On the Hyper Thermal Therapy of Tumor Tissues by Direct Laser Heating and Gold Nano Particles

Hyper thermal therapy using lasers is emerging as a new promising route for the cancer treatment. The tumor can be directly heated by the radiation or indirectly using gold nano particles based on plasmon resonance phenolmenon. These two possibilities are explored here by solving the space and time dependent bio-heat equation under different conditions. The knowledge of temperature profiles in the tumor region helps to bypass the painful placement of sensors for monitoring tumor’s heating by the laser. Important properties which could be useful for developing an efficient tumor therapy are introduced for the first time. It is found that the effects of metabolism consist essentially in a redefinition of the blood temperature which increases proportional to the heat of metabolism. Blood perfusion in a given tissue leads to a new characteristic length of order one or two centimeters and a blood convection parameter typically of order 30 W·m-1·K-1. Effects of these parameters are scrutinized within the resolution of the bio-heat equation under a variety of conditions. In general, space modulations of the temperature throughout biological tissues are weak but front kinetics are quite fast. Specific examples show the way to monitor the temperature rise taking into account the tumor’s nature and size.

Synthesis and Surface Modification of Spindle-Type Magnetic Nanoparticles: Gold Coating and PEG Functionalization

In this paper, we describe the synthesis of gold coated spindle-type iron nanoparticles and its surface modification by a thiolated fluorescently-labelled polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer. A forced hydrolysis of ferric salts in the presence of phosphate ions was used to produce α-Fe2O3 spindle-type particles. The oxide powders were first reduced to α-iron under high temperature and controlled dihydrogen atmosphere. Then, the resulting magnetic spindle-type particles were covered by a shell of gold. The formation of the core@shell structure was driven by a redox-transmetalation reaction between iron(0) at the surface of particles and a gold(III) salt. Protected against oxidation, the Fe@Au core@shell nanoparticles were then grafted with a water soluble fluorescent-PEG-thiol. TEM, XRD, EDX and measurements of magnetic properties of particles confirm 1) the conversion of hematite into iron and 2) their subsequent surface protection with a gold shell. Furthermore, the functionalization of the gold nanoparticle surface with a PEG carrying a fluorescent dye was unambiguously attested by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Suppression of gold nanoparticle agglomeration and its separation via nylon membranes

Use of ultraporous nylon membrane is one of the most widely employed techniques for removal of hard and soft nanoparticles in the semiconductor industry, and the accurate determination of membrane pore size is necessary in order to avoid manufacturing defects caused by contamination. The gold nanoparticle has several benefits for the evaluation of polymeric membranes; however, the nanoparticles agglomerate easily on the nylon membrane and make it difficult to evaluate the membrane precisely. The properties of 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol(ADP) ligand in gold nanoparticle solution were systematically investigated, and ADP was utilized for improved evaluation of the nylon membranes. Nylon membrane used in this study was prepared by phase inversion techniques. Ultrathin dense layer on top of the membrane surface and Darcy structures in the microporous membrane support were observed. The gold particle rejection was carried out at various p H values from 4 to14 and higher rejection was observed at p H 4 and 8. The suppression of gold colloid agglomeration using ADP and monodispersity of gold colloids was also analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). van der Waals interaction energy of the particles was reduced in the addition of ADP. The presence of ADP ligand in the gold solutions prevented the agglomeration of gold nanoparticles and reduced the adsorption of the particles on the nylon membrane surface,leading to precise evaluation of membrane pore sizes.

Electrochemical Determination of Melamine on Static Mercury Drop Electrode and on Gold Nano Particle Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

An electrochemical method was developed for the determination of melamine (2,4,6 triamino- 1,3,5-triazine) on static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) and on gold nano particle modified carbon paste electrode. Interaction of melamine with Cu2﹢ ion was investigated and the decrease of Cu stripping peak was measured for the determination of melamine using SMDE. Oxidation property of melamine was improved using gold nano particle modified carbon paste electrode. Direct determination of melamine was proposed from the oxidation peak with three sigma detection limit of 0.43 μML﹣1. Recovery in milk powder sample has shown good recovery of melamine using the modified carbon paste electrode.

Single Particle Colorimetric Acid Phosphatase Activity Assay with CeO_(2)-modified Gold Nanoparticles

Acid phosphatase(ACP)is a ubiquitous phosphatase in living organisms.The abnormal variation of ACP is related to various diseases.Herein,we propose a colorimetric method based on CeO_(2)-modified gold core shell nanoparticles(Au@CeO_(2)NPs)to analyze ACP activity with high sensitivity and specificity.In this design,2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt(AAP)is dephosphorylated by ACP and produces reductive ascorbic acid(AA),which makes the CeO_(2)shell decomposition.A remarkable blue shift of localized surface plasmon resonance peak(LSPR,from yellow to green)along with the scattering intensity ratio changes from individual Au@CeO_(2)NPs are observed.ACP activity can be quantified by calculating the ratio changes of individual Au@CeO_(2)NPs.This assay reveals limit of detection(LOD)of 0.044 mU/mL and the linear range of 0.05–5.0 mU/mL,which are much lower than most of spectroscopic measurements in bulk solution.Furthermore,the recovery measurements in real samples are satisfactory and the capacity for practical application is demonstrated.As a consequence,Au@CeO_(2)NPs used in this assay will find new applications for the ultrasensitive detection of enzyme activity.

A Microscopic and Nanoscale Understanding of the Formation of Gold Geochemical Provinces

Gold geochemical provinces in China were delineated through stream sediment or catchment sediment sampling in this study.Each gold geochemical province delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g covers an area of thousands of kilometers.It is a dilemma that geochemists traditionally thought that gold could not migrate for a long distance in rivers or streams to form a large-scale geochemical anomaly due to its chemical inertness and high specific density.The quantitative spectroscopic analysis and observations under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） indicate the presence of submicroscopic gold particles （〈5 μm in diameter） in large quantities,and observations under a Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM） further suggest the presence of nanoscale gold particles （several tens of nanometre in diameter） in ores,rocks,soils and stream sediments.Particularly,submicroscopic and nanoscale gold particles less than 5 μm were only found in samples having a low gold content （〈10ng/g）.This result shows that geochemical provinces,delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g,are formed by long-distance transport of ultrafine gold in streams.The findings may provide direct microscopic evidence for gold migration to form geochemical provinces.

A Simple and Rapid Colloidal Gold-based Immunochromatogarpic Strip Test for Detection of FMDV Serotype A

A sandwich format immunochromatographic assay for detecting foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes was developed. In this rapid test,affinity purified polyclonal antibodies from Guinea pigs which were immunized with sucking-mouse adapted FMD virus (A/AV88(L) strain) were conjugated to colloidal gold beads and used as the capture antibody,and affinity purified polyclonal antibodies from rabbits which were immunized with cell-culture adapted FMD virus (A/CHA/09 strain) were used as detector antibody. On the nitrocellulose membrane of the immunochromatographic strip,the capture antibody was laid on a sample pad,the detector antibody was printed at the test line(T) and goat anti-guinea pigs IgG antibodies were immobilized to the control line(C). The lower detection limit of the test for a FMDV 146S antigen is 11.7ng/ml as determined in serial tests after the strip device was assembled and the assay condition optimization. No cross reactions were found with FMDV serotype C,Swine vesicular disease (SVD),Vesicular stomatiti svirus (VSV) and vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VES) viral antigens with this rapid test. Clinically,the diagnostic sensitivity of this test for FMDV serotypes A was 88.7% which is as same as an indirect-sandwich ELISA. The specificity of this strip test was 98.2% and is comparable to the 98.7% obtained with indirect-sandwich ELISA. This rapid strip test is simple,easy and fast for clinical testing on field sites; no special instruments and skills are required,and the result can be obtained within 15 min. To our knowledge,this is the first rapid immunochromatogarpic assay for serotype A of FMDV.

Gold/Mg-Al mixed oxides catalysts for oxidative esterification of methacrolein:Effects of support size and composition on gold loading

Gold catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides for oxidative esterification of methacrolein are prepared by impregnation.Effects of the support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and Mg/Al ratio on gold loading and catalytic properties are investigated.The catalysts are characterized by CO_(2)-TPD,EDS,XPS,STEM and XRD techniques.Catalysts with smaller support particle size show more uniform gold distribution and higher gold dispersion,resulting in a higher catalytic performance,and the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalysts with larger support particle size can be improved by decreasing the concentration of HAuCl4 solution.The Mg/Al molar ratio has significant effect on the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalyst,and the optimum Mg/Al molar ratio is 0.1–0.2.This study underlines the importance of engineering support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and density of adsorption sites for efficient gold loading on support by impregnation.

Strengthening leaching effect of Carlin-type gold via high-voltage pulsed discharge pretreatment

A high-voltage pulsed discharge(HVPD)pretreatment was used to strengthen the leaching effect of Carlin-type gold ore containing arsenic.Optimal results of the pretreatment experiments were obtained at the following operating conditions:a spherical gap spacing of 20 mm,pulse number of 100,and voltage of 30 kV.The leaching rate of gold was increased by 15.65%via the HVPD pretreatment.The mass fraction of–0.5+0.35 mm and–0.35+0.1 mm was increased by 10.97%and 6.83%compared to the untreated samples,respectively,and the Au grade of–0.1 mm was increased by 22.84%.However,the superiority of the HVPD pretreatment would be weakened by prolonged grinding time.Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the pretreated products presented as a melting state and then condensation,accompanying by some pore formation.More micro-cracks were generated at the interface of the ore and the original crack were expended via pulsed discharge pretreatment,with the contact area between the leaching reagent and ore increased,the leaching reaction rate enhanced and the leaching effect strengthened.

GV Technology for Exploration and Delineation of Lode Gold Claims

Demands for new gold deposits are increasing worldwide and the need to better define lode and placer claims is a critical environmental and economic issue. Recently, interesting results have been produced using dedicated geological information systems designed to explore for earth mineral deposits. These systems employ properties of fundamental physical fields generated by interactions of superlight elementary particles. GV technology （Geo-Vision geological direct detection radiometric and Air-Gamma technology）, a revolutionary technology for exploring the earth from outer space and from inside aircraft, has been utilized to identify and precisely locate gold deposits. All elements of the Earth＇s crust exist in an excited state and are constantly emitting what can be called their ＂intrinsic radiation＂. The melding of science and data interpretation makes GV Technology ideal for defining both lode and placer gold deposits. The use of GV technology will improve success ratios associated with the exploration for and delineation of gold deposits and provide better definition of successful core drilling locations. The technology will also decrease the cost of defining gold deposits and since GV technology is ecologically friendly, it provides considerable reductions in environmental mitigation costs. From 1995 to 2014, GV technology has been used to identify and delineate gold deposits in Russia, Mongolia, Kirghizia, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Namibia, Australia, and the United States.

Ionic Liquid-Polypyrrole-Gold Composites as Enhanced Enzyme Immobilization Platforms forHydrogen Peroxide Sensing

In this work, three different aqueous solutions containing imidazole-based ILs w让h different alkyl chain lengths ([Cnmim]Br, n = 2Z 6,12) were adopted as the medium for the synthesis of ionic liquid-polypyrrole (IL-PPy) composites. Herein, the ILs undertook the roles of the pyrrole solvent, the media for emulsion polymerization of PPy and PPy dopants, respectively. The electrochemical performances of the three IL-PPy composites on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were investigated by electrochemical experiments, which indicated that [Ci2mim]Br-PPy (Ci2~PPy) composites displayed better electrochemical performance due to their larger surface area and firmer immobilization on the GCE. Further, Ci2?PPy/GCE were decorated with Au microparticles by electrodeposition that can not only increase the conductivity, but also immobilize sufficient biomolecules on the electrode. Then, the obtained Ci2~PPy^Au/GCE with outstanding electrochemical performance was employed as a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilization platform to fabricate a novel Ci2-PPy-Au-HRP/GCE biosensor for H2O2 detection. The results showed that the prepared Ci2-PPy-Au-HRP/GCE biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, fast response, and a wide detection range as well as low detection limit towards H2O2. This work not only provides an outstanding biomolecule immobilization matrix for the fabrication of highly sensitive biosensors, but also advances the understanding of the roles of ILs in improving the electrochemical performance of biosensors.

基于正交试验的粒子群优化算法对火焰原子吸收光谱法分析金元素参数的优化

国内新一轮战略找矿行动全面启动,金矿产资源以其独特的稀有性和战略性具有特殊意义,其分析检测技术直接影响金元素的准确测试。以矿石中金元素为研究对象,采用正交试验设计方案对实验要素中的王水浓度、振荡时间和硫脲浓度进行方法测试,测定结果相对误差为量化指标;按照层次分析法(AHP)中确定要素指标、建立矩阵、一致性判断步骤计算要素权重为(0.252,0.159,0.589),通过客观赋权(CRITIC)法计算正交试验数据的对比强度和冲突性,计算要素权重为(0.452,0.172,0.377),提出基于AHP-CRITIC混合加权算法对要素权重综合分析,其结果为(0.314,0.075,0.611);利用粒子群算法构建粒子多维空间,通过粒子的速度和方向属性迭代位置设计算法流程图,在迭代过程中结合混合加权算法结果通过线性递减的方式校正惯性权重,优化粒子在迭代初期和末期的学习因子,结合正交试验结果利用粒子群算法建立目标适应度函数,改进算法流程,应用MATLAB软件仿真模拟粒子群迭代过程,从全局各位置和方向逐渐向最优组合收敛,得到优化后的粒子群算法寻找原子吸收光谱法分析金元素的最佳条件参数为王水浓度10.62%、振荡时间32.8 min、硫脲浓度9.5 g·L^(-1)。粒子群优化算法验证结果表明,在分析条件最优化参数下对金标准分析物质GAu-15a、GAu-16b、GAu-17b、GAu-18b、GAu-19b、GAu-22a进行11次平行性试验测试,计算其平均值、相对误差和相对标准偏差指标,均满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》,表明基于正交试验的粒子群优化算法对于原子吸收光谱法分析金元素参数的优化问题科学可行,验证了该优化算法的正确性和稳定性,对国内新一轮战略找矿事业提供新的研究思路。该方法提出混合加权算法结合进化计算技术对多目标参数寻求最优解,有望拓展于分析实验室其他领域的测试环境,更展望应用于寻求参数优化方向的科学研究中。

某金矿工艺矿物学研究

为充分了解某地金矿矿石性质,制定合理的选别工艺流程,通过化学分析、扫描电镜以及工艺矿物学自动定量分析系统(MLA)等测试方法对金矿矿石进行了系统的工艺矿物学研究,包括矿石矿物组成及相对含量、矿石矿物的结构构造、金矿物的形态和粒度分布特征、主要金属矿物和脉石矿物的产出特征等,并且对原矿进行了浮选试验和重浮联合工艺试验。结果表明,该金矿中主要可回收的有价金属为金,其含量为3.74g/t。该金矿的原矿矿物主要由黄铁矿、石英、白云母和碳酸盐矿物组成,此外还有少量的方铅矿、黄铜矿、绿泥石和黑云母,还含有微量磁铁矿和锐钛矿等。原矿中自然金多以单独的自然金颗粒形式存在,金主要嵌布在黄铁矿中,而黄铁矿多以自形-半自形粒状及粒状集合体产出,呈浸染和团块状分布在脉石中。采用“重选+浮选”联合工艺流程,可获得指标良好的重选精矿和浮选精矿,重选精矿中Au的品位和回收率分别为54.75g/t、78.10%;浮选精矿中Au的品位和回收率分别为6.45g/t、19.78%,金矿总回收率为97.88%。研究为该地区矿产综合利用提供了技术借鉴。

微纳米金颗粒对卡林型金矿成矿的指示

卡林型金矿中金的赋存状态一直是矿物学和矿床学的研究重点之一。我国右江盆地卡林型金矿中金的赋存状态长期存在纳米金颗粒(包裹体金)和晶格金之争(Feng Hongye et al.,2021)。黄铁矿在金矿床中通常作为主要载金矿物出现,其晶体内部结构及微量元素组份特征可以用来限定成矿流体的性质、来源与演化规律、反映成矿过程、约束矿床成因等,离散不可见金的形成途径.

不同长径比的具有固定宽度金纳米棒的合成

金纳米棒在光学、电学、信息学和生物医学等领域具有广泛的应用。然而,一些具有特殊要求的金纳米棒还不能通过常规的方法制备。在本研究中,我们创新地将十二醇(LA)分子引入到传统种子生长方法中,成功实现了具有固定宽度的不同长径比(AR)金纳米棒(FW-Au NR)的按需制备。此外,通过合理地选择相应的反应条件(如氯金酸和硝酸银的浓度),可以在130–38.4,109–26.4和16–46 nm范围之间分别调节FW^(23)-Au NRs,FW^(14)-Au NRs和FW^(6.5)-Au NRs (右上角的标注数字表示金纳米棒的宽度)的长度。即,可在一个较大的长度范围内调节具有固定宽度的金纳米棒的长径比。并且,在合适浓度的十二醇,0.24–0.30 mmol·L^(-1)范围内调节硝酸银浓度,可以使这些金纳米棒的宽度固定在6.5–23 nm之间。另外,实现FW-Au NRs制备的关键是银离子和十二醇分子对分布在金种子晶面上的CTA-Br-Ag^(+)化合物的密度的协同影响。

Synthesis and High Electrocatalytic Performance of Hexagram Shaped Gold Particles Having an Open Surface Structure with Kinks

Hexagram shaped gold particles and their analogues enclosed by high index facets with kinks have been successfully synthesized by reducing HAuCl4 with ascorbic acid （AA） in the presence of poly（diallyldimethylammonium chloride） at room temperature. By using electron microscopy, the surfaces of the hexagram shaped Au particle were found to be {541} planes, which contain high-density steps and kinks. In addition, it was found that hexagonal shield-like and other kind of particles present in the product were analogues of the hexagram shaped Au particles structure, in that they had the same surface structure. In order to confirm the surface structure of all the prepared particles, surface structure sensitive underpotential deposition of Pb was carried out, and the cyclic voltammetric profile was in accordance with the proposed {541} surface. Finally, structure-property relationships of the Au hexagrams were experimentally analyzed by employing the electrocatalytic oxidation of AA as a probe reaction. The electrocatalytic reactions of gold cubes with low-index {100} facets and gold trioctahedra with {221} facets were studied as references. The experimental results showed that the hexagram shaped Au particles and their analogues with exposed {541} facets have the highest catalytic activity among the three kinds of gold particles, owing to the high density of kink atoms. This study should motivate us to further explore methods for the preparation of other well-defined polyhedral metal nanocrystals enclosed by high index surfaces.

Application of diazo-thiourea and gold nano-particles in the design of a highly sensitive and selective DNA biosensor

An effective procedure for constructing a DNA biosensor is developed based on covalent immobilization of NH2 labeled,single strand DNA（NH2-ssDNA） onto a self-assembled diazo-thiourea and gold nanoparticles modified Au electrode（diazo-thiourea/GNM/Au）.Gold nano-particles expand the electrode surface area and increase the amount of immobilized thiourea and single stranded DNA（ssDNA） onto the electrode surface.Diazo-thiourea film provides a surface with high conductibility for electron transfer and a bed for the covalent coupling of NH2-ssDNA onto the electrode surface.The immobilization and hybridization of the probe DNA on the modified electrode is studied by differential pulse voltammetry（DPV） using methylene blue（MB） as a well-known electrochemical hybridization indicator.The linear range for the determination of complementary target ssDNA is from 9.5（±0.1） × 10^-13 mol/L to1.2（±0.2） x 10^-9 mol/L with a detection limit of 1.2（±0.1） 〉 10^-13 mol/L.

某难选金矿石选矿试验研究

对某难选金矿石进行了详细工艺矿物学研究,并在此基础上开展提金试验研究。结果表明,矿石中金矿物粒度细且分散分布于载金矿物中。采用强化浮选工艺回收该难选金矿石,浮选时添加调整剂XPT511能有效提高金的浮选指标,闭路浮选试验获得了金品位22.91 g/t、回收率62.85%的金精矿。

基于水凝胶聚合物波导传感器检测盐酸吖啶黄

多功能化是光纤化学传感器的重要发展方向。为实现该目标,首先通过激光诱导波导自形成技术制备了一种光纤–水凝胶聚合物波导–光纤传感结构,并在水凝胶聚合物波导探针中成功地掺杂了纳米金颗粒。在该结构中,波导与光纤同轴无缝相连,保证了探测光和信号光的高效利用。掺金后的聚合物波导具有丰富的光谱探测能力,利用该波导探针成功实现了对盐酸吖啶黄的吸收、荧光以及拉曼光谱的检测,扩大了波导传感器的应用范围。

Modification of Nano-α-Al2O3 and Its Influence on the Surface Properties of Waterborne Polyurethane Resin Composite Passivation Films

Silane coupling agent KH560 was used to modify the surface of nano-α-Al2O3 in ethanol-aqueous solution with different proportions. The particle size of nano-α-Al2O3 was determined by nano-particle size analyzer, and the effects of nano-α-Al2O3 content, ethanol-aqueous solution ratio and KH560 dosage on the dispersion and particle size of nano-α-Al2O3 were investigated. The material structure before and after modification was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Aqueous polyurethane resin and inorganic components are combined with modified nano-α-Al2O3 dispersion to form chromium-free passivation solution. The solution is coated on the galvanized sheet, the adhesion and surface hardness are tested, the bonding strength of the coating and the surface hardness of the substrate are discussed. The corrosion resistance and surface morphology of the matrix were investigated by electrochemical test, neutral salt spray test and scanning electron microscope test. The chromium-free passivation film formed after the modification of nano-α-Al2O3 increases the surface hardness of galvanized sheet by about 85%. The corrosion resistance of the film is better than that of a single polyurethane film. The results show that the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of polyurethane resin composite passivation film are significantly improved by the introduction of nano-α-Al2O3.