Low-Level Antibiotic Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Pathogens from Infected Skin and Soft Tissues in Rural Kenya

Introduction: Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a cause of frequent inpatient and outpatient care visits whose causative agents are associated with a high antimicrobial resistance burden. For insights on antimicrobial susceptibilities in a rural setting, we examined specimens from suspected SSTIs from two public health facilities in Kenya. We additionally assessed antibiotic use, appropriateness of empiric therapy and risk factors for SSTI. Methodology: Between 2021 and 2023, 265 patients at Kisii and Nyamira County Referral hospitals were enrolled. Wound swabs/aspirates were collected and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed using the VITEK 2 Compact platform. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were analyzed with R Statistical software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 16.2% (43/265) of patients with a methicillin resistance (MRSA) proportion of 14% (6/43). While 13/15 drugs elicited susceptibilities ranging from 84% - 100%, penicillin (16%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP-SXT] (23%) yielded the lowest susceptibilities. Escherichia coli (n = 33), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 8), and Citrobacter species (n = 4) were the most commonly isolated gram-negative species. Gram-negative strains showed high susceptibilities to most of the tested drugs (71% - 100%) with the exception of ampicillin (18%), TMP-SXT (33%), and first and second generation cephalosporins. Conclusions: The low MRSA prevalence and generally high antibiotic susceptibilities for S. aureus and gram-negative bacteria present opportunities for antibiotic stewardship in the study setting. Diminished susceptibilities against penicillin/ampicillin and TMP-SXT accord with prevailing local data and add a layer of evidence for their cautious empiric use.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Iodine Capture of a Yttrium(Ⅲ) Coordination Polymer with 5-Aminonicotinic Acid

A new coordination polymer, [（C（18）H（16）N4O（18）Y2）（H2O）]n, has been hydrothermally synthesized by reacting yttrium（Ⅲ） nitrate with 5-aminonicotinic acid and ammonium oxalate at a molar ratio of 1：1：1, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography with the following data： monoclinic system, space group C2/c, a = 13.4507（10）, b = 11.5829（9）, c = 16.3448（9） ？, a= 89.983（6）, β = 109.056（6）, g = 90.047（6）°, Z = 4, V = 2406.92（14） ？~3, F（000） = 1536, Dc = 2.13079 g/cm^3, R = 0.0284（1695） and w R = 0.0787（2014）. In the asymmetric unit of the compound, each Y（Ⅲ） ion is bonded to eight oxygen atoms from 5-aminonicotinic acid and oxalate groups and terminal-coordinated water molecule, resembling a highly distorted tricapped trigonal geometry. Adjacent three yttrium atoms are bridged by three identically independent oxalate groups in a side-by-side manner to form brickwall-like 2D sheets, and these sheets are further linked through π-π stacking interactions to generate a 3D supramolecular network. The photoluminescent property of the complex was investigated and the iodine capture studies show that the porous frameworks have reversible absorption ability for iodine molecule.

Iodine deficiency and women’s health: Colonialism’s malign effect on health in Oromia region, in Ethiopia

Objectives: Iodine is an essential nutrient needed for the synthesis of hormone thyroxin. Hormone thyroxin is involved in the metabolism of several nutrients, the regulation of enzymes and differentiation of cells, tissues and organs. Iodine deficiency (ID) impairs the development of the brain and nervous system. It affects cognitive capacity, educability, productivity and child mortality. ID hinders physical strength and causes reproductive failure. The objective of this paper is to explore if the health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Design: Using primary data (notes from a visit) and secondary data, this paper examines if the effects of ID are more common and severe among Oromo women inEthiopia. Findings: The health impacts of ID are more common and severe among women. Conclusions: ID is an easily preventable nutritional problem. In Oromia, the persistence of ID is explained by the Ethiopian government’s colonial social policies. Preventing ID should be seen as part of the efforts we make to enhance capacity building, promote health, gender equity and social justice. Implications: Iodine deficiency has a wide range of biological, social, economic and cultural impacts. Preventing ID can be instrumental in bringing about gender equity and building the capacity of people.

Phylogenetic Diversity and Evaluation the Effectiveness of Indigenous <i>Bradyrhizobium</i>Strains for Myanmar Black Gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i>L. Hepper) Cultivars

Black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is one of the main leguminous crops that provide chief source of food. Several Bradyrhizobium species are able to induce effective nodules in black gram cultivars. In the present study, we characterized forty isolates of indigenous black gram bradyrhizobia from Myanmar based on the sequence analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The sequence analysis confirmed that all isolates were categorized and identified as the genus Bradyrhizobium and they were conspecific with B. elkanii, B. sp., B. liaoningense, B. japonicum and B. yunamingense. Almost all the collected isolates from major black gram growing regions of Nyaunglebin Bago Regio, Chaungzon Mon State, Sittwe Rakhine State, Danubyu Ayeyarwady Region and Launglon Tanintharyi Region were identified as B. liaoningense. At Danubyu Ayeyarwady Region and Pyinmanar Nay Pyi Taw Region, most of the strains were identified as B. japonicum. On the other hand, more or less all the isolates from Launglon Tanintharyi Region and Hpa-an Kayin State were related to B. elkanii. However, all B. sp. strains were found in Salingyi Sagaing Region black gram growing region. This is the first report describing Bradyrhizobium strains that were isolated from soil samples of major black gram growing areas in Myanmar. Evaluation of the effectiveness of Myanmar Bradyrhizobim strains isolated from soil samples of major black gram growing areas of Myanmar for plant growth and nitrogen fixation was studied in pot experiments with completely randomized design and three replicates. The nodule dry weight, shoot dry weight and acetylene reduction activity of the plant inoculated with Bradyrhizobium elkanii LauBG38 were significantly higher in ARA per plant, nodule and shoot dry weights than the other tested isolates in both Yezin-4 and Yezin-7 black gram varieties. We expect that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium elkanii LauBG38 will be able to use as Biofertilizer for black gram cultivars.

Jenkins定理的一个推广

利用Gram矩阵的正定性 ,建立了广义的Jenkins型不等式 .

内积空间中Gram矩阵的半正定性

首先将Euclid空间与酉空间中基的Gram矩阵概念作了推广 ,得到内积空间中向量组的Gram矩阵 ,讨论了Gram矩阵的半正定性 ,最后给出内积空间中关于Gram行列式的不等式 .

关于Heisenberg不等式的推式

利用改进了的H lder不等式,对Heisenberg不等式进行了改进和推广.作为它的应用,给出了W eyl不等式的一种推广.

应用16 S rRNA基因序列分析快速鉴定临床标本中的革兰氏阳性杆菌

目的探索一种快速鉴定临床标本中革兰氏阳性杆菌的方法。方法利用PCR技术扩增待检菌株的16 S rRNA基因序列,通过分析待检菌株的16 S rRNA基因序列对其进行鉴定。结果 5株待检菌株的16 S rRNA基因序列均成功扩增,其中4株的16 S rRNA基因序列与基因库中已注册的核酸序列相似率达99.9%以上,将其鉴定到种的水平,1株的16 S rRNA基因序列与基因库中雷弗森菌属的核酸序列相似率为97.09%,将其鉴定为雷弗森菌属。结论应用16 S rRNA基因序列分析可快速、准确地鉴定临床标本中的革兰氏阳性杆菌。

Meso-substituted cationic 3-and 4-N-Pyridylporphyrins and their Zn(II)derivatives for antibacterial photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms known as antibacterial photodynamic therapy(APDT)is one of the most promising and innovative approaches for the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms.Among the photosensitizers(PSs),compounds based on cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins are most successfully used to inactivate microorganisms.Series of meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins and metalloporphyrins with various peripheral groups in the third and fourth positions of the pyrrole ring have been synthesized in Armenia.The aim of this work was to determine and test the most e®ective cationic porphyrins and metalloporphyrins with high photoactivity against Gram negative and Gram positive microorganisms.It was shown that the synthesized cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins exhibit a high degree of phototoxicity towards both types of bacteria,including the methicillinresistant S.aureus strain.Zinc complexes of porphyrins are more phototoxic than metal-free porphyrin analogs.The e®ectiveness of these Zn–metalloporphyrins on bacteria is consistent with the level of singlet oxygen generation.It was found that the high antibacterial activity of the studied cationic porphyrins/metalloporphyrins depends on four factors:the presence in the porphyrin macrocycle of a positive charge(+4),a central metal atom(Zn2þÞand hydrophobic peripheral functional groups as well as high values of quantum yields of singlet oxygen.The results indicate that meso-substituted cationic pyridylporphyrins/metalloporphyrins cannd wider application in photoinactivation of bacteria than anionic or neutral PSs usually used in APDT.

Direct construction of sulfenylated pyrazoles catalyzed by I_2 at room temperature

An iodine‐catalyzed sulfenylation of pyrazoles at room temperature is described,in which a variety of pyrazoles were well tolerated and the desired products were obtained in good to excellent yields.

(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷的合成及红外光谱研究

从L-苹果酸出发,经过与苄胺缩合反应得到(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷-2,5-二酮,再通过硼氢化钠-碘体系还原制得重要的医药中间体(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷。采用红外光谱法对原料、中间体及产物进行了测试并对硼氢化钠-碘体系还原酰亚胺的机理进行了研究。通过比较原料、中间体及产物相应特征吸收峰的消失或是出现,可知所得的产物为(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷;还原机理研究表明,硼氢化钠在碘催化下生成的硼烷与酰亚胺中的羰基形成四元环状过渡态,同时另外一分子硼烷与酰亚胺中的氮原子形成N-BH3复合物,然后羰基还原完全,得到(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷-硼烷复合物,最后在甲醇作用下脱去硼烷得到最终产物。

Chibuike O Chigbu, MD, Series EditorTrends in cervical cancer screening in developing countries

Developing countries suffer the highest burden of cervical cancers but have the lowest resources. Effective cervical cytology screening programme, along with a network of diagnostic and therapeutic colposcopy centres, like developed countries, is almost impossible to be reproduced in developing countries. Visual inspection methods [e.g., Visual inspection with Lugol's iodine(VILI) and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid(VIA)] which are cheaper, require less expertise and have the advantage of possible treatment in one setting have been shown to be effective alternatives. The sensitivity to detect CIN2+, by VIA and VILI, have been shown to be 80% and 91% respectively, with a specificity rate of 92% and 85% respectively. Screening by human papillomavirus(HPV) testing has high sensitivity(96.4%) but low specificity(94.1%) to detect CIN2+, when compared to Pap Smear(sensitivity, 55.4% and specificity, 96.8%). A single lifetime HPV testing in a large unscreened population has been shown to significantlyreduce cervical cancer incidence and mortality when compared to cervical cytology, VIA or no screening. HPV testing of self-collected vaginal specimens also helps to overcome religious and socio-cultural barriers towards pelvic examination amongst women in developing countries. Current HPV testing methods are expensive, skill/infrastructure demanding and takes time to produce results. A cheaper HPV test, called careH PV?, which is able to provide results within 2.5 h and requires minimal skill/infrastructure to operate, was designed for use in developing countries. One stop screen and treat facilities using VIA or rapid HPV testing, and cryotherapy, can overcome non-compliance to follow-up which is a major issue in developing countries. Cure rates of 81.4% for CIN1, 71.4% for CIN2 and 68.0% for CIN3 at 6 mo after treatment have been reported. Incorporating telemedicine with cervicography of VIA or VILI or even telecolposcopy, has great potential in cervical cancer screening, especially in countries with vast geographical areas.

聚维酮碘口腔预处理对全麻下老年脊柱手术患者口咽部病原菌和下呼吸道感染的影响

目的探讨0.5%聚维酮碘口腔预处理对气管插管全麻下老年脊柱手术患者口咽部病原菌变化和下呼吸道感染的影响。方法选取在气管插管全麻下行脊柱手术的264例患者为研究对象,按照单双数将其分为对照组(麻醉前用0.9%生理盐水口腔清洁预处理)和观察组(麻醉前用0.5%聚维酮碘口腔清洁预处理),每组132例。统计2组患者的手术类型、ASA分级、手术部位、气管插管机械通气时间及手术时间等手术和麻醉情况。手术结束时,取2组患者咽拭子、痰液及导管套囊黏附物进行病原菌培养,统计2组病原菌检出及住院期间下呼吸道感染情况。结果2组患者的手术类型、ASA分级、手术部位、气管插管机械通气时间及手术时间等手术和麻醉情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。364例患者中共57例检出病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌38例,革兰氏阳性菌18例,真菌1例。对照组患者咽拭子、痰液、导管套囊黏附物病原菌检出率显著高于观察组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后下呼吸道感染率为2.27%,低于对照组的9.85%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在麻醉前使用0.5%聚维酮碘消毒液口腔预处理,能降低气管插管全麻下老年脊柱手术患者口咽部病原菌检出率,减少下呼吸道感染。

脑电数据近似熵与样本熵特征对比研究

近似熵和样本熵均是量化时间序列复杂性的重要指标,通过两组数据集讨论近似熵与样本熵哪种更适合作为脑电特征。实验结果表明,样本熵作为特征比近似熵能更恰当反映情绪活动存在的差异,差异电极主要集中在大脑前额;以样本熵为分类特征识别嗜酒成瘾者与正常人的平均准确率为80.25%,高于近似熵为分类特征的74.25%,且样本熵算法的计算时间比近似熵算法几乎节约一半。相对于近似熵来说,样本熵更适合作为脑电特征。

革兰染色后阴道毛滴虫形态的光镜观察

目的 显微镜观察阴道毛滴虫的生长环境和形态特征。方法 采集滴虫性阴道炎患者阴道分泌物，涂片，革兰染色后，光镜下观察分泌物特征及阴道毛滴虫形态。结果低倍镜下，阴道分泌物涂片呈云雾状；白细胞多，类似滴虫的“小体”混杂于白细胞中，染深红色，边缘清晰，周围无粘液而形成一圈透亮的“光环”；当白细胞较少时，“小体”常分布在上皮细胞附近，呈椭圆形或尾形。油镜下，滴虫体积约为白细胞的2～3倍，梨形、圆形、椭圆形、尾形或不规则形，胞浆呈红色泡沫状；胞核小、椭圆形，位于虫体前端约1／3处；近胞核端可具4根前鞭毛。结论在光学显微镜下，经革兰染色的滴虫性阴道分泌物及阴道毛滴虫显示特定的形态特征，有利于明确诊断滴虫性阴道炎，减少漏诊。

四川省碘缺乏病的空间自相关性

目的 :研究四川省碘缺乏病在不同地理位置上的空间相关性情况。方法 :对四川省 2 0 0 0年地方性甲状腺肿大率进行 Box-cox变换 ,并分别计算原始及变换后的甲状腺肿大率的 Moran s I和 Geary s C两个统计量。结果 :原始数据及变换后的数据的 Moran s I统计量分别为 0 .2 0 8、 0 .2 3 8和 Geary s C统计量分别为 0 .73 5、 0 .73 8,且都有统计学意义。结论

关于Hardy-Hilbert不等式的一个改进

本文研究关于重级数型Hardy-Hilbert不等式改进的问题.引入可变单位向量的概念,利用Gram矩阵的正定性创建了一个新的不等式.借助于Euler-Maclaurin求和公式,得到了Hardy-Hilbert不等式的结果.当p=2时,给出了经典的Hilbert重级数定理的一个改进.

基于斜分倒数交叉熵和蜂群优化的火焰图像阈值选取

提出了基于斜分倒数交叉熵和蜂群优化的火焰图像阈值选取方法以便更为准确地分割火焰图像。以最小倒数交叉熵作为阈值选取准则，解决了Shannon熵定义中存在的无意义值问题。同时，以二维直方图斜分方式更加准确地划分目标和背景，提高了算法抗噪性能，且使需要选取的阈值个数由两个变为一个，减少了算法运行时间。此外，采用蜂群优化算法加速对最佳阈值的搜索，使速度提升了约80％～140％，进一步提高了算法的实时性。最后，针对火焰图像进行了大量实验，并与二维斜分最大Shannon熵法、基于混沌小生境粒子群优化（NCPS0）的二维斜分最大倒数熵法进行了比较。结果表明，提出的方法在分割效果上优势明显，且抗噪性能更好，是一种实时有效的火焰图像分割方法。

不同方法诊断细菌性阴道病的价值比较

目的比较Amsel’s标准方法、CY-Bvset三联检测、革兰氏染色评分法对细菌性阴道炎的诊断价值。方法对758例门诊妇女阴道分泌物标本进行常规Amsel’s标准方法检测、CY-Bvset三联检测(过氧化氢浓度试验、唾液酸苷酶活性试验、白细胞酯酶活性试验)以及革兰氏染色评分法试验。结果758例受检者Amsel’s标准法检出细菌性阴道病89例,占11.7%;革兰氏染色评分法检出109例,占14.4%;CY-Bvset三联检测出135例,占17.8%。CY-Bvset三联检测阳性率与Amsel’s标准法比较,两者有显著性差异(χ2=11.08,P<0.01);革兰氏染色评分法检出阳性率与Amsel’s标准法比较,两者无显著性差异(χ2=4.32,P>0.05)。CY-Bvset三联检测检测结果敏感性为97.8%(87/89)、特异性为92.8%(621/669);革兰氏染色评分检测结果敏感性为85.4%(76/89)、特异性为95.1%(636/669)。结论CY-Bvset三联检测与Amsel’s标准方法和革兰氏染色评分法相比具有敏感性高、特异性较强、操作较简便、设备简单和快速等优点,可为临床诊治细菌性阴道病提供新的参考依据。

高效阴离子色谱分离-积分脉冲安培法测定地质样品中总碘

采用高效阴离子色谱分离-积分脉冲安培法测定地质样品中总碘的含量。采用碳酸钠-氧化锌烧结方法分解样品,烧结温度为700℃。以亚硫酸钠溶液作为还原剂,以氢氧化钠溶液为淋洗液,在IonPac AG11和IonPac AS11阴离子交换柱上分离。碘的质量分数在0.16~50μg·g-1范围内与其峰高呈线性关系,检出限（3s）为0.08μg·g-1。方法应用于国家标准物质的测定,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差（n=12）在2.7%~7.3%之间。