Inspired by the precursor of Political Science Lord James Bryce who pointed out ＂the decline of parliaments＂ （1921）, this paper will be dedicated to emphasize the rising of initiative and referendum and its theory...Inspired by the precursor of Political Science Lord James Bryce who pointed out ＂the decline of parliaments＂ （1921）, this paper will be dedicated to emphasize the rising of initiative and referendum and its theory of direct democracy. Governance model on direct democracy： Use the governance model on direct democracy such as semi-direct democracy and semi-representative democracy presented by Serge Zogg （1996）, and make the systematic analysis from its research structure. Based on the examinations of the seven standards of initiative and referendum, for example, national referendum into the Constitution, obligatory constitutional referendum, popular initiative, ordinary facultative referendum, extraordinary facultative referendum, democratic system typology, national referendum volume etc, presented by Hamon （2006a）, to make a classification and comparison for 19 countries in Europe. Analysis on the initiative and referendum： The tendency of the global practice on the initiative and referendum is becoming increasing. According to the indication of ＂Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe＂, up to the year of 2010, the national referendums have reached to 1538 eases around the world. Discuss the reason why the global practice on the initiative and referendum is becoming increasing？ According to the new data on the national referendums practiced in the whole world （such as phenomenon shows that the volumes are increased on the national referendum, do the systematic analysis spread situation for each country etc.）. Comparison on the global national referendums： Based on three voting models （centralization, decentralization, political party）, and six systems of national referendums （Denmark, France, Italy, Switzerland, British combination such as New Zealand and Australia, Latin America etc.）, to make a comparison and related case study analysis.展开更多
文摘Inspired by the precursor of Political Science Lord James Bryce who pointed out ＂the decline of parliaments＂ （1921）, this paper will be dedicated to emphasize the rising of initiative and referendum and its theory of direct democracy. Governance model on direct democracy： Use the governance model on direct democracy such as semi-direct democracy and semi-representative democracy presented by Serge Zogg （1996）, and make the systematic analysis from its research structure. Based on the examinations of the seven standards of initiative and referendum, for example, national referendum into the Constitution, obligatory constitutional referendum, popular initiative, ordinary facultative referendum, extraordinary facultative referendum, democratic system typology, national referendum volume etc, presented by Hamon （2006a）, to make a classification and comparison for 19 countries in Europe. Analysis on the initiative and referendum： The tendency of the global practice on the initiative and referendum is becoming increasing. According to the indication of ＂Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe＂, up to the year of 2010, the national referendums have reached to 1538 eases around the world. Discuss the reason why the global practice on the initiative and referendum is becoming increasing？ According to the new data on the national referendums practiced in the whole world （such as phenomenon shows that the volumes are increased on the national referendum, do the systematic analysis spread situation for each country etc.）. Comparison on the global national referendums： Based on three voting models （centralization, decentralization, political party）, and six systems of national referendums （Denmark, France, Italy, Switzerland, British combination such as New Zealand and Australia, Latin America etc.）, to make a comparison and related case study analysis.
