New insights into the carotenoid biosynthesis in Torreya grandis kernels

Torreya grandis is a characteristic rare economic tree species in subtropical mountainous areas. The nut has a variety of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols and vitamins. However, the carotenoids compositions and its regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid biosynthesis in kernels remain unknown. Here, the major carotenoids in the kernel were analyzed. The result showed that lutein and β-carotene were the predominant carotenoids in the kernel, while low levels of a-carotenoid and zeaxanthin were detected. Lutein and β-carotene were decreased during the maturation of kernel. Expression analysis by RNA-seq and q RT-PCR indicated that the expressions of TgCYP97A3 and TgLCYB were also reduced during the maturation of kernel. The contents of lutein or β-carotene were obviously increased in tobacco transiently overexpressing TgCYP97A3 or TgLCYB. Moreover, DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP were also significantly enhanced. In addition, several MYB and WRKY transcription factors TgMYBS3, TgMYB48 and TgWRKY11 were identified to positively regulate the TgCYP97A3 expression, while TgMYB48, TgWRKY2 and TgWRKY11 could upregulate the TgLCYB expression. The illustration of carotenoids biosynthesis and its molecular mechanism in kernels not only provides a basis for understanding carotenoids biosynthesis in kernels, but also enables the use of molecular biotechnology to develop new health products rich in carotenoids based on T. grandis nuts.

Effect of slope position on leaf and fine root C,N and P stoichiometry and rhizosphere soil properties in Tectona grandis plantations

Little is known about C-N-P stoichiometries and content in teak(Tectona grandis)plantations in South China,which are mostly sited on hilly areas with lateritic soil,and the effect of slope position on the accumulation of these elements in trees and rhizosphere soils.Here we analyzed the C,N,P content and stoichiometry in leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils of trees on the upper and lower slopes of a 12-year-old teak plantation.The Kraft classification system of tree status was used to sample dominant,subdominant and mean trees at each slope position.The results showed that the C,N and P contents in leaves were higher than in fine roots and rhizosphere soils.The lowest C/N,C/P and N/P ratios were found in rhizosphere soils,and the C/N and C/P ratios in fine roots were higher than in leaves.Nutrient accumulation in leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils were significantly influenced by slope position and tree class with their interaction mainly showing a greater effect on rhizosphere soils.Leaf C content and C/N ratio,fine root C and P contents,and C/N and C/P ratios all increased distinctly with declining slope position.The contents of organic matter(SOM),ammonium(NH4+-N),nitrate-nitrogen(NO3--N)and available potassium(AK)in rhizosphere soils were mainly enriched on upper slopes,but exchange calcium(ECa),available phosphorus(AP),and pH were relatively lower.Variations in the C,N and P stoichiometries in trees were mainly attributed to the differences in rhizosphere soil properties.N and P contents showed significant positive linear relationships between leaf and rhizosphere soil,and C content negative linear correlation among leaves,fine roots and rhizosphere soils.Chemical properties of rhizosphere soils,particularly C/N and NH4+-N,had significant effects on the leaf nutrients in trees on the upper slope.Correspondingly,rhizosphere soil properties mainly influenced fine root nutrients on the lower slope,and soil AK was the major influencing factor.Overall,these results offer new insights for the sustainability and management of teak plantations in hilly areas.

Understory plant diversity and phenolic allelochemicals across a range of Eucalyptus grandis plantation ages

Allelopathy is an important mechanism in Eucalyptus plantations that causes detrimental impacts on understory diversity.Phenolic compounds are the main allelochemicals suppressing understory plants.However,the dynamic changes in phenolic allelochemicals and their relationship with understory diversity with increasing age of Eucalyptus plantations remain largely unclear.In this study,the understory plant diversity was assessed and phenolic compounds identified from leaf litter,roots,and rhizosphere soil samples in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation at two-year intervals for ten years using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).The abundance and diversity of under story plant species were lowest in 4-year-old plantations and increased significantly with age.Seven phenolic acids and 10 flavonoids were identified from leaf litter,roots,and rhizosphere soils.Most of the potential phenolic allelochemicals,such as salicylic acid,gallic acid,4-hydroxybenzoic acid,and epicatechin,were more abundant in younger plantations,especially at4 years old.The concentrations of phenolic compounds in the rhizosphere zone were significantly lower than in litter and root samples and did not change significantly with an increase in age.Notably,phenolic compounds contributed more to the variation in the understory plants than soil factors.Hydroxyphenyllactic acid,ellagic acid,quercetin,salicylic acid,and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were the main phenolic compounds explaining the variation in plant diversity with plantation age.These findings indicate that young E.grandis plantations,especially at four years of age,merit a greater focus because of their lower understory plant diversity and higher allelopathic potential.

Tectona grandis (Teak Tree) Young Leaf Extract as a Histological Stain

Stains are applied to impart contrast to the tissue and identify particular features of interest. However, the use of synthetic dyes as staining reagents has been associated with significant human health challenges and pollution of the ecosystem. These developments have necessitated a shift towards using natural dyes that are eco-friendlier and readily available. We investigated the staining reaction patterns of teak tree leaves (Tectona grandis) dye extracts and explored their suitability as a cytoplasmic stain in micromorphological assessments. Dye extracts were prepared using acetone, methanol, and ethanol as solvents from air-dried (under shade) teak tree young leaves. The dye extracts were applied as a counterstain and evaluated against eosin in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) bovine tissue sections at varying concentrations and different staining times. Teak tree leaves (Tectona grandis) dye extracts produced relatively varying staining intensities of reddish-brown cytoplasmic coloration when used on bovine tissue at different concentrations and staining times comparable to eosin and with blue-purple hematoxylin nuclear stain. The present study showed that Tectona grandis leaf dye extracts provide an excellent cytoplasmic staining pattern and can be used as an alternative counterstain in routine H&E staining techniques.

Effects of Torreya grandis Root Rot on Seedling Growth and Screening of Its Chemical Control Agents

[Objectives]This study was conducted to prevent the occurrence of root rot disease in Torreya grandis and improve the yield and quality of T.grandis.[Methods]One-year-old and two-year-old seedlings of Torreya grandis‘Xifei’and‘Cufei’were inoculated with the root rot pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi,and the changes in photosynthesis,chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde,and defense enzyme system(superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase)activity in leaves of T.grandis seedlings were investigated using water as a control.Meanwhile,the control effects of 80%carbendazim wettable powder,64%metalaxyl·mancozeb wettable powder,430 g/L tebuconazole suspension and 30%difenoconazole·cyproconazole EC on root rot in T.grandis were investigated.[Results]After inoculation with the pathogen F.fujikuroi,the net photosynthetic rates and transpiration rates in leaves of T.grandis‘Xifei’and‘Cufei’decreased,and the contents of chlorophyll decreased,while the contents of malondialdehyde increased,and the contents of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased with time.However,peroxidase showed a high activity in T.grandis‘Cufei’only,but a trend of"increasing-decreasing-increasing"in T.grandis‘Xifei’.Among the four chemical control agents,64%metalaxyl·mancozeb wettable powder had the best control effect on root rot of T.grandis caused by the pathogenic fungus F.fujikuroi.[Conclusions]The net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde content,superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity could all be used as screening indicators for T.grandis varieties resistant to root rot.Meanwhile,64%metalaxyl·mancozeb wettable powder could be used as a control agent for root rot on T.grandis.

两个香榧新品种美人指和早珍珠的选育

美人指和早珍珠是2023年从浙江省嵊州市实生榧树中选育出的两个新品种,采用穗条嫁接方式繁育子代。美人指种实质量10.77 g,呈卵球形,种形指数1.69,鲜出核率26.8%,种核质量2.89 g,核形指数2.74,种核细长、种壳较薄,干核出仁率72.54%,种仁含油率59.1%,蛋白质含量(w,后同)13.1%,可溶性糖含量2.94%。早珍珠种实质量7.98 g,呈圆球形,种形指数1.21,鲜出核率33.7%,种核质量2.69 g,核形指数1.75,呈近卵球形,种壳极薄,干核出仁率达78.68%,种仁含油率57.6%,蛋白质含量11.0%,可溶性糖含量4.17%。两个品种在炒制加工后,均表现出极易脱衣、质地松脆、后味香甜、综合口感佳的特点,推广应用前景广阔。美人指4月上旬开花,种实9月上旬成熟;早珍珠花期较早,于3月下旬开花,10月上旬种实成熟,成熟期较迟。子代测定结果表明,两个品种的种实性状、种仁风味与母株表现一致,且早实性、丰产性和稳产性良好,适宜在浙江省及相似环境地区栽培。

13个柚木种源/家系生长表现研究

[目的]了解国内柚木种源/家系的遗传变异特征,选育更多适应性强的优良种质。[方法]对采集自海南尖峰岭等地的13个种源/家系进行造林试验,在5、10、37 a时测定树高、胸径,应用方差分析方法进行差异性分析和重复力估算,运用偏相关分析揭示生长因子与地理及气候因子的相关性,进而筛选优良种质。[结果](1)不同种源/家系间37 a生时保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积差异显著,其变化范围分别为68.81%~94.29%、11.72~16.03 m、11.33~17.92 cm、0.0844~0.3291 m^(3)。(2)树高、胸径、材积重复力分别为0.6077、0.5131、0.6344。(3)保存率、树高与地理坐标、气候因子相关不显著;胸径和单株材积与海拔(r=0.938^(**),r=0.868^(**))、年均温(r=0.914^(**),r=0.844^(**))显著正相关,与经度(r=-0.913^(**),r=-0.735^(*))、距离(r=-0.923^(**),r=-0.832^(**))显著负相关。(4)聚类分析结果表明,37 a生时,种源/家系7514的保存率、树高、胸径和单株材积表现最好,8440表现最差,其次是75129。[结论]不同种源/家系间保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积差异显著,树高、单株材积有较高的重复力。柚木引种宜选择年均气温相近且距离较近的种源/家系以获得较好的遗传表现,对于凭祥当地而言,种源/家系7514适宜广泛推广种植。

大竹蛏营养组成、呈味特性和体外抗氧化活性研究

为实现大竹蛏资源的高效、综合开发利用,以大竹蛏鲜肉(fresh Solen grandis meat,FSGM)、煮肉(boiled Solen grandis meat,BSGM)和煮液(Solen grandis boiling liquid,SGBL)为研究对象,对其营养组成、呈味特性和抗氧化活性进行分析比较。结果表明,新鲜大竹蛏出肉率为79.33%,煮后质量损失率为49.89%;FSGM蛋白质含量为(11.55±0.34)%,总糖含量最低,为(0.46±0.00)%;煮后蛋白质和灰分损失最大,BSGM中蛋白质、脂肪和总糖相对含量分别为(19.33±0.33)%、(1.59±0.09)%、(0.83±0.01)%;SGBL中干物质仅占2.90%,其中41.72%为蛋白质;FSGM和BSGM中18种氨基酸总量分别为(52.15±0.50)g/100 g和(64.04±0.06)g/100 g,谷氨酸含量最高,呈味氨基酸占比分别为(47.44±0.35)%、(47.80±0.05)%,FSGM和BSGM的第一限制氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸,SGBL的第一限制氨基酸为色氨酸;FSGM和BSGM中均检测出16种脂肪酸,PUFA占比分别为(36.98±0.33)%和(28.57±0.15)%,SGBL中6种脂肪酸均为饱和脂肪酸;SGBL中牛磺酸含量最高,为(2073.93±56.90)mg/kg;FSGM和BSGM中均检测到10种单糖,葡萄糖和半乳糖二者之和占比分别为51.16%、66.69%,SGBL中95.20%的单糖为葡萄糖;SGBL游离氨基酸含量最高,为(10.68±0.06)g/100 g,其中39.83%为甘氨酸。BSGM中核苷酸总量最高,为(2388.04±99.57)g/kg,其中AMP含量最高,为(380.28±10.48)mg/kg;3组样品均检测到3种有机酸,绝大部分为酒石酸;经复合蛋白酶酶解的FSGM和经风味蛋白酶酶解的BSGM抗氧化活性最强。上述结果可为大竹蛏资源的进一步开发利用提供一定的理论参考和依据。

化橘红成花过程挥发油成分的动态变化及活性分析

本文旨在探索化橘红花挥发油成分的动态变化,为化橘红花的综合利用和其挥发油产品的开发提供理论参考。以现蕾期、花苞期、盛开期和谢花期的化橘红花新鲜样品为材料,水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油,采用气质联用法(GC-MS)测定挥发油成分,通过构建“化橘红花-活性成分-靶点”网络图对挥发油活性进行分析。结果表明化橘红花挥发油成分以烯类(56.84%~70.19%)和醇类(21.33%~38.34%)物质为主,包括γ-松油烯、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇、法尼醇、橙花叔醇和β-蒎烯。烯类物质在成花过程中呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,醇类物质表现出先增多再减少的趋势,盛开期达到峰值。现蕾期、花苞期和盛开期的挥发性物质总量保持在较高水平,谢花期显著降低。法尼醇、芳樟醇、α-水芹烯、橙花叔醇和香茅醇等挥发性成分的抑菌和抗氧化活性较高。各个花期的化橘红花均含有丰富的挥发油,具有开发应用价值。

亚精胺+赤霉素在低温下对化橘红种子萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响

以化橘红种子为材料,在低温下,研究亚精胺(Spd)+赤霉素(GA3)对化橘红种子萌发、幼苗根系的生长、根活力及生理指标的影响,以培育壮苗。设置亚精胺浓度为0(CK)、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25 mmol/L,分别添加80 mg/L的GA3溶液浸种、培养,测定种子发芽率、发芽势,幼苗根长、苗长、根重、苗重、根长/苗长、根重/苗重、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质及膜质过氧化物含量的变化。结果表明:在低温条件下,亚精胺+赤霉素对化橘红种子的萌发有协同促进作用,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数明显提高;单一使用赤霉素时,幼苗根的生长受到抑制,添加亚精胺后能明显缓解,缓解程度与Spd的浓度呈正相关。0.20 mmol/L亚精胺+80 mg/L赤霉素处理的根长、根重、根长/苗长、根重/苗重和根活力最高,其幼苗根系的抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性显著增强,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量有所提高,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低。亚精胺+赤霉素复配能促进化橘红种子萌发、根系的生长和根活力的提高;能缓解低温对化橘红幼苗根的损害,提高种苗的抗寒性。

滇西南29年生柚木种源/家系多性状综合选择

[目的]通过对滇西南柚木种源/家系试验林早期与29年生的适应性、生长和形质性状进行综合评价,旨在为当地选出适应性强、速生、形质优良的柚木种源/家系。[方法]从国内外收集了34个柚木种源和家系,采用完全随机区组设计,(2×2)株小区,8次重复,调查、分析和比较试验林早期2~8年生与29年生的保存率和生长差异,对29年生种源/家系的保存率和优势木生长与形质性状采用主分量分析,综合评价出优良种源/家系。[结果]早期2~8年生柚木种源/家系间的保存率差异均不显著,而29年生保存率种源/家系间差异呈极显著;但2~8年生和29年生种源/家系间生长和形质性状的差异均达到极显著,2~8年生最好种源/家系的平均树高、平均胸径和平均单株材积分别是生长最差的1.38~1.91倍、1.63~2.18倍和3.82~5.17倍,而29年生最好种源优势木的平均树高、平均胸径、平均单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高分别是最差种源的1.81倍、1.87倍、4.84倍、2.18倍和12.89倍,通过优良种源/家系选择可获得较大的增产效益。29年生种源/家系的保存率和优势木生长性状与4~8年生优势木的生长性状均呈显著至极显著相关;29年生种源/家系的优势木树干通直度与优势木各生长性状、优势木主干材高与优势木的平均树高和单株材积生长相关显著至极显著。29年生种源/家系保存率、生长和形质性状主成分分析的前三个主分量累积贡献率达97.63%,根据种源/家系在前三个主分量的综合得分,按20%的入选率评选出7个优良种源/家系:种源8410、8603、8407、8602、85131、1007和家系7564#。[结论]29年生入选的7个种源/家系的优势木树高、胸径、单株材积、树干通直度和主干材高的遗传增益分别为7.92%、9.39%、14.74%、7.06%和12.29%,其中来自云南陇川林场种源8410和海南尖峰岭种源8603更适宜当地生长。

橘红胎的研究进展

橘红胎为芸香科植物化州柚Citrus grandis“Tomentosa”的干燥幼果,春末夏初果实未成熟时采收,杀青,干燥。化州柚干燥幼果(橘红胎)作为药用部位首次引入是从民国开始,因其与化橘红所含化学成分种类相同,且黄酮类成分含量更高,其质量和疗效更好,正逐渐成为化橘红市场主流加工规格。近年来有较多关于橘红胎的加工炮制方法、化学成分、质量评价的报道,但目前尚无较为系统的综述介绍,本文通过查阅大量文献资料,对橘红胎进行了较为系统的归纳和整理,为橘红胎后续的开发和利用提供了参考。

巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林土壤动物群落对采伐干扰的初期响应

为了解采伐干扰对巨桉（Eucalyptus grandis）人工林土壤动物的影响,于2005～2007年采用手捡法和干湿漏斗法对四川省洪雅县巨桉人工林采伐干扰前和采伐干扰后土壤动物群落进行调查,采伐干扰前四季共获土壤动物4775头,分属4门11纲27目,采伐干扰后获土壤动物4640头,分属4门10纲23目。采伐干扰后秋季（10月）、冬季（1月）和春季（4月）土壤动物个体数较采伐干扰前分别上升224头、368头和443头,而夏季（7月）下降了1170头。采伐干扰前巨桉人工林土壤动物个体数与类群数季节变化趋势基本一致,而采伐干扰后土壤动物类群数变化受土壤动物个体数变化的影响较小。与采伐干扰前相比,采伐干扰后枯落物层各季节土壤动物密度均低于采伐前,0～5 cm土层土壤动物密度与干扰前呈相反的变化趋势,其波动较5～10 cm和10～15 cm土层大。采伐干扰后土壤动物类群数四季共减少4个,采伐干扰前后土壤动物优势类群类群数波动小,采伐后常见类群类群数上升（除冬季外）,稀有类群对采伐干扰较敏感,其类群数下降幅度较大。采伐干扰前后同功能种团均以杂食性和腐食性土壤动物为主,两者百分比之和均在89%以上。密度-类群指数（DG）和多样性指数（H′）的变化趋势相似,采伐干扰前后的变化趋势相反,表明采伐干扰对巨桉人工林土壤动物季节变化有较大影响。

柚木种源/家系种子表型变异及其与环境因子的相关性

通过研究柚木(Tectona grandis L.F.)不同种源、家系种子的表型性状,揭示柚木种子遗传变异规律及其对环境因子变化的响应机制,促进柚木种质资源保护和遗传改良。以广东、广西、海南和云南4个省(区)13个种源81个柚木家系种子为材料,测定种子长度、宽度、长宽比、长宽积和百粒重5个性状。结果显示:(1)柚木种子的5个表型性状在种源及家系间均存在极显著差异(P<0.01),不同家系各性状变异系数为10.27%~23.88%,不同种源各性状变异系数为4.21%~20.32%。(2)各表型性状间呈极显著相关关系,不同环境因子对种子性状的影响程度不同,经纬度、海拔、年降水量是影响柚木种子性状的主要因子,其次是年均温,年均相对湿度的影响相对较小。不同的种子性状对环境因子变化的响应也不相同,种长、种宽和长宽积对年降水量的响应最为敏感,而长宽比和百粒重则对纬度的响应最为敏感。(3)聚类分析将13个种源分为3类。柚木种子在种源和家系间均存在丰富的表型变异,种子性状受母本遗传和地理气候因子等多因素影响。研究结果为柚木多样性种质资源保护和利用提供理论基础和科学依据。

基于中药特色技术传承概述广东芸香科道地药材

基于中药传统特色技术,文章通过现场观摩调研与文献检索,概述在十大广药中占有1/3的芸香科药物的药用历史、产地采收加工、性状鉴别特点。芸香科药物多含挥发油,具有芳香气,大部分具有宽中理气的功效,临床应用广泛。据考证,柚类橘红始自清代,此前使用橘类橘红;广陈皮主产区在新会地区,也称新会陈皮,药用时间至今约有600年;广佛手以肇庆高要地区产量多且质优,“佛手柑”的记载最早见于元朝。化橘红的传统加工方法是将化州柚的外层果皮切成角状,加工成7角的毛橘红药材,称为“毛七爪”;新会陈皮需在新会地区内陈化三年,方可称为“新会陈皮”。化橘红鉴别特点为表面密被柔软毡状细绒毛,有油点,气清香;新会陈皮“鬃眼”明显,对光照视呈半透明状,香气浓郁。广佛手切面的外皮呈黄色,肉呈白色,俗称“金边白肉”。文章基于中药传统理论、技术对广东地区芸香科道地药材进行概述,以期守正创新,使中药的传统特色技术得到传承发展。

尾巨桉林不同生长发育阶段的土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的动态变化趋势及其规律

[目的]对比滇南山地桉树纸浆林不同龄组的林分生长指标、土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的变化及相关性,探索桉树人工林从幼龄林至过熟林不同生长发育阶段的土壤理化性质与林下植物多样性的动态变化趋势及其规律,旨在为桉树纸浆林可持续经营提供理论依据。[方法]本研究选取土壤以粗粒结晶岩、泥类岩和碳酸盐岩发育形成的赤红壤或红壤,海拔1400~1700 m立地条件基本一致的样地106块,分属5个不同龄组,通过方差、多重比较和冗余分析不同龄组的生长指标、土壤因子和植物多样性指数之间的差异,采用相关性分析揭示它们之间的关联性。[结果]不同龄组尾巨桉的树高、胸径和活立木蓄积量随林分生长而呈增长趋势,中龄林时增速较快,而到成熟林(7~8 a)时增速放缓。不同龄组间土壤孔隙度和土壤含水量差异显著,并随林分生长过程整体呈先上升后下降的趋势,在近熟林时达到最高值。不同龄组的土壤全氮差异显著,且林木树高、胸径和活立木蓄积量的生长与全氮有较强正相关。尾巨桉林下草本和总灌草的丰富度指数、草本均匀度指数与土壤有机质、有效锌呈正相关。灌木的丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有效氮、有效铜呈正相关。草本和灌木的Shannnon-Wiener指数与土壤全氮呈正相关,与土壤密度、pH值呈较大的负相关。灌木Pielou均匀度指数与土壤全钾呈正相关。其中,土壤有机质对尾巨桉林下植被多样性的影响最大,解释比例达18.3%(F=13.21,P<0.05)。[结论]滇南山地立地生境相近的尾巨桉人工林,幼龄林生长与草本植物存在竞争关系,植物多样性对土壤结构及其物理性质的影响大于化学性质的影响,近成熟时,总灌草、灌木生物多样性达最大值,揭示了近成熟后桉树人工林生态系统进入自恢复演替。

化橘红挥发油对罗汉果斑枯病菌的抑制作用及机理

采用平板抑菌法结合盆栽防治试验测定化橘红(Citri grandis Exocarpium)挥发油对罗汉果(Siraitia grosvenorii)斑枯病菌(Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum)的抑制活性。通过显微观察病原菌菌丝体的形态及测定挥发油处理病原菌菌丝体后处理液的电导率及可溶性蛋白质含量变化情况,探究化橘红挥发油的抑菌机理。平板抑菌结果表明,化橘红挥发油稀释≤1 000倍对罗汉果斑枯病病原菌菌丝生长的抑制率均达100.0%,显著高于80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂稀释1 000倍的抑制率(88.7%)。盆栽试验结果表明,化橘红挥发油稀释1 000倍,45%戊唑·咪鲜胺乳油和10%苯醚甲环唑乳油对罗汉果斑枯病病斑扩展的抑制率均在80.0%以上,且均显著高于80%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的抑制率(70.68%)。显微镜下观察发现,经化橘红挥发油处理7 d的病原菌菌丝呈念珠状膨大并有断裂现象。菌丝体与化橘红挥发油共培养结果表明,混合液的电导率及可溶性蛋白质含量均随着化橘红挥发油处理浓度的加大、互作时间的延长而提高;浓度为2.0 g/L的化橘红挥发油与病原菌菌丝共培养48 h,培养液的电导率为279.208μS/cm,为各处理最大值;挥发油终质量分数0.2%、作用60 h后,培养液中的可溶性蛋白质含量达90.6μg/mL,为各处理的最大值。

琯溪蜜柚果肉中类胡萝卜素组分的特征解析

琯溪蜜柚(Citrus grandis cv‘Guanximiyou’)因其汁多味甜、色泽丰富等特点,广受消费者欢迎。琯溪蜜柚果肉色素主要为类胡萝卜素,其组分和含量直接影响果实品质。研究蜜柚果肉类胡萝卜素组分特征及其在不同养分管理下的差异,可为通过养分管理提高果实品质提供科学依据。本研究首先利用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS),分析果实汁胞中类胡萝卜素的组分;通过施化肥(CF)和有机肥(OF)处理,比较分析不同养分管理对类胡萝卜素的影响。结果表明,蜜柚汁胞共含23种类胡萝卜素,其中5种属于胡萝卜素、18种属于胡萝卜醇。汁胞中类胡萝卜素以胡萝卜素为主,质量分数为(346.27±69.39)μg/g,占比为98.98%。胡萝卜素中,以番茄红素为主,质量分数为(332.27±75.05)μg/g,占类胡萝卜素比例为95.97%。此外,养分管理显著影响汁胞类胡萝卜素的质量分数。与CF相比,OF处理番茄红素和E/Z-八氢番茄红素的质量分数分别增加了8.40%和16.48%,说明通过养分管理能够调控蜜柚果肉色素,为进一步调控果实品质提供参考依据。

A Study of the Distribution and Accumulation of Major Nutrient Elements in Different Densities of Eucalyptus grandis

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution and accumulation of major elements of 5-year-old Eucalyptus grandis forests with the densities of 556 trees/hm2 and 1 667 trees/hm2. The results showed that： （1） The distribution of ma- jor nutrient element contents in various organs of the E. grandis with the 2 densi- ties was nearly the same, and the ranked order was leaf〉tree trunk〉branch or branchlet〉fruit〉bark. （2） From the distribution of nutrient elements and organic mat- ter in the trunk, P, K, Mg and Ca contents presented basically a trend of increasing with the trunk height increasing. And the organic matter content increased with the trunk height increasing in the low density stand, while the result was opposite in the high density stand. Furthermore, N content increased with the trunk height increas- ing in the low density stand, but the content in the high density stand exhibited a trend of decreasing at first, increasing then and increasing at the last. （3） From the distribution of biomass, the ranked order was tree trunk〉bark or branch〉branchlet〉 leaf〉fruit. And （4） The accumulated amounts of major nutrient elements in various organs under the 2 stand densities was nearly same. Ca content was the highest in the 2 kinds of plantations, followed by N, K, Mg and P contents. Ca content was 601.78 kg/hm2 in the low density stand and 1 204. 43 kg/hm2 in the high density stand.

HS-GC-MS结合ROAV分析不同品种橘红花挥发性成分

目的:系统研究不同品种橘红花挥发性成分差异和香气特征。方法:利用顶空-气相色谱-质谱法(HSGC-MS)对4个品种(“光青”“假西洋”“密叶正毛”和“黄龙正毛”)共40批橘红花的挥发性成分进行检测,结合相对气味活度值(ROAV)分析其中的关键香气成分。采用多元统计分析筛选不同品种橘红花显著性差异成分和特征香气成分。结果:HS-GC-MS检测结果显示,从4个品种橘红花中共鉴定出40个挥发性成分,主要包括烯烃类、醇类、酯类、酮类和醛类,其中以柠檬烯、β-月桂烯、芳樟醇、反式-橙花叔醇等为共有且含量较高的成分。通过ROAV确定了4个品种橘红花共有关键香气成分8个。挥发性成分差异分析结果显示,21个差异标志物可用于品种判别,其中β-蒎烯是“假西洋”的特征香气成分,芳樟醇是“密叶正毛”的特征香气成分,苯乙醛、反式-橙花叔醇和邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯是“黄龙正毛”的特征香气成分。结论:HS-GC-MS结合ROAV系统分析可区分不同品种橘红花并鉴定差异性的特征香气成分,该方法可为橘红花的品种判别和资源综合开发利用提供参考。