Governmental policies on HIV infection in China

This article is a general review of the evolvement of HIV/AIDS-related public policies in China since 1980’s. It tracks the important laws, regulations and other governmental documents in regard to HIV/AIDS prevention mainly at central level.

Government subsidies, dual-credit policy, and enterprise performance: Empirical evidence from Chinese listed new energy vehicle companies

The development of the new energy vehicle industry has become a key force driving the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutralization.To better guide future strategies,this study investigates the dual impact of subsidy and dual-integral policies on the performance of new energy vehicle enterprises.This study first theorizes the influential mechanism according to the institutional-based approach and technical innovation theory,and then collects data from listed companies in the new energy vehicle industry from 2016 to 2020.The hypotheses are examined using a two-way fixed-effects model.The findings show that:(1)subsidy policies are can still improve enterprise performance,but not through green technology innovation;(2)the dual-credit policy can improve enterprise performance through green technology innovation;and(3)under current policy conditions,with subsidies declining annually,the interaction effects between the subsidy and dual-integral policies will also decrease.Thus,this study suggests that non-monetary industrial policy,represented by the dual credit policy is a more effective alternative to government subsidies.

Research on Policy Diffusion Path and Reproduction of River Chief System

The River Chief System (RCS) has evolved from local innovative practices to a national water governance strategy to address the current challenges in China’s water environmental management. In contrast to existing research that focuses on the strengths, weaknesses, and improvements of RCS, this study uses literature study to reveal the dynamic evolution of RCS through three phases, with RCS spreading from developed coastal areas to central and western inland regions. RCS’s diffusion path involves vertical diffusion between central and local levels and horizontal diffusion among local governments. Moreover, RCS has also achieved conceptual spillover, gradually expanding into other governance domains, such as the Lake Chief System, the Field Chief System, the Forestry Chief System, and the integration of multiple chief roles. However, it is essential to scrutinize the phenomenon of applying similar governance mechanisms to different areas, as it may result in challenges such as overburdening local governments, insufficient public participation, oversimplification of differences in natural resource endowments, and limited applicability. This study also provides suggestions on how to address these challenges. The study contributes theoretical insights and policy implications, providing a foundation for practical policy innovation.

Review on Wind Power Development and Relevant Policies between China and Japan

China has abundant wind energy resources and huge development potential among developing countries.Japan is a developed country that planned to increase the use of renewable energy,especially wind energy.This research is aimed at reviewing the development of wind power and relevant policies between China and Japan.Firstly,we introduced the current status of global wind power development,such as the global installed capacity of wind power.The annual development of wind power generation in China and Japan is compared,and the distribution characteristics of wind resources are compared.Furthermore,the market share in China and Japan is introduced.Finally,according to the comparison of the government policies between China and Japan,we pointed out the existing problems in the wind power industry.In addition,we gave some suggestions on the development of wind power for China and Japan.These suggestions should be taken into account when designing national climate policies and have an important reference value for the future development of China’s wind energy industry.

The Government Supporting Policy for Sustainable Development of Small and Medium Industrial Enterprises in Vietnam

In recent years,the issues of sustainable development in general and enterprise's sustainable development have always been given special attention by government management agency,including small and mediumsize industrial enterprises.The study conducted a survey of 316 industrial SMEs in three regions of the North,Central and South of Vietnam with the main survey subjects being managers in enterprises.The main purpose of the study is to assess the impact of the government support policies compared to other factors developed in the research model affecting the sustainable development of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises(SMEs)in Vietnam.In this research,the authors employed exploratory factor analysis to identify 4 factors affecting the sustainable development of SMEs.The research results show that the government support policies have an important role but not strongly influence human resource factors,financial factor and social responsibility(SR)policies of enterprises in their sustainable development for industrial SMEs in Vietnam.

Review and prospect of comprehensive straw utilization and government policy in China

The comprehensive use and efficient management of straw are significant for agriculture's green and low carbon transformation.This paper uses literature research and comparative analysis to systematically review the literature on comprehensive straw utilization and governance policy research in China over the past five years.The current literature has explored two major directions:regional and industrial policies and the main actors involved in the comprehensive use of straw.The research is complementary and fruitful concerning both micro and macro perspectives;however,the extant literature suffers from a lack of attention to straw intermediaries and enterprises and a lack of research across time.Therefore,this paper provides an outlook for future research.In the future,scholars should pay more attention to straw intermediaries and enterprises,conduct continuous observations of multiple regions over time to obtain panel data,and further test the heterogeneity of factors to obtain more scientific and valid results.

A Study of Indian Government Policy on Production and Processing of Cotton and Its Implications

India is a major player in international cotton markets as it is the world＇s second largest cotton producer, consumer and exporter in 2009-2010. In this context, this paper assesses the competitiveness of Indian cotton producers and potential implications for India as a competitor in the world cotton market. This paper developed an updated estimate of the costs of cotton production in India and developed representative farm models for cotton production in three important cotton production states （Gujarat, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh） of India. In this research, Rapid Rural Appraisal （RRA） methodology has been adopted to collect information for developing representative farm models. These models are further subjected to stochastic simulation to understand the impact of government policies like subsidies to various inputs on farm level profitability and ultimately on the competitiveness of Indian cotton in international markets. This paper also analyzed the impact of national fiber policy of the government of India on the cotton processing sector in India. The results demonstrate that the net income of the cotton farmers will decrease considerably without the presence of fertilizer subsidies. The study also concludes that if the objectives of the national fiber policy are fulfilled, India will export more of value added cotton products like textiles and garments rather than raw cotton.

ON BRITISH LABOUR GOVERNMENT'S HONG KONG POLICY

Hong Kong’s return to China is a historic event in world affairs as well as inSino-British relations.Britain’s policy toward Hong Kong,therefore,has aninternational significance.Immediately after the British election in early May,theworld press were generally of the view that the Labour’s victory would make littleor no difference to the Hong Kong handover question.The appraisal still holdslargely true today.Judging from new developments since then,however,there

An Analysis of Government Behavior in China's Dairy Industry

The quality of agricultural products should be regulated and guided by the industrial association consisting of various links of agricultural production chain. The government has to purchase the regulatory services from agricultural associations. In the production of dairy products in China,the improper government intervention has been in violation of the socialist market economic law,resulting in damage to the node enterprises on the dairy production chain. Therefore,it is necessary to establish the agricultural associations to ensure the quality of agricultural products.

Fourth Industrial Revolution:Technological Drivers,Impacts and Coping Methods

The world is marching into a new development period when the digital technology,physical technology,and biological technology have achieved an unprecedented development respectively in their own fields,and at the same time their applications are converging greatly.These are the three major technological drivers for the Fourth Industrial Revolution.This paper discusses the specific technology niches of each kind technological driver behind the Fourth Industrial Revolution,and then evaluates impacts of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on global industrial,economic,and social development.At last this paper proposes possible measures and policies for both firms and governments to cope with the changes brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Bureaucracy： Max Weber’s Concept and Its Application to Pakistan

To investigate Max Weber’s concept of bureaucracy and its relevance to Pakistan’s civil service, this study explains the system of governance followed in different nations, its function, and bureaucratic formulations in the well-managed and administered state. The paper analyzes reasons for the poor performance of Pakistani public service provision. International development doctrines pertaining to governance are based on accountable to the governments and effective bureaucracy. This study explores the formation of the Pakistani state and civil service and its role in the implementation of government policies. Irrespective of the system of governance followed across different nations, the presence, and functioning of a bureaucratic set-up is crucial to manage and administer the state. However, in Pakistan there has been an egregious failure of the bureaucratic set-up to achieve this vision. This study explores the reasons why based on Weberian sociological theory affirming that the main characteristic of bureaucracy is espirit de corps, doing things for the good of the institution （i.e., civil service） even if goes against the public interest. This study analyzes such orientation in the context of a major developing state, Pakistan. The essential principal function of bureaucracy is to honestly and sincerely implement the government policies on behalf of the people. The government provides representation of the national interest, mainly when democratically elected, while the bureaucracy provides skills and know-how; the latter is liable to the former, but often not directly to the public. Thus, bureaucrats are usually known as “civil servants”, who provide continuity in governance and daily life, despite the vagaries of changes in government. This is a qualitative research entirely based on literature survey from library data collected from books and articles.

Independence and Accountability of Central Banks With a Special Focus on India

According to the consensus view, central banks reached a high level of independence by the end of last century. This paper argues that as a result short-term political considerations applied during the appointment process of central bank decision-makers, their actual independence was at a lower level already that time. The global f＇mancial crisis created new tasks for central banks and forced a review of the meaning of independence. The paper argues that central banks should be responsible for safeguarding fmancial stability and their macro-prudential activity can only be executed in cooperation with governments. However, interest rate policy decisions must remain free of political influence. The novelty of this paper lies in showing the conflictual relationship of the various roles of central banks. The paper concludes that the duality of independence and cooperation represents a major uncertainty in the operation of central banks. As a result of the greater degree of politicisation of the activities of central banks, their de facto independence in interest rate policy making may further shrink in the future. The paper also shows that India represents a unique case of central bank independence. In most countries, de jure independence is higher than de facto. India is one of the very rare countries where the reverse is the case.

Financial Experts Role to Solve General Budget Deficit Problem in Jordan

Jordan is a developing country which has frequently general budget deficit. Government intervene increases environment complexity. Financial experts have weakness to solve deficit problem in spite of understanding managing risk of financial and investing choices also can develop its tools. Researches found the reasons of financial experts＇ weakness, which are the ignorance of financial expert evaluation and role solving of negative social problems which came after losing trust in leaders. Recommendations concentrate on giving financial expert power and solving law ignorance problem by adjusting law to fight trickery. Law does not give the harmed the right to cancel contract when there is unfair price. It must collect unfair price with deceiving to get right. Rule must be confession of profit after studying assets and liabilities value in market prices. Deals in financial market should take care of financial analyses, human resources accounting, and value added of companies. Financial experts can achieve equilibrium between local producing and Jordanian international producing depending on suitable cost of producing to import and courage producing locally.

A New Approach for Identifying Potentially Effective Indigenous Plants Consumed by Chenchu Tribes and Their Nutritional Composition-India

Traditional knowledge of plants and their properties always has been transmitted from generation to generation through the natural path of everyday life. Food habits of the indigenous population across the globe are very abnormal when compared to that of civilized people. The forest related tribal scientific studies of edible wild plants are extremely constructive to know the nutritional values of the forest indigenous foods and help to eliminate the malnutrition problems in vulnerable group. The existing study was undertaken with an intention and documented 34 exceptional plant species belonging to 15 families with their medicinal values, taxonomical names and nutritional profile. Among the 34 indigenous plant foods, the frequently available and consumed plant foods by particularly vulnerable tribal group Chenchu tribes were selected for nutritional investigation including proximate composition, mineral and vitamin analysis. Results show that the nutritional values of the edible indigenous plant foods are prominent compared to frequently consumed foods available in market. The present study observed that the conventional and nutritional information on wild plant foods is on sharp decline. Unless efforts are made to educate the present generations about the importance of these foods, which may be lost in near future. These studies could contribute significantly to Government policies to improve food security and helps to progress health and nutritional status in marginally deprived tribal communities in India, and in the enhancement of wild vegetable status, whose potential as sources of nutrition is currently undervalued.

Five trends of education and technology in a sustainable future

Quality education is one of the pillars in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,which aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.This overall goal can be connected to some general trends affecting education in the information age.We argue that education is key to the future quality of human life and the sustainability of the world.Generally,education is being transformed in both formal and informal learning contexts by new digital technologies.Overall,some of these major innovations and how they are changing education can be summarized into the following aspects:1)our educational aims and objectives;2)educational ecologies and contexts of learning;3)the processes of learning;4)the processes of teaching;and 5)educational governance and policy.Meanwhile,we note some of the potential risks and downsides of these technology trends.From the sustainable perspective,our review points to a great potential for educational reform,but it can only be achieved if we are willing to rethink and even abandon some of our traditional ways of doing things in education.

Market-Based Solutions to Overcapacity：Principles and Measures

This paper takes stock of theoretical economic analyses of overcapacity,reveals the factors that induce actual capacity to deviate from market equilibrium, examines market-based mechanisms to resolve overcapacity, and identifies long-term mechanisms and assurances for market-based solutions to overcapacity. Given the limitations of market mechanism and the government's role, neither the market nor the government is able to resolve the problem of overcapacity on its own. In resolving overcapacity, market and the government should play their respective roles rather than replace one another. While the market is a dominant force in regulating capacity and achieving supply and demand equilibrium, the government should provide institutional assurances for effective market operation. Market-based solutions to overcapacity require the government to provide institutional assurances and create a system where market entities decide to enter and exit the market under effective restraints and incentives with a clear boundary.

Satisfaction with the Environmental Condition in the Italian Regions between 2004 and 2020

In the following article, the “Satisfaction with the Environmental Condition” in the 20 Italian regions between 2004 and 2020 was estimated using ISTAT-BES data. The data were analyzed using the following econometric techniques, namely: Panel Data with Random Effects, Panel Data with Fixed Effects, Dynamic Panel, Pooled OLS, WLS. The results show that satisfaction with the environmental situation is positively associated with the following variables “People with at least high school diploma”, “Satisfaction with leisure time”, “Concern for the deterioration of the landscape” and negatively associated with “Gross disposable income per capita”, “Dissatisfaction with the landscape of the place of life”, “Perception of the risk of crime”. A cluster analysis was then carried out using the unsupervised k-Means algorithm optimized through the Silhouette coefficient and 3 clusters were found. A comparative analysis was then carried out between eight different machine learning algorithms to predict the trend of satisfaction by environmental situation. The analysis showed that the Tree Ensemble Regression algorithm is the best predictor and estimates a reduction of the variable of 0.05%. Subsequently, using augmented data, a further prediction was made with an estimated result equal to -1.93%.

Discussion on Road Traffic Problems and “Public Transport Priority” Policy in the Macao Peninsula

The roads on the Macao Peninsula are famous for their short, fast, and small features. At the same time, due to the protection of historical and cultural sites, the road network system is mostly based on the planning and design of the previous road network system. Although the planning of the contemporary road network system is quite unique, it has not been considered to the contemporary transporting needs of the citizens of Macao. At the same time, the complexity of the road network makes zonings unobvious functional and mixes urban functions in the region. Therefore, through field surveys, the relevant data of the Macao Transport Bureau (DSAT) is combined to find out the current problems of the road traffic on the Macao Peninsula and analyze the strategy of optimizing the “public transport priority” public transportation prove system. At Last, regarding the citizen as the core and find out the relationship between passengers and the public transportation system to explore the future development direction of the road traffic planning and design of the Macao Peninsula will become the main direction of this study.

The Anti-corruption Fights： Perescoping the Whistle Blower Policy in Nigeria

The 2015 elections and swearing of new leadership in Nigeria brought about new promises as well as new policies and strategies. The president elect, Muhammadu Buhari, was quick to indicate his intentions to fight corruption as one of the means through which the government intends to achieve good governance in Nigeria. This intention and follow-up action is like the biblical two-edged sword, cutting off sadness from the lower class while at the same time cutting off happiness from some corrupt people in government. The recent announcement of the whistle blower policy by the Federal Government as another means of fighting corruption in Nigeria brought about an increase in the discovery of hidden/looted money. Relying on primary and secondary findings, based on qualitative and quantitative data the paper examines the potency of the whistle blower policy on corruption. The puzzle： is the policy yielding positive result？ The case provides a strong case to the methodological analysis for both institutional norms to fight corruption and good governance in Nigeria. The thrust of this paper is that, the fight against corruption is a national issue that can be successfully tackled by the citizens. The paper therefore recommends that government and its citizenry come together to fight this malice called corruption.