Geometry and kinematics of brittle deformation in the Central Cameroon Shear Zone (Kékem area): Implication for gold exploration within the Central Africa Fold Belt in Cameroon

The Central Africa Fold Belt(CAFB)is a collision belt endowed with gold deposits in Eastern Cameroon area mined for about 50 years.However,favorable areas for gold exploration are poorly known.This paper presents(1)the kinematics of the brittle deformation in the Kékem area in the SW portion of the Central Cameroon Shear Zone and(2)constraints gold mineralization events with respect to the collisional evolution of the CAFB.The authors interpret that the conjugate ENE to E and NNW to NW trending lineament corresponds to the synthetic(R)and the antithetic(R’)shears,which accompanied the dextral slip along the NE to ENE striking shear.The latter coincides with the last 570-552 Ma D3 dextral simple shear-dominated transpression,which is parallel to the BétaréOya shear zone hosting gold deposits.Gold mineralizations,which mainly occurred during the last dextral shearing,are disseminated within quartz veins associated to Riedel’s previous structures reactivated due to late collisional activities of the CAFB as brittle deformation.Gold mineralizations occurred mainly during the 570-552 Ma D3 event.The reactivation,which might be due to dextral simple shear during mylonitzation,plausibly remobilized the early gold deposits hosted in syn-compressional rocks and/or possibly focused deep-sourced fluid mixed with those released by dehydration.Therefore,the Central Cameroon Shear Zone where Kékem is located,and which shows similar petrographical and structural features to those controling Batouri gold district,is a target area for gold exploration in Cameroon.

GV Technology for Exploration and Delineation of Lode Gold Claims

Demands for new gold deposits are increasing worldwide and the need to better define lode and placer claims is a critical environmental and economic issue. Recently, interesting results have been produced using dedicated geological information systems designed to explore for earth mineral deposits. These systems employ properties of fundamental physical fields generated by interactions of superlight elementary particles. GV technology （Geo-Vision geological direct detection radiometric and Air-Gamma technology）, a revolutionary technology for exploring the earth from outer space and from inside aircraft, has been utilized to identify and precisely locate gold deposits. All elements of the Earth＇s crust exist in an excited state and are constantly emitting what can be called their ＂intrinsic radiation＂. The melding of science and data interpretation makes GV Technology ideal for defining both lode and placer gold deposits. The use of GV technology will improve success ratios associated with the exploration for and delineation of gold deposits and provide better definition of successful core drilling locations. The technology will also decrease the cost of defining gold deposits and since GV technology is ecologically friendly, it provides considerable reductions in environmental mitigation costs. From 1995 to 2014, GV technology has been used to identify and delineate gold deposits in Russia, Mongolia, Kirghizia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Namibia, Australia, and the United States.

Characterization of Gold Bearing Placers and Associated Minerals in the Elogo Region (North-West Congo Republic)

The Elogo region has been subjected to craft industry and semi-industrial mining for gold-bearing placers, since the colonial times. It is actually undergoing an intensive exploration for a primary gold deposit. The goal of this study is to contribute to the exploration of the primary gold deposit in the Elogo Region (North-West of Congo Republic). The methodology consisted of characterization of placers deposits by their lithology, mineralogy and the gold grains shape, in order to constrain the source of gold with the respect to the local geology. The results obtained show that alluviums are polygenic and yields seventeen mineral species composed of zircon, olivine, magnetite, ilmenite, gold, garnet, rutile, coltan, cassiterite, monazite, apatite, amphibole, tourmaline, pyrite, limonite, chromite, and amphibole. The morphoscopy of gold grain shows single grains and grains with quartz inclusions that suggest their relationship with quartz veins. The gold grains are flattened, sub-flattened, and rounded. The northern region of Elogo characterized by a dominance of coarser quartz-included gold grains indicates a proximal proparte origin (less than 50 m), while the southern region, showing less coarse and more evolved grains with choc marks, appears to be associated with a distal pro-parte origin (more than 300 m). The multivariate statistical analysis shows seven classes of samples corresponding to the mineralogical paragenesis suggesting various sources, consisting of high-grade metamorphic, granitoids, pegmatites, basic and ultrabasic rocks, and BIFs that provided minerals to the placers. Gold mainly comes from hydrothermal quartz veins and probably from the peptization of gold from the weathering of sulfides occurring in the BIF. In the Elogo region, gold exploration for primary deposits should look for and follow the hydrothermal system developed in this region. Chemical analysis for the gold grains and associated minerals is necessary to better guide the proposed geochemical prospecting.

Province-scale commonalities of some world-class gold deposits:Implications for mineral exploration

Discovery rates for all metals, including gold, are declining, the cost per significant discovery is increasing sharply, and the economic situation of the industry is one of low base rate. The current hierarchical structure of the exploration and mining industry makes this situation difficult to redress. Economic geologists can do little to influence the required changes to the overall structure and philosophy of an industry driven by business rather than geological principles, However, it should be possible to follow the lead of the oil industry and improve the success rate of greenfield exploration, necessary for the next group of lower-exploration-spend significant mineral deposit discoveries. Here we promote the concept that mineral explorers need to carefully consider the scale at which their exploration targets are viewed. It is necessary to carefully assess the potential of drill targets in terms of terrane to province to district scale, rather than deposit scale, where most current economic geology research and conceptual thinking is concentrated. If orogenic, IRGD, Carlin-style and IOCG gold-rich systems are viewed at the deposit scale, they appear quite different in terms of conventionally adop- ted research parameters. However, recent models for these deposit styles show increasingly similar source-region parameters when viewed at the lithosphere scale, suggesting common tectonic settings. It is only by assessing individual targets in their tectonic context that they can be more reliably ranked in terms of potential to provide a significant drill discovery. Targets adjacent to craton margins, other lithosphere boundaries, and suture zones are clearly favoured for all of these gold deposit styles, and such exploration could lead to incidental discovery of major deposits of other metals sited along the same tectonic boundaries.

Unconventional Geochemical Exploration for Gold Deposits

Conventional geochemical exploration for gold deposits has not always been very satisfactory, especially for buried and blind ones. New considerations and methodology in sampling, analysis and interpretation have been developed in China during the past decade. Important considerations for unconventional gold exploration in this paper are that (1) gold is active in surface environments; (2) gold occurs not only as discrete grains, but also as ultrafine particles (submicron?to nanometer-sized particles of gold) and other complex forms; (3) regional low anomalies and superimposed anomalies over buried gold deposits are produced by ultrafine gold grains and other complex forms of gold. The methodology based on these considerations has been developed both in regional and in local geochemical exploration for gold. Examples of the preliminary application of these methods in two areas covered by transported overburden are given.

Gold anomaly ranking based on stream sediment geochemistry in the Fariman–Kashmar axis, NE Iran

One of the essential tasks accelerate the decision-making process in mineral exploration projects is ranking anomalous areas.In this study,we used fourteen geologic maps(at scale 1:100,000)in areas where systematic geochemical explorations were conducted in the Fariman-Kashmar axis in northeast Iran to conduct the anomaly ranking.On all these maps,samples were consistently prepared to be analyzed through statistical and geostatistical methods.At first,anomaly separation was carried out by fractal methods that resulted in the detection of 308 anomalous samples in 128 areas.These samples were classified into three groups of first,second,and thirdorder anomalies,whose number of anomalous samples were calculated based on this ranking technique.Three factors,including the average concentration of each anomaly,its surface area,and the number of its samples,were used to rank the areas.According to this technique,the maximum anomaly score obtained was 172 for the Taknar area,and the minimum score was 3 for several areas.To validate the ranking results,some exploration operations were carried out in some of these anomalous areas in which mining operations started later.Several significant gold anomalous areas were introduced,which is considered an important result of this study.

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region——A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content ofthe leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower thanthat of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and thecarotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20%lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colourspots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than thebackground value: the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopyon images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the backgroundvalues. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, whichdisinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of goldbiogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system,and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically andaccurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.

Mass Data—A Gold Mine to be Explored

Click on a shopping website and looking for the products you are interested in,then you will place the order and wait for home delivery.Or you may talk with your families living far away on the video conference,or share your video on the website.It will be interesting to know how does this happen and what is its significance.