Genetic and Association Mapping Study of English Grain Aphid Resistance and Tolerance in Bread Wheat Germplasm

English grain aphid （EGA） is a destructive insect pest of wheat. To identify the loci associated with EGA resistance and tolerance, 70 bread wheat accessions mainly from central Asia were evaluated for EGA resistance and tolerance traits at two locations, and genotyped with 51 SSR markers. Totally, three accessions showed high or moderate levels resistance and 17 genotypes displayed highly or moderately tolerate to EGA. Genetic diversity of these lines was investigated also. After 97 SSR loci which evenly covered all wheat chromosomes were scanned for association, four SSR loci were significantly associated with EGA resistance and four with EGA tolerance. After association analysis was conducted with dynamic aphid densities, we found four loci Xgwm192b, Xgwm391, Xbarc98, and Xgwm613b were detected continuously at different growing stages of wheat. In addition, the loci of EGA resistance/tolerance and Russian wheat aphid resistance were compared. The results generated in this study would be helpful for utilization of the EGA resistance/tolerance germplasm, and for development of mapping populations in EGA resistance breeding programs.

Resistance in Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>L.) to New Invasive Aphid, Hedgehog Grain Aphid (<i>Sipha maydis</i>, Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Sipha maydis Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a pest of cereals in many regions of the world and was identified as an invasive pest of the US in 2007. Regional surveys from 2015-2017 revealed this pest was broadly distributed throughout many of the western Great Plains states where it is a potential threat to cereal production. The common name hedgehog grain aphid, HGA, has been associated with Sipha maydis in the US. Cross-resistance where a plant is resistant to one aphid species and is also resistant to another species that is known to occur. Six barleys were evaluated for cross-resistance to HGA: Russian wheat aphid, RWA, resistant germplasms STARS 9301B and STARS 9577B and cultivar “Mesa”;greenbug, GB, resistant germplasm STARS 1501B and cultivar “Post 90”;and RWA and GB resistant experimental line 00BX 11-115. Cultivars “Morex” and “Schuyler” were susceptible controls. Antixenosis was measured 5 days after infestation by HGA. Seedling damage ratings and reductions in seedling growth were recorded after 17 days of infestation. Intrinsic rate of increase, rm, of HGA was determined by following the development of newborn aphids to adulthood and reproduction. 00BX 11-115 and Post 90 had significantly greater antixenosis (fewer aphids/seedling), significantly lower plant damage ratings, and significantly lower intrinsic rates of increase than other entries. Differences in seedling growth were not significant. 00BX 11-115 and Post 90 were the only entries with the Rsg1 greenbug resistance gene. Rsg1 greenbug resistance confers cross-resistance to HGA in the seedling stage.

Responses of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Grain Aphid (Sitobion avenae) Infestation and Mechanical Wounding Using a cDNA Subtractitve Library Approach

Aphids are major insect pests of cereal crops, acting as virus vectors as well as causing direct damage. The responses of commercial wheat (cv. Claire) to grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) infestation and mechanical wounding were investigated in this study, with the aim to eventually identify a source of molecular markers to breed wheat for enhanced insect resistance, and in particular for enhanced resistance to phloem-feeding insects. Mechanical wounding was included in this study as a comparison with aphid feeding to distinguish between insect-specific responses in wheat plants to those involved in a general wounding response. Wheat (Triticum spp.) is known to have partial resistance toward aphids [1]. The plant response and defence against insect feeding are complicated, but always follow the same principle: insect detection, signal transmission to initiate defence, changes in plant gene expression and subsequent production of defensive compounds, which may be targeted to the wound site to deter or kill insects. Defensive gene products/proteins reach the target area and deter or kill insects. Whether the last step is successful or not depends on the resistance and susceptibility of the plant towards that particular pest. In the light of this principle, it is important to detect changes in gene expression, first at the transcriptional level, which is useful for detection of early-stage responses, and then once sufficient time is allowed for the plant to produce defensive gene products, responses at the proteome level can be identified. Work presented in this study focuses on the changes at the transcriptional level;differential responses at the proteome level were investigated and presented in Ferry et al. 2011 [2] and Guan et al. 2015 [3]. Two cDNA subtractive hybridization libraries were constructed, one to identify transcripts involved in the responses to aphid infestation, and the second to identify transcripts involved in responses to mechanical wounding. Following subtractive hybridization, 520 and 800 clones were obtained from the subtractive hybridization between aphid-infested and un-infested wheat cDNAs and between mechanically wounded and un-wounded wheat cDNAs, respectively. Over 70% of the total clones were sequenced and 44% and 55% of sequenced clones were successfully identified by homology to known sequences held at NCBI with Blastx search engine in aphid-infested vs un-infested and mechanically wounded vs un-wounded cDNA subtractive libraries, respectively. These results reveal that the differences in the response of commercial wheat (cv. Claire) plants towards aphid infestation and mechanical wounding are subtle. Although the majority of differentially expressed putative genes after aphid infestation or mechanical wounding were involved in metabolic processes and photosynthesis, the majority of the genes expressed were different. Genes encoding glutathione transferase (GST), apoptosis and proteolysis were up-regulated after aphid feeding, suggesting their importance towards plant defence/tolerance against aphid attack. These results suggest that commercial wheat does have a certain degree of tolerance to aphids, but appears to lack a specific response to aphids;these findings are supported by those presented in Ferry et al. 2011 [2].

丁布的分离、纯化和结构鉴定及其对麦长管蚜生长、发育的影响

从玉米苗中分离、纯化得到丁布 ,利用纸层析、紫外分光光度扫描和核磁共振1HNMR等技术对其作结构鉴定 ,结果与文献报道基本一致 ,且纯度在 96 .7%以上 .以纯化的丁布为标样 ,用HPLC方法分析了不同抗性级别的小麦品种中丁布的含量 ,结果表明 :品种之间丁布的含量差异显著 ,丁布的浓度与小麦的抗蚜级别呈显著负相关 ,与麦长管蚜的内禀增长率rm亦呈显著负相关 .借助麦长管蚜全纯人工饲料研究表明 ,丁布对麦长管蚜有明显的拒食性作用 .图 3表 2参

麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae F.)危害对春小麦面粉品质性状及面团流变学特性的影响

选用2个抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae F.)小麦材料及4个感蚜材料,利用人工接种方法研究了该蚜虫危害对小麦面粉品质的影响。结果表明,蚜虫取食对面粉颗粒度没有显著影响,但可引起小麦面粉灰分含量显著增加,蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、面团筋力、膨胀指数、面团延伸性、面团弹性、弹性指数显著降低,从而降低面粉品质。抗蚜小麦04-9284、C272及感蚜硬质小麦甘春20部分品质指标不发生变化或变化程度低于其他3个感蚜软质小麦。5个软质小麦蚜量高峰值与膨胀指数、面团弹性、SDS沉降值、面团筋力和蛋白质含量品质的降低幅度呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.9968、0.9619、0.9310、0.9108和0.8886,均达显著水平;与灰分含量、面团延伸性和弹性指数相关性不显著。甘肃兰州拉面专用品种甘春20在高密度蚜虫危害后,面粉品质下降,但依然符合该专用粉的最适品质要求。

用TOPSIS综合评价小麦种质资源对麦长管蚜的抗虫性

以107份小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种质资源为材料,分析了各基因型的抗麦长管蚜特征,共发现1份高抗材料和19份中抗材料。另外,对各供试材料的分蘖数、千粒重、抽穗期等10个小麦农艺性状指标进行了调查。经相关性检验发现,分蘖数和株高均与抗虫指数和抗虫级别呈极显著负相关。综合抗虫指数、抗虫级别和10个小麦农艺性状共12个特征数据进行TOPSIS分析,结果发现,来自伊朗的小麦品种PI 623081表现最好,其次是华麦8号、黔麦15和PI 634770等,新麦19的表现最差。研究结果对小麦的抗虫育种工作具有极其重要的指导意义。

捕食性天敌对禾缢管蚜和麦长管蚜存活率的影响

应用二次正交回归旋转组合设计方法,研究麦田生态系统中主要捕食性天敌龟纹瓢虫[Propyleajaponila(Thumberg)]成虫、异色瓢虫[Leisaxyridis(Pallas)]成虫、大灰食蚜蝇(SyrphuscorollaeFabricius)幼虫与禾缢管蚜[Rhopalosiphumpadi(Thumberg)]、麦长管蚜(SitobionavenaeKirby)共存条件下天敌对麦蚜的控制作用,从而建立天敌麦蚜捕食模型。该模型可反映麦蚜存活率与各参试因子之间的数量关系,不存在失拟因素。模型主效应分析表明:影响禾缢管蚜存活率的因子由大到小排序为异色瓢虫、自身密度、龟纹瓢虫、大灰食蚜蝇;影响麦长管蚜存活率的因子由大到小排序为异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、自身密度、大灰食蚜蝇。分析了天敌之间的相互作用及其对两种麦蚜的存活影响,初步建立了天敌控制麦蚜的最佳密度组合。

小麦品种对麦长管蚜抗性机制的研究

对16个小麦品种抗蚜性鉴定结果表明,品种旗叶中Gly.、Cys含量越高,有翅蚜的着落量越大,而Leu.、Ala.、Pro.含量越高,着落量越小;Gly.含量越高,r_m值越小,而Pro.、Met.、His.含量越高,r_m值越大Lys.、Val.、Cys.、Tyr.、Met.含量与蚜群发育历期有关,前2种含量越高,D值越大,后3种含量越高,D值越小His.、Tyr.、Lys.、Ala.含量与蚜群平均产仔量有关Cys.、Glu.、Gly.、Val.含量与平均产仔速率有关;品种耐害性强弱除与品种小穗密度有关外,也与品种旗叶中氨基酸含量密不可分,His.、Glu.、Lys.含量越高耐害性越差。而Pro.、Met.、Val.等含量越高,品种的耐害性越强。

吡虫啉对几种同翅目害虫的触杀毒力测定

测定我国新研制的杂环类杀虫剂吡虫啉对褐稻虱、棉蚜、麦蚜和菜蚜等同翅目害虫的触杀毒力，并与常用药剂甲胺磷和氧化乐果的触杀毒力进行比较。结果表明，吡虫啉对褐稻虱的触杀毒力明显高于甲胺磷；对棉蚜、麦蚜。

温度对麦长管蚜的影响

温度对麦长管蚜的影响汪世泽，郝树广（西北农业大学陕西杨陵７１２１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈＧｒａｉｎＡｐｈｉｄ￥．ＷａｎｇＳｈｉｚｅ；ＨａｏＳｈｕｇｕａｎｇ（ＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｙａｎｇｌｉｎｇ，ＳｈａａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ７１２１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，１９９３，１２（３）：５３－５６．ＩｎａｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｇｒａｉｎａｐｈｉｄ，ｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｒａｔｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｌｏｗｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆａｐｔｅｒａｅ，ａｎｄｔｈｅＶ（ｔ）ｏｆ４ｔｈｉｎｓｔａｒｏｆａｌａｔａｅｉｓｔｈｅＩｏｗｅｓｔ．Ｔｈｅａｌａｔａｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｔｏｂｅａｂｌｅｔｏｔｏｌｅｒ－ａｔｅａｗｉｄｅｒｒａｎｇｅｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｂｕｔｔｈｅｓｕｒｖｉｖａｌｃｕｒｖｅｉｓａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｔｌｙｂｙｉｔ．Ａｔｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｔｈｅｃｕｒｖｅｄｅｃｌｉｎｅｓｓｌｏｗｌｙ。

河南省主要小麦品种耐蚜性研究

为了研究河南省主要小麦品种的耐蚜能力,1998～1999年以11个有代表性的大面积推广品种为材料,在田间蚜虫自然严重发生状态下,以小麦千粒重损失率为测定指标,研究了小麦品种的耐蚜性及品种遗传背景对耐蚜性的影响。结果表明,在蚜虫危害条件下,河南省主要小麦品种的千粒重均有不同程度的降低,千粒重损失率平均达24.76%,最低值为15.99%,最高值为34.90%,但没有发现高抗蚜虫的品种;小麦品种间耐蚜性差异达极显著水平。百农64、偃展1号的耐蚜性最强,温麦6号的耐蚜性最弱。研究结果还表明,小麦品种耐蚜性主要受自身遗传背景的影响,亲本耐蚜性强的品种耐蚜性一般较强,亲本耐蚜性弱的品种耐蚜性一般较弱。

麦长管蚜的研究

麦长管蚜又称小麦长管蚜,是同翅目蚜科长管蚜属的昆虫,主要为害小麦、大麦、燕麦、莜麦等作物。麦长管蚜分布于亚洲、东非、欧洲、北美等地区,1年可发生10～20代以上,以无翅孤雌胎生雌蚜繁殖为主,有翅孤雌胎生雌蚜迁飞扩散。一般以成、若蚜为害植株,在茎、叶和穗部取食。叶片被害处呈浅黄色斑点,严重时造成黄叶、卷叶,甚至整株枯死;穗部受害,造成麦粒干瘪,小麦千粒重下降及严重减产。另外,麦长管蚜还可传播小麦病毒病。对麦长管蚜的防治应以农业防治为基础,关键时期采用药剂防治,注意选择农药品种,严格掌握施药技术,减少对天敌的杀伤。非小麦黄矮病流行区,重点抓小麦穗期防治;小麦黄矮病流行区,除进行穗期防治外,还应抓好苗期防治。

天水地区小麦病虫害综合防治技术研究

天水地区小麦病虫害以条锈病、白粉病和麦蚜为主。通过1986～1990年的研究,提出了一套适于该地区推广的以农业措施为基础,化学防治为重点,发挥品种本身抗性,保护、利用天敌的策略和配套的技术措施。在2万亩示范区实施5年,累计挽回小麦2766t,折合182.5万元,还有力地带动了天水市小麦病虫害综防工作,社会效益显著。

农药的生态安全特性指标Q方程的研究

以北京地区冬小麦麦田的麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavenae (Fabricius)与七星瓢虫Coccinellaseptem punctataLinnaeus幼虫为实验材料 ,选择抗蚜威、乐果、氰戊菊酯 3种常用农药 ,改传统的死亡几率值为存活几率值 ,得到 6条剂量对数—存活几率值回归直线和 6个方程。定义特定农药的不同剂量下害虫与天敌存活率比值叫生态安全系数Q。利用Origin 5.0软件上机对 3个Q(x)方程绘图 ,直观地显示了不同农药种类的差异。田间实验证明 ,防治前后的害虫益虫比值与Q方程计算值基本吻合。

麦长管蚜实验群种的研究

麦长管蚜是我国华北冬麦区的重要害虫,为制订出防治麦长管蚜的最优决策,我们进行了麦长管蚜实验种群的研究,分析了麦长管蚜与主要环境因子温度、湿度之间的关系,并建立了依赖于温度、湿度的麦长管蚜生长发育模型和内禀增长率模型.为预测麦长管蚜的发生动态提供了依据,为防治麦长管蚜最优决策的提出奠定了基础.

麦长管蚜的序贯二项式分类抽样设计与管理决策优化：样本单位虫口数阈的重要性

依据１９８８～１９９１年间对麦长管蚜（Ｓｉｔｏｂｉｏｎａｖｅｎａｅ）种群的抽样数据和新的抽样理论而设计了用样本单位（分蘖株）虫口数阈Ｔ（每株不超过Ｔ头蚜虫，Ｔ≥０）进行样本分类的序贯二项式分类抽样方案，用于蚜害的管理决策。负载不超过Ｔ头蚜虫的植株比例（ＰＴ）与种群密度（ｍ，头／株）的关系通过拟合经验式ｌｎ［－ｌｎ（ＰＴ）］＝ａ＋ｂｌｎ（ｍ）和负二项分布的概率模型而建立。一系列Ｔ值（０～２５）和３个干扰阈限即经济危害水平（２．５和１０头／株）用于抽样方案的设计和比较，以优化麦作不同生育期控制蚜害的决定。抽样设计的可靠程度和经济性状分别由运行特征（ＯＣ）函数和平均样本数（ＡＳＮ）函数判别。结果显示，各干扰阈限的抽样设计随Ｔ值的增大而愈趋合理。传统的０－ｌ抽样（Ｔ＝０）被证明错误决策的风险很大，所需样本数最多，应当摒弃。考虑到Ｔ过大会增加处理单位样本的时间，作者建议使用略高于干扰阈限的Ｔ值进行麦蚜的分类抽样和田间管理决策。

4种杀虫剂拌种对小麦蚜虫的防治效果及其安全性研究

为科学使用杀虫剂防治小麦蚜虫,采用拌种的方法对4种药剂防治小麦蚜虫的效果进行比较,并对其安全性和小麦千粒质量进行测定。结果表明,70%吡虫啉WS 2.1 g/kg、70%噻虫嗪ZF4.2 g/kg和18%噻虫胺FS 4.2 g/kg 3个药剂处理对蚜虫表现出非常好的防控效果和超长持效期,一次拌种均能较好地将小麦全生长季蚜虫种群控制在防治指标之下,防治效果保持在93.18%以上,持效期长达7个月之久,且小麦千粒质量增加19.73%~27.24%,籽粒中无农药残留或远低于国家标准。50%吡蚜酮WP 2.1~8.4 g/kg拌种对全生长季麦蚜的防治效果为54.14%~99.79%,在相同剂量条件下持效期远低于吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和噻虫胺。因此,70%吡虫啉WS 2.1 g/kg、70%噻虫嗪ZF 4.2 g/kg和18%噻虫胺FS 4.2 g/kg是拌种防治小麦蚜虫的较优药剂处理。

几种菊醋类农药对麦长管蚜的室内毒力测定

本试验采用了敌杀死、功夫、灭扫利、来福灵四种菊酯类农药，并以大田常用农药氧化乐果为对照，对宁夏平罗、永宁、吴忠三地区麦长管蚜进行室内毒力测定。结果表明，三地区功夫乳油对小麦蚜虫的毒力为最高，灭扫利为最低，以平罗县麦长管蚜对五种农药的抗性为最高。

害虫“累积存活率”新指标及其应用

提出一新的衡量害虫存活率指标“累积存活率”，该指标不仅能反映害虫在不同作物品种上存活率的动态变化特征，而且将虫态结构及其危害特征纳入其中，能反映出害虫在不同作物品种上的持续危害特征。具体应用该指标，分析了麦长管蚜在５个小麦品种上的累积存活率动态变化情况，为品种的抗蚜性综合决策分析提供了因素指标。

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