Challenges and Suggestions of Ethical Review on Clinical Research Involving Brain-Computer Interfaces

Brain-computer interface(BCI)technology is rapidly advancing in medical research and application.As an emerging biomedical engineering technology,it has garnered significant attention in the clinical research of brain disease diagnosis and treatment,neurological rehabilitation,and mental health.However,BCI also raises several challenges and ethical concerns in clinical research.In this article,the authors investigate and discuss three aspects of BCI in medicine and healthcare:the state of international ethical governance,multidimensional ethical challenges pertaining to BCI in clinical research,and suggestive concerns for ethical review.Despite the great potential of frontier BCI research and development in the field of medical care,the ethical challenges induced by itself and the complexities of clinical research and brain function have put forward new special fields for ethics in BCI.To ensure"responsible innovation"in BCI research in healthcare and medicine,the creation of an ethical global governance framework and system,along with special guidelines for cutting-edge BCI research in medicine,is suggested.

The Impact of Corporate Governance and Ethics on Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)—The Case for Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Masvingo, Zimbabwe, 2009-2019

The paper presents and examines the impact of corporate governance and ethics in particular on sustainable development of the Zimbabwean microfinance sector in the period 2009-2019.The critical microfinance institutions(MFIs)crisis experienced in Masvingo,Zimbabwe recently was not the first one in the world in terms of its severity.The main aim of MFIs in any economy is to serve the poor and vulnerable people of a society through providing them with soft or concessional loans,insurance coverage,and facilities for savings.The study used the descriptive qualitative design to draw research data from MFIs dotted in and around Masvingo Province for presentation,analysis,and interpretation.One of the major findings of the study was that corporate governance and ethics played an indispensable role in the growth and development of MFIs’products and services.The study also realized that good corporate governance and ethical behaviours in business practices were essential for the success of any organization and vice versa and MFIs were no exception.The study therefore concluded that poor capital formation,corporate governance and ethics,human recruitment and selection procedures and fraudulent activities or misappropriation of funds were responsible for the majority of threats faced by MFIs in Masvingo in their growth and development endeavours.Therefore the study recommended that directors of MFIs should craft policies and strategies that are corporate governance and ethics oriented in their desire to grow their business towards sustainable development in the foreseeable future.

The Path Choice and Method of Chinese Rural Governance Ethics Research

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Effective governance is the key to rural revitalization.Effective rural governance needs to properly deal with the ethical relationship in the process of governance.The study of rural governance ethics in China includes three kinds of path choices.They are paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up,organic integration of special and general,and interweaving between tradition and modernity.The paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up needs to be done by methods,such as the use of the relationship between theory and practice,the change from abstract research to applied research,and the implementation of fieldwork surveys.Special and general organic integration depends on methods,such as the law of contradiction specificity and universality,the cooperation of induction and deduction,the operation of case studies,etc.The interweaving of tradition and modernity requires methods to be realized,such as the negation of negation,moral narrative,and non-intrusive research.

Ethical Principles and Governance Technology Development of AI in China

Ethics and governance are vital to the healthy and sustainable development of artificial intelligence(AI).With the long-term goal of keeping AI beneficial to human society,governments,research organizations,and companies in China have published ethical guidelines and principles for AI,and have launched projects to develop AI governance technologies.This paper presents a survey of these efforts and highlights the preliminary outcomes in China.It also describes the major research challenges in AI governance research and discusses future research directions.

ChatGPT应用中的科研诚信风险及其伦理治理

作为具有高度人工智能特点的新成果,ChatGPT自面世以来就受到广泛关注。其强大的信息整合能力、生成性的自主学习能力、良好的人机交互能力在为科学研究提供有力辅助的同时,也产生了科研诚信的隐忧。ChatGPT在辅助科研中存在的诚信风险主要包括:信息失真的风险、剽窃侵权的风险、科研失德的风险。要规避这些风险,就必须对ChatGPT的应用进行伦理治理。ChatGPT使用应当遵守公开知情原则、公平正义原则、共同责任原则。唯有强化研究者的道德自觉,建立ChatGPT伦理审查机制,构建ChatGPT科研诚信伦理控制体系,才能确保ChatGPT在科研辅助中满足科研诚信要求、具备道德正当性。

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine:Promises,Ethical Challenges and Governance

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly being applied to a wide range of fields,including medicine,and has been considered as an approach that may augment or substitute human professionals in primary healthcare.However,AI also raises several challenges and ethical concerns.In this article,the author investigates and discusses three aspects of AI in medicine and healthcare:the application and promises of AI,special ethical concerns pertaining to AI in some frontier fields,and suggestive ethical governance systems.Despite great potentials of frontier AI research and development in the field of medical care,the ethical challenges induced by its applications has put forward new requirements for governance.To ensure “trustworthy” AI applications in healthcare and medicine,the creation of an ethical global governance framework and system as well as special guidelines for frontier AI applications in medicine are suggested.The most important aspects include the roles of governments in ethical auditing and the responsibilities of stakeholders in the ethical governance system.

An empowerment evaluation framework for national scientific and technical information governance

‘Empowerment’is the result of pursuing special capabilities under a specific value orientation.The changes in related object capabilities triggered by scientific and technical information activities in the new environment are important to the national scientific and technical(S&T)information governance.Based on the empowerment theories and evaluation practices,this study attempts to construct an empowerment evaluation framework for national S&T information governance and takes the participatory technology assessment and Altmetrics methods as examples to demonstrate its advantages:1)The capability changes and development potential are regarded as important basis for evaluation;2)The multi-person participation and multi-indicator comprehensive evaluation method is conducive to the democratic and objective nature of science and technology information governance policy formulation.

On the informationization of accounting information in China： The perspective of accounting information systems and its regulatory framework in the USA

The informationization of accounting information systems has brought many improvements to those systems. This paper highlights some of those significant advances in the informationization of accounting information systems in China. As China has become a major industrial power in the international economy, further improvements for these information systems are critical to the continued successes of China. To additionally improve these systems, China can draw upon the systems from other world economic leaders. With its fully developed capital markets, the United States offers development experience for the external reporting components of a fully integrated information system. This paper discusses a typical integrated information system in the United States and addresses the regulatory milestones that were instrumental in the development of those external components of accounting information systems. Recommendations are presented for improving informationization of systems in China based on U.S. systems＇ responses to those milestones.

Modelling of Corporate Exposure at Default(EAD)in Emerging Financial Markets:The Case for Counters Listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange(ZSE)in the Dollarization Era

This study explores the Exposure at Default(EAD)emanating from credit events undertaken by listed banking corporations trading on emerging markets,such as Zimbabwe’s Stock Exchange(ZSE)or market in the dollarization era,namely period 2010-2012.The dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy in 2009 coincided with the recovery of the global financial economy from the worst worldwide economic recession ever experienced in this world.The study used audited and published data drawn from financial statements of two banking corporations for the period 2010 to 2012 that were accessible on ZSE website.These data were presented and analyzed using Eviews7.The study revealed that there were a lot of non-performing loans drawn from EADs of banking corporations trading on the ZSE in the period under review.The study further noted that credit exposures issued by commercial banks in the period 2010-2012 were also exposed to risk from the nature of the borrowers,banks’internal and external market variables.The variables that impacted on banks’credit exposures include political,social,industrial,unemployment,technological challenges,state of financial markets,their capitalization and liquidity statuses.We therefore conclude that banks in emerging markets need to efficiently and effectively manage their credit portfolios in their desire to grow towards sustainable development.The study also concludes that banks in emerging markets that are into lending activities should adopt and implement financial econometric(EAD)models that are easy to apply,practical,pragmatic,and adjusted for market friction.The study recommends that listed banking corporations in emerging markets need to adhere to the requirements of the Basel Ⅱ and Ⅲ Capital Accords if they are to make meaningful business out of their credit exposure operations.It also recommends that banks should come up with capitalization and investment strategies that suit their economic conditions if they are to grow and develop sizeable market shares and wealth from their lending businesses.Finally the study recommends that banks in emerging economies should adapt to international business standards,strategies,ethics,and corporate governance parameters if they are to grow towards greater similarity with those in developed nations in their service delivery to the stakeholders and contribution to nation building and sustainable development.

ChatGPT出版应用的赋能效应、伦理风险与治理进路

为规避技术应用风险,释放ChatGPT在出版应用中的创新动能,文章在综合分析ChatGPT赋能出版质效提升、创新驱动、市场开拓等积极效应的基础上,剖析ChatGPT出版应用衍生的数据权益侵犯、学术伦理挑战、知识信任危机、文化精神失落等伦理风险。在此基础上,基于系统性的治理范式,从技术伦理、政策法规、人机关系等维度提出构建负责任创新主导的技术治理、双管齐下的规范治理、人机共生的生态治理等体系的出版伦理风险治理路径。

Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for Social Governance

As AI technology continues to evolve,it plays an increasingly significant role in everyday life and social governance.However,the frequent occurrence of issues such as algorithmic bias,privacy breaches,and data leaks has led to a crisis of trust in AI among the public,presenting numerous challenges to social governance.Establishing technical trust in Al,reducing uncertainties in AI development,and enhancing its effectiveness in social governance have become a consensus among policymakers and researchers.By comparing different types of AI,the paper proposes and conceptualizes the idea of trustworthy Al,then discusses its characteristics and its value and impact pathways in social governance.The analysis addresses how mismatches in technological trust can affect social stability and the advancement of AI strategies.The paper highlights the potential of trustworthy AI to improve the efficiency of social governance and solve complex social problems.

从ChatGPT火爆看智能生成内容的风险及治理

人工智能技术的发展,为内容生产领域带来了生产力和生产关系的变革,智能生成内容(AIGC)成为继专业生成内容(PGC)、用户生成内容(UGC)后全新的内容生产模式,各类AIGC应用在海内外市场上广受关注。文章从关键技术、生产主体、版权主体/确权、市场主导力量、虚实关系等方面入手,廓清AIGC带来的产业结构性变革,对AIGC所带来的加剧“信息茧房”、造成信息失真、产生技术伦理及增大版权管理难度等问题进行说明,进而提出基于风险分类的动态治理、基于主体职责的系统管理、基于全球视角的协同治理等措施,以期为AIGC治理提供一定的参考。

A Critical Review on the Sustainable Development Future

Government managements in every country, at each stage and from all parts of the world are beginning to classify the criticality of highlighting the challenges of sustainability. The high demand of the philosophy of sustainability is being developed in public policy debates. Analyzing the chances of sustainability is an essential element which goes beyond the nation’s local plans. It is hard for any nation to practice sustainability if their own government systems which run the organizations of different sectors are unsustainable. In other words, it is impossible for several industries to easily generate economic, environmental and social significances by updating their strategy or pioneering applications when international marketing motivations exist in the opposite dimension. However, as a result of the high demand of sustainable products in the industry, many of the governments have found themselves to be obligated to align with green strategy and policy to facilitate the shift to a sustainable economy which is more resourceful and reasonable for all the stake holders. The vital role of governments consists of setting robust and sustainable policies to regulate the business mechanism for the individuals and industries. The authors give an example of environmental performers to support their claim. This review paper will highlight the role of the three main players in the Sustainable Development Future: government, industry, and society from a new and integrated perspective.

迈向可信AI:ChatGPT类生成式人工智能的治理挑战及应对

2022年以来,随着以ChatGPT、GPT-4等大型语言模型为标志的生成式人工智能的迅猛发展,人工智能迎来大模型时代。AI大模型被认为是革命性的技术进展,将给经济社会发展带来深远影响。然而,AI大模型的快速发展应用也持续引发各界对其伦理安全风险的担忧。面对生成式人工智能的伦理安全风险和治理挑战,有必要在治理上倡导并推动践行“负责任人工智能”的理念,建立敏捷灵活的AI监管和治理框架,通过多元化的治理举措支持生成式人工智能创新发展和可靠应用,推动建立负责任的、可信的、以人为本的、合乎伦理道德的生成式人工智能发展生态。

ChatGPT在医疗领域中的应用、伦理风险与治理研究

以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术将为传统医疗领域带来一系列变革,主要体现在病症早期诊断、提供医疗解释、改变传统就医模式、担任“医生助理”、推动医学教育升级等方面。同时,ChatGPT在医疗领域也面临主体性责任缺失、患者是否信任、技术异化等诸多问题和伦理风险。目前,以ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术并不能取代临床医生在诊疗过程中做出的“以病人为中心”,基于医学事实、道德、价值等多维度的综合判断。对ChatGPT为代表的人工智能技术在医疗中的应用风险的治理需要从技术可靠性、技术可信性、人文关怀等多方面进行研究。

The Chinese Government Increases S&T Investment

The Chinese government has made great efforts to increase investment in science, technology and education, Vice Premier Li Lanqing told the country’s top legislators on August 24. A total of 146 billion yuan (about US$17.6 billion) was raised nationwide for science and technology in 1999, representing an increase of 12.5% over the previous year, among which funds for research and development

智慧医疗场景下人工智能应用伦理问题与治理路径探讨

随着人工智能在医疗健康领域的广泛应用,医学伦理学与科技伦理挑战也随之而来。作者归纳了人工智能在医疗健康领域的应用现状,探讨了目前人工智能技术应用于医疗领域导致的医生主体地位被削弱、数据或隐私安全风险增加、医患信任危机加剧、医疗资源分配不均加剧、事故责任界限模糊等伦理问题,剖析了上述伦理问题产生的原因,最后从强化医生主体地位、建立健全信息数据保护制度、增强患者对医务人员的信任感、提高医疗资源配置效率、完善事故责任界定体系等5个方面提出治理路径,以期为人工智能技术更好地助力医疗发展提供参考。

医学伦理学对科技伦理治理的贡献与新作为

《关于加强科技伦理治理的意见》的出台,标志着中国科技伦理治理体系进入新阶段。中国科技伦理的研究与实践是沿着两条进路开展的。一条进路是从一般伦理原理出发,推导出具体科学和实践的规则;另一条进路是从科学研究的问题和科学技术事件和案例出发,逐步形成针对科技过程中某一类特定现象或问题的伦理治理原则与共识。医学伦理学研究也是这样形成医学道德传统和现代生命伦理学传统的。在伦理治理实践中,医学伦理走在科技伦理的前列,形成了科技伦理研究与发展的“先行区”、伦理审查建制化“探索者”和科技伦理治理的“示范区”。伦理治理意见的出台不是医学伦理治理研究的终点,医学伦理学需要有新的作为。一是对医学伦理学理论基础和方法论的再思考,坚持马克思主义理论的指导。二是对两条研究进路的再思考,两条道路平衡发展互相支撑。三是对伦理与法治关系的再思考,不断提高伦理治理法治化水平。

数字治理伦理的创新性发展

人工智能、物联网、大数据等新兴数字技术的崛起将社会治理带入一个崭新的数字时代。在数字时代,数字技术嵌入社会治理,其关键环节不仅在于运用数字技术提升社会治理的效能,更重要的是要认识到传统社会治理中的伦理原则尚不能完全适用于数字治理实践的需要。因此,为促使数字治理最终迈向善治,数字治理伦理的创新性发展已势不可挡。在数字治理进程中,其伦理的创新性发展主要体现在如下方面:数字治理主体伦理由传统一元价值取向迈入现代多元价值共存;数字治理决策伦理由传统形式正义迈入现代实质正义;数字治理服务伦理由传统公仆意识淡薄迈入现代人民至上的全面强化;数字治理监督伦理由传统程序的非整全性迈入现代程序的公正性。

面向智慧教育的技术伦理取向与风险规约

当前,智能技术与教育的全过程融合正推动教育方式发生深刻转变,同时衍生出算法歧视、技术滥用、隐私泄露和教育主体错位等技术伦理风险,如何规避风险以最大化享受智能技术红利成为智慧教育发展的重要议题。为此,文章首先分析技术伦理相关报告文件,刻画智慧教育在智能技术、教育主体、教育数据和教育监管四个向度的技术伦理取向;然后,文章剖析“教-学-管-评-练-研”六大智慧教育典型场景下的差异化技术伦理风险表征,将其产生根源归为技术工具失信、教育实践失范和师生素养不足三个层面;最后,文章从技术升级、风险管理、问责监管、数据流动和素养提升角度给出风险防范与治理建议,助力智慧教育健康可持续发展。