Two stages power generation test of the hot dry rock exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau,China

The Hot Dry Rock(HDR)is considered as a clean and renewable energy,poised to significantly contribute to the global energy decarbonization agenda.Many HDR projects worldwide have accumulated valuable experience in efficient drilling and completion,reservoir construction,and fracture simulation.In 2019,China Geological Survey(CGS)initiated a demonstration project of HDR exploration and production in the Gonghe Basin,aiming to overcome the setbacks faced by HDR projects.Over the ensuing four years,the Gonghe HDR project achieved the first power generation in 2021,followed by the second power generation test in 2022.After establishing the primary well group in the initial phase,two directional wells and one branch well were drilled.Noteworthy progress was made in successfully constructing the targeted reservoir,realizing inter-well connectivity,power generation and grid connection,implementing of the real-time micro-seismic monitoring.A closed-loop technical validation of the HDR exploration and production was completed.However,many technical challenges remain in the process of HDR industrialization,such as reservoir fracture network characterization,efficient drilling and completion,multiple fracturing treatment,continuous injection and production,as well as mitigation of induced seismicity and numerical simulation technology.

Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironment of Gonghe Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, During the Lastdeglacial: Weathering, Erosion and Vegetation Cover Affect Clay Mineral Formation

With the analysis of the sources and formation mechanism of the clay minerals in the sediment core from the Dalianhai lake in the Gonghe Basin,northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau,clay mineral composition proxies,grain-size and carbonate contents have been employed for high-resolution study in order to reconstruct East Asian Summer Monsoon （EASM） over the northeastern Tibet-Qinghai Plateau during the lastdeglacial.The study also extended to establish a relationship between vegetation cover changes and erosion during the last 14.5 ka with pollen record and clay mineral proxies.Smectite/kaolinite and smectite/（illite＋chlorite） ratios allow us to assess hydrolysis conditions in lowlands and/or physical erosion process in highlands of the Gonghe Basin.Before 12.9 Cal ka BP,both mineralogical ratios show low values indicative of strong physical erosion in the basin with a dominant cold and dry phase.After 12.9 Cal ka BP,an increase in both mineralogical ratios indicates enhanced chemical weathering in the basin associated with a warm and humid climate.The beginning of Holocene is characterized by high smectite/（illite＋chlorite） and smectite/kaolinite ratios that is synchronous as with deposition of many peat laminae,implying the best warm and humid conditions specifically between 8.0 to 5.5 Cal ka BP.The time interval after 5.0 Cai ka BP is characterized by a return to high physical erosion and low chemical weathering with dry climate conditions in the basin.Comparing variations of clay mineral assemblages with previous pollen results,we observe a rapid response in terms of chemical weathering and physical erosion intensity to a modification of the vegetation cover in the basin.

Effects of climate change and human activity on lake shrinkage in Gonghe Basin of northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the past 60 years

Changes in the status of freshwater resources are a topic of major global, regional and local concern. This is especially so in the arid and semi-arid regions of China, where shortage of water resources plays a crucial role in limiting sustainable socioeconomic development, as well as in sustaining natural ecosystems. Recent climate change, as well as the effects of localized human activity, such as the use of water for irrigation agriculture, may have significant effects on the status of the water resources in the region. Here, we report the results of a study of changes in the areas of lakes in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, over the last 60 years. The data were acquired from optical satellite images and demonstrate that the total water area of lakes in Gonghe Basin decreased significantly from the 1950s to 1980s. The cause is ascribed mainly to human activity including exploitation of farmland, against a background of increasing population; in addition, climatic data for the region demonstrate a minor drying trend during this period as the temperature increased slightly. After the construction of several reservoirs, significant amounts of water were redistributed to promote irrigation agriculture and we conclude that this caused a significant shrinkage of the natural lakes. However, both the area of farmland and the population size remained approximately constant after 1990. We conclude that the variation of the total area of lakes during the second period was mainly controlled by climatic factors （precipitation and temperature）. As the regional temperature reached a new high, the area of some of the lakes decreased sharply before finally maintaining a relatively steady state. We emphasize that anthropogenic climate change and human activity have both significantly influenced the status of water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.

Holocene Moisture Variation Recorded by Aeolian Sand-Palaeosol Sequences of the Gonghe Basin, Northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

The northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP) of China is located at the triple junction of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and the westerlies, where paleoclimatic evolution has an important scientific significance for recognizing the spatial-temporal pattern of Asian monsoons in the past and predicting environmental change in the future. Nevertheless, the framework of the Holocene moisture variation and related mechanisms remain controversial, owing to complex hydroclimatic conditions triggered by the landform of the large mountain-arid basin. Here, we employed geochemical proxies from typical aeolian sand-palaeosol sequences in the Gonghe Basin, northeastern QTP, together with Optically Stimulated Luminescence(OSL) dating, to reconstruct the pattern of effective moisture variation and associated mechanisms in this region. Our results indicate that the regional effective moisture was at its lowest until 9–8 ka, and approached a maximum during 8–4/3 ka of the middle Holocene. Afterwards, the climate became relatively dry in general, but with a transient humid interval around 2–1 ka. Our geochemical evidence indicates that the dry early Holocene probably can be attributed to a strong winter monsoon forced by remnant ice sheet, combined with the high evaporation caused by solar insolation. Also, shifts of humid-dry are closely linked to the Asian summer monsoonal strength and therefore the balance of evaporation-precipitation in the middle and late Holocene. Thus, the pattern of the Holocene effective moisture variation is characterized as the ‘monsoon model’ in a closed intermontane arid and semi-arid basin near the western Asian monsoonal limit.

The first power generation test of hot dry rock resources exploration and production demonstration project in the Gonghe Basin,Qinghai Province,China

Hot dry rock(HDR)is a kind of clean energy with significant potential.Since the 1970s,the United States,Japan,France,Australia,and other countries have attempted to conduct several HDR development research projects to extract thermal energy by breaking through key technologies.However,up to now,the development of HDR is still in the research,development,and demonstration stage.An HDR exploration borehole(with 236℃ at a depth of 3705 m)was drilled into Triassic granite in the Gonghe Basin in northwest China in 2017.Subsequently,China Geological Survey(CGS)launched the HDR resources exploration and production demonstration project in 2019.After three years of efforts,a sequence of significant technological breakthroughs have been made,including the genetic model of deep heat sources,directional drilling and well completion in high-temperature hard rock,large-scale reservoir stimulation,reservoir characterization,and productivity evaluation,reservoir connectivity and flow circulation,efficient thermoelectric conversion,monitoring,and geological risk assessment,etc.Then the whole-process technological system for HDR exploration and production has been preliminarily established accordingly.The first power generation test was completed in November 2021.The results of this project will provide scientific support for HDR development and utilization in the future.

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolution of the aquifer systems of Gonghe Basin,Northern China

We present the first systematic hydrogeological analysis to grain insights on the evolution of the Gonghe Basin in North China. Two hundred and forty seven water samples were collected from the Gonghe East Basin, Gonghe West Basin and Chaka Basin. The three groundwater systems of Gonghe Basin from west to east display different geochemical signatures. Based on Na/Cl ratios and Langelier-Ludwig diagram, it is inferred that the groundwater recharge potential of the Gonghe East Basin is much prosperous than the other areas. The renewability of the aquifers in alluvial-proluvial fan of Wahonghe and Gonghe East Basin margin is much faster than in the other basins. The groundwater quality in Chaka Salt Lake,Shazhuyu and Qiabuqia River Valley plains is low due to strong evaporation and cation exchange. The groundwater quality of the phreatic aquifers in the Qiabuqia River Valley plain is further deteriorated by mixing of high-arsenic and high-mineralization water from the deep fault structures.

Geochemical evidences of dry climate in the Mid-Holocene in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Previous research on climatic change in the Mid-Holocene in China indicates that it was a warm and humid period, accompanied by stronger summer monsoons, and it is defined as the Megatherrnal in the Holocene, or the Holocene Optimum period. However, this conclusion is mainly dh＇eeted at the monsoonal region in eastem China. In this research, we chose the Gonghe Basin in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as the study area. Geochemical analysis of the profiles of paleosols and aeolian sand in the Santala area in the middle of the Gonghe Basin, along with OSL （optically stimulated luminescence） dating, indicates that the regional climate has experienced several warm-humid and cold-dry cycles since 11.8 ka. In particular, the Mid-Holocene （8.14.6 ka） was relatively cold and dry as evidenced by drastic fluctuations in chemical weathering degree and humidity, a higher aridity index, and sparse vegetation, accompanying increased winter monsoonal strength. In order to clarify whether this is an individual or local signal, we compared our geochemical analysis results with lake and peat records and aeolian de- posits of the monsoonal boundary region. The results indicate that the climate deteriorated widely, with declines in temperature and moisture, in the Mid-Holocene in the modem monsoonal boundary zone. Furthermore, the duration of climate deteriora- tion （relatively dry period） generally decreased from west to east in the aforementioned regions. Therefore, this dry phase in Gonghe Basin may be representative of dry events in Mid-Holocene in northem China. In addition, we discuss the reasons for this dry climate from several perspectives： （1） it probably can be attributed to a decline in summer monsoonal strength; （2） the regional evaporation loss （forced by high temperature） was not compensated by regional precipitation; （3） the thermal dynamic effect of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Experiments and Analysis of the Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Behaviors of the Granite with Structural Planes in the Gonghe Basin

Hydraulic fracture(HF) propagation behavior is significant when building enhanced geothermal systems(EGS). HF geometry is closely related to the structural planes(SPs) in hot dry rock(HDR), such as natural fractures(NFs), quartz veins(QVs) and lithologic interfaces(LIs). However, the HF behaviors in HDR have not been well understood, especially the influence of multiple SPs on the HF geometry. To clarify this mechanism, several groups of physical simulation experiments of hydraulic fracturing were conducted to investigate the intersection relationship between the HFs and the SPs. Results show that the HF geometry shows great differences when intersecting with different SPs. In summary, the HF geometry displays four basic patterns, namely, propagation along the SPs, branching, capture, penetration/non-dilation. The fluctuation degree of the pressure-time curve and the HF complexity show a positive correlation. The cementing strength of the SP and their different mechanical properties from rock matrix influence the HF behaviors significantly. Therefore, the HF shows diverse geometries when intersecting with the NFs and LIs, while propagating along the QV when intersecting with it. For the complex networks, it is favorable for the HF to penetrate through and dilate several SPs, rather than simply cross or propagate along the SP.

Variations in aeolian landform patterns in the Gonghe Basin over the last 30 years

Wind erosion,or the transportation and deposition of sand into desert dunes and aeolian loess,is one of the most important aeolian activities.The progression of aeolian landforms expands arid and barren landscapes,leading to the degradation of adjacent areas.The Gonghe Basin,as a typical plateau with abundant sand sources,is highly sensitive to changes in the local climate conditions.In order to quantify the spatial-temporal variations in the aeolian landforms in the Gonghe Basin,we conducted field surveys and also analyzed twelve remote sensing(Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI)images that sample the Gonghe Basin from 1989 to 2019.In the Gonghe Basin,we identified aeolian landforms such as climbing dunes on the windward slopes of the foothills,checkerboard dunes in the southeastern part of the basin,flat dunes,parabolic dunes and crescent dunes on the east and west sides of Longyangxia Reservoir,shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope in Shazhuyu,Tanggemu,and Indel,and sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley near the Dalian Sea,the Longyangxia Reservoir,and the tributaries of the Yellow River.From 1989 to 2005,the area of the aeolian regions expanded by 816.7 km2,with an annual conversion rate of 0.05%.From 2015 to 2019,the area of the aeolian regions shrunk by 2411.9 km2,with an annual conversion rate of−0.15%.The number and size of the fixed and semi-fixed dunes(e.g.the shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope and the sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley)were more stable than those of the mobile dunes(e.g.the checkerboard dunes,the flat dunes,the crescent dunes,the parabolic dunes,and the climbing dunes).The fixed and semi-fixed dunes were arranged in an irregular ring shape,and the location of the center of gravity of this ring did not change significantly from 1989 to 2019;in this time,the mobile dunes migrated to the northwest.

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity of Gonghe basin based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

Gonghe Basin belongs to arid and semi-arid climatic zone, where water resource is relatively scarce and desertification is serious, so it is necessary to find out water resources carrying capacity. By using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, the assessment on water resources carrying capacity in Gonghe Basin was conducted: Water resource carrying capacity of Gonghe County is less, while that of Guinan County and Chaka Town of Wulan County are greater; water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 652.6 thousand acres and grassland of 2 368.6 thousand acres respectively in 2020, water resources of Gonghe Basin could sustain cultivated land of 948.2 thousand acres and grassland of 2 247.6 thousand acres respectively in 2030.

Using Landsat TM Imagery to Detect Desertification in Gonghe Basin at the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River

In recent years, the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been degraded due to natural and human factors. Environmental problems such as grassland degeneration, sandy desertification and water erosion have seriously affected regional economic sustainable development. The objective of this paper was to detect sandy desertification in the upper reaches of the Yellow River by means of remote sensing and GIS. The Gonghe Basin was chosen as the study site, which is one of the most seriously degraded regions in the area. Based on an analysis of the multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat TM data with GIS, sandy desertification processes were detected. The results show that sandy desertified land has increased and intensified seriously in the upper reaches of the Yellow River for the period from 1987 to 1996. There are two desertification processes at work in the study area: sand dune reactivation and development of badlands through wind erosion. Excessive human activities play an important role in the occurrence and development of desertification in this area. At present, acceleration of the desertification process is attributed to irrational human economic activities. Grasslands as well as the ecological environment of this area have been seriously degraded, which has affected the regional economic sustainable development and endangered the security of the Longyangxia reservoir. It is necessary and urgent to combat desertification and protect the environment. The results show that full use of remote sensing data with GIS in monitoring and assessing desertification is an effective measure of quantitative research.

Winter and summer monsoonal evolution in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum

Geochemical and grain size analysis on the DQ （Dongqi） profile from Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, indi- cates that regional climate has experienced several cold-dry and warm-wet cycles since the last glacial maximum （LGM）. The cold and dry climate dominated the region before 15.82 cal. ka B.E due to stronger winter monsoon and weaker summer monsoon, but the climate was relatively cold and wetter prior to 21 cal. ka B.E. In 15.824.5 cal. ka B.E, summer monsoon strength in- creased and winter monsoon tended to be weaker, implying an obvious warm climate. Specifically, the relatively cold and dry condition appeared in 14.7-13.7 cal. ka B.E and 12.14.5 cal. ka B.R, respectively, while relatively warm and wet in 13.~12.1 cal. ka B.E. The winter and summer monsoonal strength presents frequent fluctuations in the Holocene and relatively warm and wet conditions emerged in 9.5~.0 cal. ka B.E due to stronger summer monsoon. From 7.0 to 5.1 cal. ka B.E, the cycle of cold-dry and warm-wet climate corresponds to frequent fluctuations of winter and summer monsoons. The climate becomes warm and wet in 5.1 2.7 cal. ka B.E, accompanying increased summer monsoon, but it tends to be cold and dry since 2.7 cal. ka B.R due to en- hanced winter monsoonal strength. In addition, the evolution of regional winter and summer monsoons is coincident with warm and cold records from the polar ice core. In other words, climatic change in the Gonghe Basin can be considered as a regional re- sponse to global climate change.

布青山-阿尼玛卿山两侧三叠纪盆地沉积特征及其对布青山-阿尼玛卿洋关闭时限的约束

位于布青山-阿尼玛卿山两侧的共和盆地和巴颜喀拉山盆地,三叠纪时其沉积特征与古特提斯洋的分支洋———布青山-阿尼玛卿山洋的演化密切相关。前人对盆地东部进行了大量研究工作,但对盆地中-西部的研究较为薄弱。本文选取共和盆地隆务河群和巴颜喀拉山盆地巴颜喀拉山群为研究对象,通过对二者的沉积序列、古流向、沉积物源和原型盆地类型等综合分析研究,结合已有的区域地质资料,探讨布青山-阿尼玛卿洋的闭合时限。研究认为:①共和盆地三叠纪时为弧后盆地,接受不同的物源区,玛沁以北,共和、贵南、泽库、河南以西物源区为东昆仑和柴达木,玛曲以北,共和、贵南、泽库、河南以东物源主要来源于东北部的祁连山,玛沁、玛曲以南物源来源于南部布青山-阿尼玛卿山;②巴颜喀拉盆地三叠纪时为残留洋盆地,主要物源来源于北侧的布青山—阿尼玛卿山;③布青山-阿尼玛卿山地区在三叠系沉积之前已经隆升并成为剥蚀区,为两侧盆地体提供主要物源。

共和盆地东北部花岗岩型干热岩井下裂缝系统及其构造成因

花岗岩型干热岩中的先存天然裂缝系统是影响地热能开发的重要因素之一,其识别对于地热资源的有效利用至关重要。由于花岗岩类具有高强度和低孔隙度,裂缝系统往往成为干热岩地热开采中热流体的主要渗流通道及储集空间,储层裂缝系统的表征一直是干热岩有效开发利用的关键,也是共和盆地干热岩勘查开采示范工程遇到的难题。本文采用构造地质学和地球物理学等多学科方法,以共和盆地东北部DR3和DR8全井段连续取心井、GR1和GR2分段取心井的岩心为研究对象,开展了先存裂缝系统的观察识别和测井、地震资料响应研究,明确了深部埋藏区花岗岩型干热岩天然裂缝系统发育特征,探讨了构造作用对裂缝系统的控制作用。通过对岩心裂缝类型和空间展布特征的详细解剖,发现研究区井下裂缝系统主要由单缝、网状缝和破碎带组成。单缝大多为剪切缝,少量拉张缝,单缝的产状受临近断层和裂隙的控制;网状缝多伴随破碎带;破碎带明显受断裂及较大规模隐伏裂隙控制。岩石岩性对裂缝发育程度有一定影响,在相同背景下,抗剪强度较低的正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩较花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和闪长岩更易产生破碎带及网状缝。通过连续取心与多种常规测井方法对比分析,声波测井对于花岗岩类裂缝响应较为明显,不同深度裂缝发育带声波时差值随着深度及破裂程度不同而发生变化。干热岩裂缝系统的形成与研究区多期区域构造活动有关,大量不同角度剪切缝的存在也反映了多期裂缝形成应力场的最大主应力方向发生过多次偏转。多尺度、多方法花岗岩型干热岩的先存裂缝系统识别,可为后续的储层改造及规模化地热能开发提供重要依据。

共和盆地深部构造格架及其对干热岩热源的影响

干热型地热资源作为一种新型的地热资源形式,是一种发展前景广阔的新型清洁能源。青海省共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,区域地质活动丰富,为干热岩的形成创造了良好的条件。因此,研究共和盆地构造格架与干热岩成热模式,对地热资源勘探具有重要意义。笔者基于重力异常归一化总水平导数垂向导数技术(NVDR-THDR)和重磁异常融合方法划分了共和盆地的断裂构造格架,共识别深大断裂20条,有9条是前人未识别断裂。其中,F1-15推断断裂作为共和盆地东西分界断裂,对共和盆地干热岩成因具有重要意义。基于超低频大地电磁测深剖面及重力异常归一化总梯度的反演结果显示,共和盆地地幔物质向上运移并加热和侵蚀岩石圈底部,导致岩石圈底部发生熔融减薄。盆地东部和西部均存在自青海南山及贵南南山向盆地的逆冲推覆构造,但深部地质结构存在明显差异。盆地西部地质体挤压变形程度强于盆地东部,西部盆地深部地质体密度结构呈“八”字型特征,表现为压陷盆地的特征,断裂发育较少;而东部盆地大量发育深大断裂,为深部的热源物质和热量提供了传输通道。因此,认为共和盆地干热岩热源以地幔热流传导供热和壳内部分熔融层供热为主,放射性元素衰变生热为辅,盆地东部相较于西部更具备干热岩成藏条件。

共和盆地河流碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄特征、Hf同位素组成及其对构造和地壳演化的启示

为揭示青海共和盆地沉积源区构造活动和地壳演化历史,应用LA-MC-ICP-MS技术,对共和盆地曲什安河与西河河漫滩沉积物中的碎屑锆石进行了U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析。得出碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄可分为5组:309~172 Ma、471~368 Ma、943~737 Ma、2368~1698 Ma、2543~2453 Ma。结合研究区构造-岩浆事件得出,曲什安河与西河河漫滩碎屑沉积物是西秦岭地块在不同时期提供的结果。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄存在2个主要峰值,约236 Ma和约403 Ma,反映了古特提斯洋和原特提斯洋在不同部分的俯冲导致陆块碰撞,形成强烈岩浆事件的地质记录,碰撞后伸展阶段出现裂谷和新生洋盆。Hf同位素组成特征揭示,源区地壳在2.7~1.3 Ga经历了主要增生期,形成现今地壳的84%。ε_(Hf)(t)值为-14.7~+15.0,Hf亏损模式年龄在3.6~0.24Ga范围内,表明源区基底存在古太古代古老地壳物质。约0.5 Ga以来,地壳增长以古老地壳物质再循环为主,并在0.28 Ga左右地壳停止了生长。依据前人公式计算了曲什安河与西河河漫滩碎屑沉积物物源区各时期的重熔/增生比例。

花岗岩内幕储层温度预测技术及效果——以共和盆地干热岩为例

青海省共和盆地印支期花岗岩是有利的干热岩资源,但花岗岩内幕地震反射杂乱、非均质性强,目前基于地震资料的温度预测方法少见,制约了干热岩资源的开发。为此,提出花岗岩内幕储层温度预测技术。重构不同频段地震数据,优选花岗岩内幕横向反射连续性好的优势频带(10~20 Hz)数据开展构造解释,并结合地层岩性、电性纵向变化特征,将花岗岩内幕纵向分为四层;依据实验室结果,利用测井资料建立温度与地震速度的关系,然后开展高精度纵波速度反演,从而预测温度空间变化规律。该方法在共和盆地取得了较好的效果,可为类似地区提供参考。

青海共和盆地周缘印支期花岗岩类的成因及其构造意义

本文对青海共和盆地周缘印支期黑马河岩体、温泉岩体、大河坝岩体和同仁岩体花岗闪长岩进行了主量元素、微量元素和 Pb-Sr-Nd 同位素地球化学研究,并对黑马河岩体和温泉岩体进行皓石 U-Pb LA-ICP-MS 年代学研究。结果表明, 黑马河岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为235±2Ma,属印支早期,而温泉岩体的岩浆结晶年龄为218±2Ma,属印支晚期。这些印支期花岗闪长岩的 SiO_2=63.34～68.06%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.82～1.36,岩石均为准铝质(A/CNK=0.9～1.0),并属中钾到高钾钙碱性岩系。它们总体上具有相似的微量元素组成特征,并有着极为相似的稀土元素组成模式,(La/Yb)_N 值主要介于10～15之间,存在微弱到中等程度的负 Eu 异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.5～0.8)。岩石初始 Sr 同位素比值 I_(Sr)=0.70701-0.70952,ε_(Nd)(t)=-3.8到-8.4,指示它们的岩浆物质主要来自于地壳物质的部分熔融。这些岩石以高放射成因 Pb 同位素组成为特征,其全岩初始 Pb同位素比值为:(^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb)_t=18.068～18.748、(^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb)_t=15.591～15.649、(^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb)_t=38.167～38.554。地球化学特征指示共和盆地周缘印支期花岗岩类的原岩为下地壳变玄武岩类,并且这类原岩可能派生于元古宙富集地幔,但在不同区段,下地壳变玄武岩类存在着一定程度化学组成的不均一性。根据花岗岩类对深部地壳物质的地球化学示踪及其区域对比,共和盆地周缘的西秦岭、柴达木(包括东昆仑)和欧龙布鲁克块体具有统一的地壳基底组成,并具有扬子型块体的构造属性。结合区域地质背景的分析,共和盆地周缘印支早期花岗岩类(以黑马河岩体为代表)可能形成于俯冲陆壳断离的地球动力学背景,而印支晚期花岗岩类(以温泉岩体为代表)形成于中央造山带在地壳加厚作用后岩石圈拆沉作用的地球动力学背景。

青海省共和县恰卜恰干热岩体地热地质特征

基于地热地质、综合地球物理勘查成果等布孔依据,实施的GR1干热岩勘探孔位于共和县恰卜恰干热岩体中南部,是迄今我国钻遇地层温度最高的干热岩勘探孔,为我国首个EGS示范工程与科研试验平台建设奠定了基础。GR1孔测温结果表明,2500 m深处温度为150℃,进入干热岩段;终孔深度3705 m处的井底温度为236℃。2500～3705 m井段平均地温梯度为71.4℃/km,高于另3眼干热岩勘探孔;2800～3705 m井段地温梯度大于80℃/km,属中等品质以上干热岩。综合地球物理勘查与4眼干热岩勘探孔钻探结果表明,该干热岩体埋深2104.31～2500 m,面积246.90 km^2;干热岩资源评价结果表明,3～5 km深度范围,100年内的潜在发电装机容量为3805.74 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为76.11 MW;3～6 km潜在装机容量为7788.26 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为155.77MW;3～7 km潜在装机容量为13639.25 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为272.79 MW。

共和盆地龙羊峡库区1987—1999年间土地覆被变化过程

利用多时相多光谱遥感数据,针对研究区环境特点及已有研究程度,综合最大似然法监督分类、基于地理知识的多尺度空间分层聚类的部分监督分类方法和主成分方法,分析了位于黄河上游的龙羊峡水库库区1987—1999年间土地利用和覆盖变化过程。结果表明:①库区土地利用与土地覆盖总趋势是土地退化、覆盖度降低,此期间各盖度草场面积共减少500 82km2,年均减少41 73km2,其中高盖度草场退化最为严重,13a间来面积减少361 25km2,年均减少30 10km2;土地沙漠化发展速度很快,13a间沙地面积增加了219 81km2,年均增加18 32km2。②库区草场退化,土地沙漠化日趋严重,高盖度草场退化为中盖度草场的面积为70 29km2,沙漠化面积为60 96km2;中盖度草场退化为低盖度草场的面积为34 31km2,沙漠化面积为80 75km2;低盖度草场退化为沙地的面积为76 50km2。③库区土地利用、土地覆盖变化在地域空间上具有较大差异性,土地利用、土地覆盖变化最为显著、强烈的区域为黄河西岸的塔拉滩,草场总面积减少215 43km2,占全区草场退化量的43%;水浇地面积增加32 50km2,是全区内水浇地面积增幅最大的区域,占全区水浇地增加量的51%;沙地面积扩大158 41km2,年均增长率为13 2%。河卡滩土地利用类型变化幅度是全区最小的,有些类型基本没有发生变化。