The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed...The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed that there were great differences between pollen and leaf epiderm microcosmic morphology in three species. Such characteristics of Octoploid tnticalwere between those of common wheat and Rye. The morphology of pollen grain and leaf epiderm shape counld be used as an index for taxonomy for genera and species, and had somewhat scientif- ic references to identify new multiploid species created by chromosome engineering.展开更多
A systematic study for eleven tribes of Gramineae surveyed 34 characters including fruit morphology, fruit anatomy and palynology. The results were conducted to some numerical analysis aspects. On the basis of UPGMA (...A systematic study for eleven tribes of Gramineae surveyed 34 characters including fruit morphology, fruit anatomy and palynology. The results were conducted to some numerical analysis aspects. On the basis of UPGMA (Unpaired Group Method of Average) clustering and PCA (Principal component analysis), the results show congruence between the UPGMA clustering and PCA method, in suggesting two major clads/groups and five subclads.展开更多
Ferulic acid(FA)and p-coumaric acid(pCA)in bagasse,wheat straw,corn straw,and corncob were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography(GC)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).It...Ferulic acid(FA)and p-coumaric acid(pCA)in bagasse,wheat straw,corn straw,and corncob were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography(GC)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).It was found that the FA and most of the pCA in gramineous biomass could be dissociated and released after being treated with 1 M NaOH at 100℃for 4 h.The yields of pCA/FA in bagasse,wheat straw,corn straw,and corncob determined by GC-FID are 39.8/11.5,13.7/11.0,28.0/11.0,and 35.1/14.5 mg/g,respectively.The raw materials and the treated solid residues were characterized by gel-state 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(2D HSQC NMR).It was found that only a small amount of lignin was detected in the residue after alkali treatment,indicating that the alkali treatment conditions can effectively cleave the FA and pCA.Additionally,the lignin in the alkali solution was recovered and characterized by 2D HSQC NMR.The FA was not able to be detected by NMR,whereas a small amount of pCA remained in the alkali lignin.This study reveals the structural change of residual lignins during the quantitative isolation of FA and pCA,which is essential for the selective isolation of pCA/FA and valorization of residual alkali lignin.展开更多
Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases in cruciferous crops worldwide. New strategies are urgently needed to control this disease, as no effective dise...Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases in cruciferous crops worldwide. New strategies are urgently needed to control this disease, as no effective disease-resistant varieties or chemical control agents exist. Previously, we found that the incidence rate and disease index of clubroot in oilseed rape decreased by 50 and 40%, respectively, when oilseed rape was planted after soybean. In order to understand how different rotation patterns affect the occurrence of clubroot in oilseed rape, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the rhizosphere microbial community of oilseed rape planted after leguminous (soybean, clover), gramineous (rice, maize) and cruciferous (oilseed rape, Chinese cabbage) crops. Results showed that planting soybeans before oilseed rape significantly increased the population density of microbes that could inhibit P. brassicae (e.g., Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Trichoderma). Conversely, consecutive cultivation of cruciferous crops significantly accumulated plant pathogens, including P. brassicae, Olpidium and Colletotrichum (P<0.05). These results will help to develop the most effective rotation pattern for reducing clubroot damage.展开更多
The grass family(Poaceae and Gramineae)is comprised of over 11,500 species classified in 12 subfamilies,52 tribes,90 subtribes,and more than 768 genera,making this family the third most abundant flowering plant in num...The grass family(Poaceae and Gramineae)is comprised of over 11,500 species classified in 12 subfamilies,52 tribes,90 subtribes,and more than 768 genera,making this family the third most abundant flowering plant in number of genera[1].Grass species,besides cereal grasses as food crops,are economically,environmentally,ecologically,recreationally,and aesthetically important in a wide range of applications including,but not limited to,cultivated grasses for turfgrass,forage,pasture,ornamental landscape,biofuel feedstocks,and wild grasses in natural grassland,woodlands,and deserts.The non-food grass species touch everyone’s lives directly and indirectly by serving multiple functions and benefits to humankind and society,such as beautifying landscapes,protecting the environment,enhancing human physical health,improving human recreational activities,providing feed for livestock and wildlife,serving as an alternative source of energy for bioenergy feedstock,and providing a natural habitat for wildlife[2,3,4,5,6].展开更多
The palynolpgical study on the Quaternary sediments of 42 cores in the region of the Yangtze River Delta and the sections of 4 relics had been done since 1960. Palynological assemblages from the region of the Yangtze ...The palynolpgical study on the Quaternary sediments of 42 cores in the region of the Yangtze River Delta and the sections of 4 relics had been done since 1960. Palynological assemblages from the region of the Yangtze River Delta, showing obviously .common characteristics but with slight differences because of the vast areas covered, can be divided into five spores and pollen zones and three subzones in ascendant order:I.Quercus alienc-Pinus-Cupressaceae-Chenopodiaceae spores and pollen zone reflecting the cool, then cold and dry climate--Preboreal.II.Quercus dentata-Quefcus acutissima-Pinus-Castanea-Artemisia spores and pollen zone reflecting the temperate and cool, but a little dry climate--Boreal.III.Quercus glauca-Caslanopsis-Myrica-Caslanea spores and pollen zone reflecting the hot and moist climate--Atlantic.IV.Quercus acutissima-Pinus-Castanea-Quercus glauca- Chenopodiaceae spores and pollen zone reflecting the warm, and a little dry climate--Subboreal.V.Quercus acutissima-Costarica-Quercus展开更多
Acoustic communication is essential for anuran survival and reproduction, and masking background noise can affect the effective acoustic communication. The larger odorous frog(Odorrana graminea) inhabits noise montane...Acoustic communication is essential for anuran survival and reproduction, and masking background noise can affect the effective acoustic communication. The larger odorous frog(Odorrana graminea) inhabits noise montane streams, and it has shown an ultrasound communication adaptation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying their ultrasonic hearing adaptation remains unknown. To characterize and investigate the molecular characteristics and evolution of the high-frequency hearing-sensitive gene(KCNQ4) in O. graminea, termed as OgKCNQ4, the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) was performed to amplify the cDNA of OgKCNQ4. Different bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate the molecular characteristics. Multiple nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment were conducted, and phylogenies were reconstructed under the maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The full-length cDNA of OgKCNQ4 was 2065 bp, and the open reading frame(ORF) was 2046 bp encoding for a putative protein with 681 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of OgKCNQ4 was 76.453 kD and the putative PI was 9.69. Secondary structure prediction analyses suggested 42.29% alpha helixes and 43.76% random coils in OgKCNQ4. Gene homology and Phylogenetic analyses revealed the closest relationship between OgKCNQ4 and KCNQ4 of Nanorana parkeri with 96.9% similarity and 95.0% identity. We first determined the full-length cDNA of OgKCNQ4 and the results here could provide foundations for further study on the evolution of KCNQ4 and its relationship to ultrasonic communication in amphibians.展开更多
Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global d...Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.展开更多
The rate of respiratory allergic diseases is high. Statitics show that with the people in the United States, the rate of the diseases caused by pollen grains alone is as high as 10％. The rate of the asthmatic bronchi...The rate of respiratory allergic diseases is high. Statitics show that with the people in the United States, the rate of the diseases caused by pollen grains alone is as high as 10％. The rate of the asthmatic bronchitis is 5％ and it often causes complications. The health and work of people have been highly impaired. Pollen grains are the main aspiratory allergens in atmosphere. Therefore, to effectively prevent, diagnose and cure respiratory allergic diseases, we should, first of all,展开更多
The reddish-brown fossil soil layers are well-developed in the loess of our country, covering more than 40 layers in some sections. Because the sporopollen grains found in these layers are few in quantity for a long t...The reddish-brown fossil soil layers are well-developed in the loess of our country, covering more than 40 layers in some sections. Because the sporopollen grains found in these layers are few in quantity for a long time in the past, it has been considered that they belong to the fossil soil similar to drab soil and are developed under the veg-展开更多
The investigation of wild species of cultivated plants and their original habitats is one of the phases of the study on the origin and evolution of plants. On Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, known as the world’s roof...The investigation of wild species of cultivated plants and their original habitats is one of the phases of the study on the origin and evolution of plants. On Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, known as the world’s roof, there can be found a lot of plant resources. Thus explorations were made by us, together with Guo Benzhao (郭本兆), in Qinghai in 1978 and shortly afterwards in Xizang in 1979. Many specimens of wild species which are connected with the origin of some crops were collected and described as below. Gramineae: wild barley, i.e. Hordeum spon taneum, H. agriocrithon, H. lagunculiforme, H. bulbosum. H. brevisnbulatum; wild oat,展开更多
文摘The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed that there were great differences between pollen and leaf epiderm microcosmic morphology in three species. Such characteristics of Octoploid tnticalwere between those of common wheat and Rye. The morphology of pollen grain and leaf epiderm shape counld be used as an index for taxonomy for genera and species, and had somewhat scientif- ic references to identify new multiploid species created by chromosome engineering.
文摘A systematic study for eleven tribes of Gramineae surveyed 34 characters including fruit morphology, fruit anatomy and palynology. The results were conducted to some numerical analysis aspects. On the basis of UPGMA (Unpaired Group Method of Average) clustering and PCA (Principal component analysis), the results show congruence between the UPGMA clustering and PCA method, in suggesting two major clads/groups and five subclads.
基金grateful for the financial support for this work from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870560,22108088)the State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(South China University of Technology),No.202105.
文摘Ferulic acid(FA)and p-coumaric acid(pCA)in bagasse,wheat straw,corn straw,and corncob were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography(GC)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).It was found that the FA and most of the pCA in gramineous biomass could be dissociated and released after being treated with 1 M NaOH at 100℃for 4 h.The yields of pCA/FA in bagasse,wheat straw,corn straw,and corncob determined by GC-FID are 39.8/11.5,13.7/11.0,28.0/11.0,and 35.1/14.5 mg/g,respectively.The raw materials and the treated solid residues were characterized by gel-state 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(2D HSQC NMR).It was found that only a small amount of lignin was detected in the residue after alkali treatment,indicating that the alkali treatment conditions can effectively cleave the FA and pCA.Additionally,the lignin in the alkali solution was recovered and characterized by 2D HSQC NMR.The FA was not able to be detected by NMR,whereas a small amount of pCA remained in the alkali lignin.This study reveals the structural change of residual lignins during the quantitative isolation of FA and pCA,which is essential for the selective isolation of pCA/FA and valorization of residual alkali lignin.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0200600)the Financial Innovation Capacity Enhancement Project in Sichuan Province,China(2019QNJJ-011)the National Modern Agricultural Industry technology System of Sichuan Rape Innovation Team,China(2019-2023).
文摘Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases in cruciferous crops worldwide. New strategies are urgently needed to control this disease, as no effective disease-resistant varieties or chemical control agents exist. Previously, we found that the incidence rate and disease index of clubroot in oilseed rape decreased by 50 and 40%, respectively, when oilseed rape was planted after soybean. In order to understand how different rotation patterns affect the occurrence of clubroot in oilseed rape, high-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the rhizosphere microbial community of oilseed rape planted after leguminous (soybean, clover), gramineous (rice, maize) and cruciferous (oilseed rape, Chinese cabbage) crops. Results showed that planting soybeans before oilseed rape significantly increased the population density of microbes that could inhibit P. brassicae (e.g., Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyces and Trichoderma). Conversely, consecutive cultivation of cruciferous crops significantly accumulated plant pathogens, including P. brassicae, Olpidium and Colletotrichum (P<0.05). These results will help to develop the most effective rotation pattern for reducing clubroot damage.
文摘The grass family(Poaceae and Gramineae)is comprised of over 11,500 species classified in 12 subfamilies,52 tribes,90 subtribes,and more than 768 genera,making this family the third most abundant flowering plant in number of genera[1].Grass species,besides cereal grasses as food crops,are economically,environmentally,ecologically,recreationally,and aesthetically important in a wide range of applications including,but not limited to,cultivated grasses for turfgrass,forage,pasture,ornamental landscape,biofuel feedstocks,and wild grasses in natural grassland,woodlands,and deserts.The non-food grass species touch everyone’s lives directly and indirectly by serving multiple functions and benefits to humankind and society,such as beautifying landscapes,protecting the environment,enhancing human physical health,improving human recreational activities,providing feed for livestock and wildlife,serving as an alternative source of energy for bioenergy feedstock,and providing a natural habitat for wildlife[2,3,4,5,6].
文摘The palynolpgical study on the Quaternary sediments of 42 cores in the region of the Yangtze River Delta and the sections of 4 relics had been done since 1960. Palynological assemblages from the region of the Yangtze River Delta, showing obviously .common characteristics but with slight differences because of the vast areas covered, can be divided into five spores and pollen zones and three subzones in ascendant order:I.Quercus alienc-Pinus-Cupressaceae-Chenopodiaceae spores and pollen zone reflecting the cool, then cold and dry climate--Preboreal.II.Quercus dentata-Quefcus acutissima-Pinus-Castanea-Artemisia spores and pollen zone reflecting the temperate and cool, but a little dry climate--Boreal.III.Quercus glauca-Caslanopsis-Myrica-Caslanea spores and pollen zone reflecting the hot and moist climate--Atlantic.IV.Quercus acutissima-Pinus-Castanea-Quercus glauca- Chenopodiaceae spores and pollen zone reflecting the warm, and a little dry climate--Subboreal.V.Quercus acutissima-Costarica-Quercus
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China to ZC (Grants U1404306 and 31601848), XHC (Grant 31572245, 31372164 and 31872220)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation to ZC (2016M600580)+1 种基金the Excellent Young Scholars Fund of HNNU to ZC (YQ201706)the Young Backbone Teachers Fund of HNNU to ZC
文摘Acoustic communication is essential for anuran survival and reproduction, and masking background noise can affect the effective acoustic communication. The larger odorous frog(Odorrana graminea) inhabits noise montane streams, and it has shown an ultrasound communication adaptation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying their ultrasonic hearing adaptation remains unknown. To characterize and investigate the molecular characteristics and evolution of the high-frequency hearing-sensitive gene(KCNQ4) in O. graminea, termed as OgKCNQ4, the rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE) was performed to amplify the cDNA of OgKCNQ4. Different bioinformatics analyses were used to investigate the molecular characteristics. Multiple nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment were conducted, and phylogenies were reconstructed under the maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The full-length cDNA of OgKCNQ4 was 2065 bp, and the open reading frame(ORF) was 2046 bp encoding for a putative protein with 681 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of OgKCNQ4 was 76.453 kD and the putative PI was 9.69. Secondary structure prediction analyses suggested 42.29% alpha helixes and 43.76% random coils in OgKCNQ4. Gene homology and Phylogenetic analyses revealed the closest relationship between OgKCNQ4 and KCNQ4 of Nanorana parkeri with 96.9% similarity and 95.0% identity. We first determined the full-length cDNA of OgKCNQ4 and the results here could provide foundations for further study on the evolution of KCNQ4 and its relationship to ultrasonic communication in amphibians.
基金supported by funds from Eberly College of Science and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University and from grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770242 and 31970224)funds from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University.
文摘Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.
文摘The rate of respiratory allergic diseases is high. Statitics show that with the people in the United States, the rate of the diseases caused by pollen grains alone is as high as 10％. The rate of the asthmatic bronchitis is 5％ and it often causes complications. The health and work of people have been highly impaired. Pollen grains are the main aspiratory allergens in atmosphere. Therefore, to effectively prevent, diagnose and cure respiratory allergic diseases, we should, first of all,
文摘The reddish-brown fossil soil layers are well-developed in the loess of our country, covering more than 40 layers in some sections. Because the sporopollen grains found in these layers are few in quantity for a long time in the past, it has been considered that they belong to the fossil soil similar to drab soil and are developed under the veg-
文摘The investigation of wild species of cultivated plants and their original habitats is one of the phases of the study on the origin and evolution of plants. On Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau, known as the world’s roof, there can be found a lot of plant resources. Thus explorations were made by us, together with Guo Benzhao (郭本兆), in Qinghai in 1978 and shortly afterwards in Xizang in 1979. Many specimens of wild species which are connected with the origin of some crops were collected and described as below. Gramineae: wild barley, i.e. Hordeum spon taneum, H. agriocrithon, H. lagunculiforme, H. bulbosum. H. brevisnbulatum; wild oat,
