd铜基催化剂提供了参考意义。

甲酸液相分解制氢用负载型金属催化剂的研究进展

甲酸因具有毒性低、易于在室温下运输和储存等优点,被认为是一种很有前途的化学储氢载体,引起了广泛关注。通过调控金属纳米粒子的尺寸、调整载体与金属纳米粒子之间的相互作用以及优化金属纳米粒子的结构,可提高负载型金属催化剂催化甲酸液相分解制氢的性能。介绍了甲酸液相分解制氢的机理,以及负载型金属催化剂催化甲酸液相分解制氢的研究进展,并对今后的发展提出了展望,可为开发高性能甲酸液相分解制氢负载型金属催化剂提供参考。

Hydrosilylation of olefins over rhodium complex anchored over thioether-functionalized MCM-41

The hydrosilylation of alkenes with triethoxysilane has been achieved at 120 C in the presence of 0.01 mol%of thioetherfunctionalized MCM-41 anchored rhodium complex,affording the corresponding addition products in 68-91%yields.This supported rhodium complex can be reused several times without noticeable loss of activity.Our system not only solves the basic problems of catalyst separation and recovery,but also avoids the use of phosphine ligands.

Optimization and statistical analysis of Au-ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst for CO oxidation

In our former work [Catal. Today 174 （2011） 127], 12 heterogeneous catalysts were screened for CO oxidation, and Au-ZnO/Al2O3 was chosen and optimized in terms of weight loadings of Au and ZnO. The present study follows on to consider the impact of process parameters （catalyst preparation and reaction conditions）, in conjunction with catalyst composition （weight loadings of Au and ZnO, and the total weight of the catalyst）, as the optimization of the process parameters simultaneously optimized the catalyst composition. The optimization target is the reactivity of this important reaction. These factors were first optimized using response surface methodology （RSM） with 25 experiments, to obtain the optimum： 100 mg of 1.0%Au-4.1%ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst with 220℃ calcination and 100℃ reduction. After optimization, the main effects and interactions of these five factors were studied using statistical sensitivity analysis （SA）. Certain observations from SA were verified by reaction mechanism, reactivity test and/or characterization techniques, while others need further investigation.

金催化剂的性能及应用

Ａｕ 曾被认为只有弱催化性， 但近年的研究表明， 在许多化学反应中Ａｕ 催化剂有最高的催化活性与选择性。本文综述了Ａｕ

金催化剂及其在有机反应中的应用研究进展

本文综述了金催化剂在选择氧化、选择加氢、不对称醇醛缩合、C— N键生成等多相和均相催化反应中的应用研究 ,并讨论了各种影响金催化剂催化活性的因素 ,最后展望了金催化剂的应用前景。