STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND METALLOGENY OF SOUTH XINJIANG METALLOGENIC BELT,JIANGXI,SOUTH CHINA

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Ordovician Intrusive-related Gold-Copper Mineralization in West-Central New South Wales, Australia

Three major types of Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are recognized in central-west New South Wales, Australia: porphyry, skarn and high sulphidation epithermal deposits. These deposits are mainly distributed within two Ordovician volcano-intrusive belts of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Orange-Wellington Belt and the Parkes-Narromine Belt. Available isotopic age data suggest that mineralization of the three types of deposits is essentially coeval with the Ordovician intrusive rocks (480-430 Ma).Porphyry gold-copper deposits can be further divided into two groups. The first group is associated with monzonite showing shoshonitic features, represented by Cadia and Goonumbla. The second group is associated with diorite and dacite, including the Copper Hill and Cargo gold-copper deposits. Gold skarn is associated with Late Ordovician (430-439 Ma) monzonitic intrusive complexes in the Junction Reefs area (Sheahan-Grants, Frenchmans, and Cor-nishmens), Endeavour 6, 7 and 44, Big and Little Cadia. The epithermal gold deposits with high sulphidation including Gidginbung (Temora) and Peak Hill mainly occur within Ordovician andesite and volcaniclastic rocks, and are associated with advanced argillic alteration. Available isotopic age data indicate that both alteration and mineralization of the porphyry, skarn and epithermal gold-copper deposits are broadly coeval with the Late Ordovician shoshonitic magmatism, which is thought to result from the melting of sub-continental lithosphere caused by Palaeozoic subduction events.The Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits are restricted to two longitudinal parallel volcano-intrusive belts, rarely extending outside them. Diagonal intra-belt trends of mineralization are common, particularly at the intersections of longitudinal and transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones based on the authors' review of available geological data. The locations of these gold-copper deposits are obviously influenced by transverse (oblique) fault/fracture zones that are oriented northwest, eastwest and northeast. The conjunctions of these fault/fractures zones are thought to be zones of structural weakness, and appear to be the favourable locus for the Ordovician intrusive-related gold-copper deposits. Differences in structural patterns, intrusive, wall rock types, and depths of ore formation may contribute to the differences among the deposits.

Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ore-related Granitoids in the Giant Gariatong Rb Deposit,Tibet and Implications for Rb Metallogeny in China

Rubidium(Rb)deposits mostly occur in the South China and Central Asia orogenic belts and are often closely associated with highly differentiated granites.This study investigates a newly-discovered giant Rb deposit at Gariatong in the Central Lhasa terrane in Tibet.Detailed field studies and logging data revealed that the Rb mineralization mainly occurs in monzogranite and is related to greisenization.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon yielded ages of 19.1±0.2 Ma and 19.0±0.2 Ma for greisenized monzogranite and fresh monzogranite,respectively.The monzogranites are characterized as strongly peraluminous,with high contents of SiO2,Al2O3,K2O and Na2O as well as a high differentiation index.They are enriched in light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements with significant negative Eu anomalies and depleted high fieldstrength elements.Petrological and geochemical features of these ore-related monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated S-type granites,derived from remelting of crustal materials in a post-collisional setting.The geochemistry of zircon and apatite points to a low oxygen fugacity of the ore-related monzogranite during the magma’s evolution.The discovery of the Gariatong Rb deposit suggests that the Central Lhasa terrane may be an important region for rare metal mineralization.

Petrographic, Geochemical and Metallogenical Context of the Geological Formations of the Goumere Region (North-East of Cote D’Ivoire): Implication to the Knowledge of Gold Mineralization

The Gouméré region is located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire and is located in the South-West of the Bui furrow. In order to highlight the geology of the area studied, 14 samples were taken for studies using petrographic, geochemical and metallogenic methods. The study of macroscopic and microscopic petrography made it possible to highlight two major lithological units: 1) a volcano-plutonic unit, formed of gabbros, basalt, volcaniclastics and rhyodacite;2) a sedimentary unit (microconglomerate). From a geochemical point of view, the results obtained indicate that the plutonites are gabbro and gabbro diorite while the volcanics have compositions of basaltic andesites, rhyolite and dacites. The sediments have a litharenitic to sublitharenitic character. The metallogenic study made it possible to highlight hydrothermal alterations and metalliferous paragenesis on the formations studied. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by the presence of carbonation, silicification, sericitization, sulfidation and to a lesser degree chloritization. Metalliferous paragenesis consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite.

Paleozoic Tectono-Metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay Region,Central Asia

The research on Paleozoic tectonics and endogenic metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay region of Central Asia is an important and significant project. The Altay region, as a collision zone of the Early Paleozoic （500-397 Ma）, and the Tianshan region, as a collision zone of the early period in the Late Paleozoic （Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, 385-323 Ma）, are all the result of nearly N-S trending shortening and collision （according to recent magnetic orientation）. In the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous period （385-323 Ma）, regional NW trending faults displayed features of dextral strike-slip motion in the Altay and Junggar regions. In the Tianshan region, nearly EW-trending regional faults are motions of the thrusts. However, in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period （323-260 Ma）, influenced by the long-distance effect induced from the Ural collision zone, those areas suffered weaker eastward compression, the existing NW trending faults converted into sinistral strike-slip in the Altay and Junggar regions, and the existing nearly E-W trending faults transferred into dextral strike-slip faults in the Tianshan region. The Rocks of those regions in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period （323-260 Ma） were moderately ruptured to a certain tension-shear, and thus formed a number of world famous giant endogenic metal ore deposits in the Tianshan-Altay region. As to the Central Asian continent, the most powerful collision period may not coincide with the most favorable endogenic metallogenic period. It should be treated to ＂the orogenic metallogeny hypothesis＂ with caution in that region.

Uranium Potential and Regional Metallogeny in China

This paper is briefly involved in distributions of China＇s uranium metallogenic types, provinces, regions and belts. Eight target regions have been pointed out to be worthy of prospecting for uranium resources. The regional uranium metallogeny is discussed and great uranium potential pointed out from many aspects. Generally speaking, there are favorable conditions for uranium mineralization and good perspective to explore for uranium resources.

Metallogeny of the Lannigou Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposit in Southwestern Guizhou Province,China

The Lannigou deposit is a large-sized sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold （SRHDG） deposit located in the Youjiang Basin. It is hosted by the Middle Triassic turbidite. Wall rock alterations, including silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, carbonatization and argillization, commonly occur along fractures. PGE study demonstrates that either Permian basalts or Triassic ultrabasic intrnsives are unlikely to be the main source of gold mineralization. Coupled with the lack of other nmgmatic activity in the vicinity of the mining area, an amagmatic origin is proposed. Organic matter compositions and GC-MS analysis of the ores and host rocks show that the organics in the ores and the host rocks have a common source; the organic matter in the ores was mainly indigenous. The positive correlation between S2 and Au contents, along with the common occurrence of organic inclusions, suggest involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming process in terms of promoting Au leaching from the source rocks, making colloidal Au migration possible, as well as hydrocarbon reduction of sulphate. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Lannigou deposit suggest that it was formed through circulation of meteoric water and probably less importantly organic bearing formation water driven by high geothermal gradient caused by late Yanshanian extension, which leached Au from the source bed, and then migrated as Au-bisnlfides and colloidal Au, culminating in deposition by reduction-adsorption and surface complexation of gold onto the growth surface of arsenlan pyrite.

Ore-forming Fluid and Metallogenic Mechanism of Wolframite-Quartz Vein-type Tungsten Deposits in South China

South China is endowed with copious wolframite-quartz vein-type W deposits that provide a significant contribution to the world‘s tungsten production.Mineralization is spatially associated with highly evolved granites,which have been interpreted as products of ancient crustal anatexis.Ore veins are mainly hosted in low-grade metamorphosed quartz sandstone,slate and granitic rocks.The ore minerals mainly comprise wolframite,cassiterite,scheelite and pyrite,with minor molybdenite,arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite.Typical steeply dipping veins can be divided into five zones from top to the bottom,namely:(Ⅰ)thread,(Ⅱ)veinlet,(Ⅲ)moderate vein,(Ⅳ)thick vein,and(Ⅴ)thin out zones.In general,three types of fluid inclusions at room temperature are commonly recognized in wolframite and/or quartz from these veins:two-phase liquid-rich(type L),two-phase CO2-bearing(type CB),and CO2-rich(type C).Comparative microthermometry performed on fluid inclusions hosted in wolframite and associated quartz indicates that most wolframite was not coprecipitated with the coexisting quartz.Detailed petrographic observation and cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging on coexisting wolframite and quartz of the Yaogangxian deposit,show repeated precipitation of quartz,wolframite,and muscovite,suggesting a more complex fluid process forming these veins.Previous studies of H-O isotopes and fluid inclusions suggested that the main ore-forming fluids forming the wolframite-quartz vein-type deposits had a magmatic source,whereas an unresolved debate is centered on whether mantle material supplemented the ore-forming fluids.The variable CO2 contents in the ore-forming fluids also implies that CO2 might have had a positive effect on ore formation.Fluid inclusion studies indicate that wolframite was most likely deposited during cooling from an initial H2 O+Na Cl±CO2 magmatic fluid.In addition,fluid-phase separation and/or mixing with sedimentary fluid might also have played an important role in promoting wolframite deposition.We speculate that these processes determine the precipitation of W to varying degrees whereas the leading mechanistic cause remains an open question.Comprehensive studies on spatial variation of fluid inclusions show that both the steeply and gently dipping veins are consistent with the"five floors"model that may have broader applications to exploration of wolframite-quartz vein-type deposits.Recent quantitative analysis of wolframite-and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions by laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows enhanced advantages in revealing fluid evolution,tracing the fluid source and dissecting the ore precipitation process.Further studies on wolframite-quartz vein-type W deposits to bring a deeper understanding on ore-forming fluids and the metallogenic mechanism involved.

Petrological and Mineralogical Study of Enclaves in Plutons in the Typical Mining Districts of Tongling, Anhui and Its Bearing on the Process of Magmatism Metallogeny

Two types of enclaves occur in magmatic plutons in Tongling, Anhui. Enclaves of the first type are residuals of metamorphic rocks of high amphibolite facies, and those of the other type are magmatic rocks ranging from monzonitic to dioritic in composition. A combined petrological and mineralogical study has been carried out on the two types of enclaves in order to estimate their forming conditions and analyze their relations to their hosts, so as to have an insight into the material sources of magmatic rocks and associated mineral deposits and give a clue to better understanding the mechanism of magmatism metallogeny. This leads us to propose a new metallogenic model for strata bound skarn type ore deposits associated with a syntectic type of magmatic rocks. The new model can be simply summarized as partial melting of old metamorphic basement rocks at depth and accumulating, differentiating and positioning of magmas to form deep level and shallow level magma chambers, followed by mixing of different magmas associated with their crypto explosion, migration of gas bearing ore fluids and precipitation of metals in fluids within the magmas.

Deep Structures in China and Its Adjacent Areas: Plate Tectonics and Its Metallogenic Significance

This paper proposes a new tectonic pattern of the deep-seated structures in China and its adjacent areas (including the T - A - B system of the Ryukyu Islands). This is based on studies of the gravity field and gravity inversion coupled with the summation of the most recent achievements in geophysical studies. From a plate-tectonic point of view, the metallogenic characteristics and their indications at depth, as well as relevant geophysical-geological characteristics of four tectonic environments of the Chinese continent are analysed, and a classification of composite metallogenic provinces and belts and prediction of metallogenic prospects are made. The author extends the Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling tectonic belt to the T-A-B system of the Ryukyu Islands through the NW deep boundary of the Hangzhou Bay, and also proposes the following basic views' the migration and superposition of tectonic environments led to the formation of a composite metallogenic system; the change in the tectonic environment resulted in the superposition of various types of mineral deposits; seismic activities and metallogeny are mutually inducing factors. These views will be helpful to a discussion on the tectonic environments and metallogenic regularities.

Continental reconstruction and metallogeny of the Circum-Junggar areas and termination of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Continental reconstructions in Central Asia are represented by orogenesis along some large orogenic belts in the Altaid collage （Fig. 1 ） or Central Asian Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, which separate the East European and Siberian cratons to the north from the Tarim and North China cratons to the south （$eng0r et al,, 1993; Jahn et al., 2004; Windley et al., 2007; Qu et al., 2008; Xiao et al., 2010; Xiao and Santosh, 2014）. The Altaid Collage was characterized by complex long tectonic and structural evolution from at least ca. 1.0 Ga to late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic with considerable continental growth （Khain et al., 2002; Jahn et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2009, 2014; KrOner et al., 2014）, followed by Cenozoic intracontinental evolution related to far-field effect of the collision of the In- dian Plate to the Eurasian Accompanying with these complex world-class ore deposits developed 2001; Goldfarb et al., 2003, 2014）. Plate （Cunningham, 2005）. geodynamic evolutions, many （Qin, 2000; Yakubchuk et al,2001; Goldfarb et al., 2003, 2014）.

Correlations between the North China Craton and the Indian Shield:Constraints from regional metallogeny

The correlation between the North China Craton（NCC） and the Indian Shield（IND） has been a hot topic in recent years,On the basis of ore deposit databases,the NCC and IND have shown broad similarity in metallogenesis from the middle Archaean to the Mesoproterozoic,The two blocks both have three major metallogenic systems：（1） the Archaean BIF metallogenic system;（2） the Paleoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn metallogenic system;and（3） the Mesoproterozoic Fe-Pb-Zn system,In the north margin of the NCC and the west margin of the IND,the Archaean BIF-Au-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits had the same petrogenesis and host rocks,the Paleoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn deposits were controlled by active belts,and the Mesoproterozoic Fe-Pb-Zn deposits were mainly related to multi-stage rifting,Matching regional mineralization patterns and geological features has established the continental assembly referred to as ＂NCWI＂,an acronym for the north margin of the NCC（NC） and the west margin of the IND（WI） during the middle Archaean to the Mesoproterozoic,In this assembly,the available geological and metallogenic data from the Eastern Block and active belts of NC fit those from the Dharwar craton and the Aravalli-DelhiVindhyan belt of WI,respectively,Moreover,the depositional model and environment of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary manganese deposits in NCWI implied that the assembly may be located at low latitudes,where the conditions were favorable for dissolving ice and precipitating manganese deposits,

REE Biological Metallogeny —A Preliminary Study

Five species of bacteria have been found in granite-weathering profiles of Ore District 701.They tend to decrease in varieties and quantities from the upper part down-ward, and no bacterium has been brought up below the depth of 10 m.The simulating experiments done by using humic acid of small molecular weight ,and decanedioic acid extracted from the samples and the bacteria mentioned above have shown that:(1)The dissolving rates of REEs from humic acid+original rock or decanedioic acid +original rock are lower than those from humic acid +bacteria +original rock or decanedioic acid +bacteria+original rock.The presence of bacteria may accelerate the formation of REE-organic complexes and make the complexes increase in quantity.Aminoacids in the bacteria are involved in coordination balance.The concentrations of the complexes tend to increase as a result of the formation of the complexes,i.e., the dissolution, complexation, migration and accumulation of REEs from the original rocks will be accelerated.(2)The metabolism of microorganisms has contributed a lot to keeping a pH environment in the weathering crust.

PORPHYRY AND SKARN Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au METALLOGENY OF THE GANGDISE PLUTONIC -VOLCANIC ARC, TIBET

The Gangdise plutonic\|volcanic arc is situated in the eastern section of the Tethys\|Himalaya metallogenic province. It is acknowledged as a “tectonic\|magmatic complex" because of its well\|developed fault and igneous activities. Intermediate to acid plutons and dikes were mainly emplaced in the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene volcanic rocks. The unique tectonic position and extremely complicated evolution history of the Gangdise arc have given rise to favorable conditions for polymetal mineralization. From Xietongmen in the west to Mozhugongka in the east of the arc, Au, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ag show large ore\|forming potentials with well overlapped and highly intensified polymetal anomalies. In the arc region, many localities, like Jiama (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag) and Qulong (Cu, Pb, Zn) in Mozhugongka county, Lakang’e (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo) in Lazi county, Tinggong (Cu, Mo) and Chongjiang (Cu, Mo) in Nimu county, Dabu (Cu, Au) in Qushui county, and Dongga (Au, Cu) in Xietongmen county, have sound prospective for polymetals.

Organic Metallogeny of Weathering Crust RE Deposit

A series of experimental geochemical studies have been done to confirm the organic metallogenic mechanism of weathering crust RE deposits. It has been concluded that: (1) Rich REbearing weathering crusts contain abundant organisms such as monoacids, diacids and nonacid compounds. Varieties and quantities of the organisms decrease from the upper to the lower of the profile. Humic acids are mainly fulvic acids, which are characterized by containing conjugated π system, carboxylic group, hydroxyl group and only a few nitrogenous groups. No obvious benzene ring has been found. (2) The upper part of the weathering crust contains a great deal of microorganisms, of which the varieties and quantities decrease from the upper to the lower of the profile. No microorganism has been found in the deep part of the profile. The microorganisms and their metabolites such as aminoacids, shortchain acids and organic compounds with small molecular weights can form water soluble RE complexes, which accelerate the RE transportation from original rocks and precipitation states to watersoluble states and thus provide prerequisites for retransportation and reaccumulation of RE. (3) Medium and longchain acids can form REnAm(OH)x(H2O)y type mixedligand polynuclear RE complexes, which devoted to the RE accumulation, whereas shortchain acids and aminoacids can form not only mixedligand complexes with RE, but also water soluble complex ions, which also devoted to the transport and accumulation of RE. (4) The fulvic acids are very soluble in water. They are apt to be mobile in the weathering crust and are able to form soluble complex ions and insoluble mixedligand polynuclear complexes with RE at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure and pH4～6. The composition of these complexes varies with different conditions of the weathering crust. (5) All the organic acids, fulvic acids and microorgaisms have contributed to keeping constant pH condition of the weathering crust. (6) Complexes consisting of clays, RE(Al, Fe……) and fulvic acids have been found in the weathering crust and a bonding pattern has been preliminarily studied. As a conclusion, the dissolution, transport and accumulaiton of REE during weathering is a organic and inorganic interacted process.

Lineament Analysis of Morphostructures of the Uchur-Maya Basin (Southeastern Siberian Platform) from SRTM Data: Relationship with Metallogeny

Based on digital elevation models SRTM03 and SRTM30_Plus (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Survey) the technique for detecting major structural elements and elucidating details of the geologic structure including discrimination of linear structures and texture features is elaborated. The computation of the modulus of the first derivative by the co- ordinate, i.

Evolution-Motion of Crustobodies and Geotectonic Metallogeny

Following the paper entitled A Preliminary Proposal on Crustobody Geotectonics presented by the first author to the 30th IGC in 1996, this paper further extends and elucidates the concept of crustobody in order to make a unifying study of the evolution and motion of crustal structures and to understand the law governing the formation and development of the earth' crust. In this paper the characteristics of crustobody evolution-motion are given. The authors lay emphasis on the relationship between crustobody evolution-motion and tectonic metallogeny. In the end, a multiple dynamic system of the crustobody evolution-motion is discussed from internal and external dynamic forces, and the mantle creep in internal dynamic factors is paid special attention to.

Evaluation of the Geological and Metallogenic Potential of Koffissiokaha Permit, Area of Katiola, Côte d’Ivoire

The semi-industrial permit of Koffissiokaha, south-eastern area of Katiola, is located in the northern part of Fêtêkro Birimian Greenstone Belt (Côte d’Ivoire). This permit, applicated by the company Blue-Hill Exploration Sarl (BHEX), is in the southern continuity area of Lafigué permit (Endeavour Mining). Blue-Hill will have to work to highlight potential gold mineralization, quantify it (resource calculation) and initiate administrative procedures to obtain a Semi-Industrial Exploitation Authorization (AESI). Our recent works, including field mapping coupled with petrographic and microstructural studies, are therefore intended to contribute to the knowledge of the geology and to the evaluation of the gold potential of this permit. They suggest that Koffissiokaha permit includes four major lithologic units: 1) a sedimentary unit formed by metaarenites and metasiltites, 2) a unit of mafic pyroclastites (cinerites, tuffs and volcanic breccias) 3) a plutonic unit of metagabbro and finally, 4) a lode-type unit made up of metarhyodacites. The metamorphism that affected the volcano-sedimentary rocks is of low grade to greenschist facies. On the structural level, deformations with variable gradients are noted. The major planary structure, the schistosity, is oriented N20 - 40 with weak (°), moderate (50°- 60°) and steep dips (>70°) or subvertical. The faults generally correspond to narrow dextral or senestral shear-zones (75°) towards south-east or subvertical. They are most often intersected by late strike-slip faults-oriented NW-SE, NNW-SSE and N-S. Quartz veins are associated with faults or deformation zones. They are generally oriented N20 to N40, with weak (°), moderate (55°- 65°) and steep dips (>75°). Orientations of joints and fractures are mostly subparallel to the plans of schistosity, shears and most of quartz veins. However, ENE, WNW and N-S fractures are also distinguished. The sulphide paragenesis consists of pyrites (and pyrrhotites), arsenopyrites and chalcopyrites. Gold mineralization is controlled by both structural and hydrothermal parameters.

Geology,Genetic Types and Metallogeny of Gold Deposits in the Eastern Tianshan,Xinjiang

As a typical Palaeozoic island arc system, the eastern Tianshan area, Xinjiang, is different from eastern China but similar to the Meso-Cenozoic island arc metallogenic provinces along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in metallogenic environment, geology and geochemistry. Three types of gold deposits, ductile shear zone-hosted gold deposits (Kanggur'), magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits (Jinwozi) and volcanic- or subvolcanic-hosted gold deposits (Xitan and Mazhuangshan), have been identified in this area. Regionally, gold deposits are structurally controlled by the Kanggur Tag ductile shear zone, Shaquanzi fault, Hongliuhe fault and Yamansu fault. Generally, gold mineralization occurs in the transition zones from volcanic rocks to sedimentary rocks. The horizon bearing well-developed jasper is an important indicator for gold mineralization. Each of the three types of gold deposits has its distinctive metallogenic background and geological-geochemical characteristics.

渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿预测与找矿标志

文章基于渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿机理和模式,认为渗出砂岩型铀成矿作用不同于渗入砂岩型铀矿成矿作用,其成矿预测和找矿标志也不同;提出了渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿作用两大基本关键条件识别标志:红杂色含矿建造原生成因和其中控矿灰色砂体的后生成因识别;在提出的红杂色沉积建造中渗出砂岩型铀矿“上红下黑、上下连通、红中找灰、灰中找矿”总体找矿新思路基础上,阐明渗出砂岩型铀成矿区域预测评价条件和标志:深部富铀富有机质沉积岩建造、区域构造、区域建造、放射性异常信息和综合预测标志等,提出并阐述“小凹陷成大矿”条件;系统建立渗出砂岩型铀矿床预测定位标志体系,特别是野外可识别的宏观标志,包括控矿构造、沉积建造、蚀变改造、铀矿化砂岩颜色、外来有机质特征等,并对比了渗入和渗出砂岩型铀成矿预测标志。提出的渗出砂岩型铀矿识别标志体系不仅对区分“渗入”和“渗出”两种矿化成因,而且对厘清控矿要素、指导成矿预测和找矿工程部署具有重要意义和价值。