Geographic Classification of Chinese Grape Wines by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to classify grape wines of different geographical origins (Changli, Huailai, and Yantai, China). Near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected in transmission mode in the wavelength range of 800-2500 nm. Wines (n=90) were randomly split into two sets, calibration set (n=54) and validation set (n=36). Discriminant analysis models were developed using BP neural network and discriminant partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The prediction performance of calibration models in different wavelength range was also investigated. BP neural network models and PLS-DA models correctly classified 100% of the wines in calibration set. When used to predict wines in validation set, BP neural network models correctly classified 100%, 81.8%, and 90.9% of the wines from Changli, Huailai, and Yantai respectively, and PLS-DA models correctly classified 100% of all samples. The results demonstrated that NIRS could be used to discriminate Chinese grape wines as a rapid and reliable method.

On the Status quo and Development Trends of Imported Grape Wine in China

At the present stage, The imported grape wine in China have hot market, imports increased year by year, high gross mar-gins, many brands, uneven quality, low market confidence, the price value of large deviations, imperfect legislation, regulatory confusion and so on characters. The relevant departments and units should actively take a number of measures to improve the market of imported grape wine stably and healthy development. Believe in the future, its imports would continue to grow, the gross profit margin gradually would return to rational, the cost-effective products would be prevailing, the sales channels would be diversification, the enterprises in-volved would increase, and the industry competition would become increasingly fierce.

Isolation and Identification of Saccharomycetes in Wine Grape Region of Chateau Changyu Moser XV

Objective] This study was conducted to further explore the diversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae_from Chateau Changyu Moser XV and realize better de-velopment and utilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resources. [Method] ln this study, the wine grape regions of Chateau Changyu Moser XV were taken as the research object. The Saccharomycetes_in the soil was isolated, screened and ob-served in the natural fermentation process of grape berry epidermis and the fruit. The 32 Saccharomycetes strains were preliminarily classified based on WL nutrient agar, and 26S rDNA D1/D2 sequence analysis was conducted. [Result] Total y, 4 kinds of Saccharomycetes were identified in this study, including Pichia kluyveri, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae_and Cryptococcus magnus. [Con-clusion] The main species of Saccharomycetes in the wine grape region of Chateau Changyu Moser XV were preliminarily determined, which provides theoretical basis and research basis for the brewing of wine with special characteristics.

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR)on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season.High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines.The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40,56 and 72 days after flowering,named LR40,LR56 and LR72,respectively)at two severity levels(one at which the first,third,and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50%level);and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100%level)).The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix),titratable acidity,pH or berry weight.The LR72-50%treated grapes had higher berry weight,titratable acidity and°Brix than those of the other treatments.The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50%treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L^-1,respectively);the lowest were detected in LR72-100%treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L^-1,respectively).LR72-50%treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid,serine,arginine,alanine,aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes,the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations.The LR72-50%,LR40-100%and LR72-100%treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids,such as arginine,alanine and serine,than did the control wines.Of all the amino acids studied,glycine,tyrosine,cysteine,methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines.The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.

Effects of Grape Balanced Nutrition Fertilizer on Yield and Quality of Wine Grapes

In this study,the wine grapes balanced nutrient fertilizer(BNF)was designed according to the wine grape nutritional requirements in different growth stages,and objected to reduce fertilizer application rate of wine grape cultivation,improve fertilizer utilization rate,achieve stable yield and improve the quality of wine grapes.The experiment was carried out at the Great Wall Sanggan Winery,and the Aristocratic Winery.The experiment was designed with two treatments:Namely BNF treatment,and the traditional fertilization(CK).We investigated the effects of BNF on the quality of wine grapes by examining the plant traits of wine grapes in different experimental areas during the growing season,the fruit traits at maturity,and determined the contents of VC,organic acids,amino acids,flavonoids,soluble total sugars,soluble solids,tannins,total phenols and catechins.The results show that:①The application of grape BNF greatly reduced the application amount of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,while the vine had no fertilizer deficiency phenomenon;②It increased the single fruit weight,the ear weight and yield to varying degrees,and the yield increase range was between 12% and 41%;③The wine grapes with BNF had the following characteristics:tight infructescence,even color,small fruit less,no fruit dropped,strong fruit colloid feeling,better aroma and taste;④It greatly improved the quality of wine grapes,and increased the content of soluble solids,soluble total sugar,organic acids,VC,total phenols,flavonoids,amino acids and tannins in fruits;⑤It greatly increased the total catechin content of"Riesling"and"Syrah",and had no significant effects on the catechin content of"Merlot"and"Cabernet Sauvignon".In summary,the application of grape BNF has certain practical significance for guiding the production of local wine grapes,ensuring the yield while improving the quality,increasing the income and reducing the environmental pollution caused by excessive fertilization.

Anthocyanin Profiles in Grape Berry Skins of Different Species ofWine Grapes in Shanxi,China

To understand the anthocyanin characteristics of wine grape varieties,the anthocyanin composition and content of 31 wine grape varieties were analyzed to explore the use of anthocyanins as chemical fingerprints to distinguish varieties.Results showed that a total of 21 anthocyanins were detected in the skins,including cyanidin,delphinidin,petunidin,peonidin and malvidin 3-monoglucosides(or 3,5-diglucosides)along with the corresponding acetyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives.The highest and lowest total amount of anthocyanins were detected in‘Ruby Cabernet’and‘Muscat Rouge’,respectively.In the 21 Vitis vinifera grapes,there were 3~11 monoglucoside anthocyanins detected,however,there were 4 to 9 monoglucoside anthocyanins and 1~7 diglucoside anthocyanins detected in the 10 other species of grapes.Except for‘Zhesexiang’‘Seibel Noir’,‘44-6-7-1’and‘Beibinghong’,the contents of diglucoside anthocyanins in the other six varieties accounted for more than 52%of the total anthocyanins.Except for‘Zhesexiang’,‘Muscat Rouge’and‘Beibinghong’,the content of methylated anthocyanins accounted for more than 75%of total anthocyanins.There were significant differences in the anthocyanin types and contents in the skins among V.vinifera and other grapes.The results of the principal component analysis and the cluster classification of 31 grape varieties(lines)were nearly consistent,which suggested that anthocyanins can be used as chemical fingerprints to distinguish wine grape varieties.

Terroir Suitability Zoning for the Six Prevailing Wine Grape Varieties in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(with a Focus on the Helan Mountain East) of China

Terroir plays an important role in wine grape production and good wine making.Among all the aspects of terroir in a given region,climate,soil and variety are the most important ones.The goal of this study was to evaluate these three aspects of terroir in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,with a focus on the Helan Mountain East.Based on historical weather data during the period 1981 to 2016 from 22 meteorological stations in the research area,the climatic indices were derived,with which the growable zone for wine grape cultivation in the research area was identified.By synthesizing the climatic indices and soil type data,stepwise and optimization methods were used to divide the growable zone into optimal,suitable,near-suitable and unsuitable zones for the six prevailing wine grape varieties.In the analysis,the six prevailing wine grape varieties include two white wine grape varieties of“Chardonnay”and“Riesling”and four red wine grape varieties of“Cabernet Sauvignon”,“Merlot”,“Pinot Noir”and“Grenache Noir”.With the Geographic Information System(ArcGIS)software,the geographical distributions of these terroir suitability zonings were mapped in the research area according to a small grid simulation model.The results showed that the growable zone for wine grapes was mainly focused in most of the northern and central parts of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.This particular zone was suitable for the typical red wine varieties like late-maturing“Grenache Noir”,medium-to-late maturing“Cabernet Sauvignon”,medium-maturing“Merlot”and early-maturing“Pinot Noir”.In particular,the optimal zone for these four red wine varieties was centered in Xixia county of Yinchuan city,Pigeon Hill of Qingtongxia city and Baima Township of Zhongning County.For the two early-to-medium maturing white wine varieties of“Riesling”and“Chardonnay”,the optimal and suitable zones were in the cool area of the central arid zone and the Qingshui River tributary.

Evaluation of Some New Wine Grape Cultivars under S^o Francisco Valley Conditions

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the grapes as subsidies to the recommendation of new wine grape cultivars for the S^o Francisco Valley. An experiment was carried out in Petrolina, Pernambuco state, during four seasons in 2014 and 2015 and the treatments were represented by 10 cultivars and three breeding selections： Grenache, Tempranillo, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Petit Verdot and Syrah for red wines and Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc and breeding selections 46, 14 and 47 for white wines. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates and two useful plants per plot. The following variables were evaluated： sprouting, bud fertility rate, Ravaz index, production, number of clusters, weight, length and width of cluster, weight and volume of 100 berries, soluble solids and titratable acidity. A better balance between production and vigour was obtained in Grenache, Merlot and Tempranillo cultivars, presenting values of 7.56, 6.50 and 5.93, respectively, for Ravaz index. Grenache, Chenin Blanc and Tempranillo were the most productive cultivars with average yields estimated at 10.4, 8.7 and 8.4 ton/ha/season. Selection 14 had longer, wider and less compact clusters, which can reduce clusters rottenness. The percentage of sprouting ranged from 38.13% in selection 14 to 77.6% in cv. Chenin Blanc. The average index of bud fertility was 0.79 cluster/bud, with no significant differences among cultivars. Greater potential for sugar accumulation was found in the selections 14, 46 and 47, while the titratable acidity ranged from 0.63% in cv. Merlot to 0.89% in selection 47. Grenache and Tempranillo have showed potential to obtain adequate yield and balanced vines, while Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Cabemet Sauvignon, Malbec and Petit Verdot presented low yield being necessary to select clones more productive and well adapted to the tropical conditions. Further information about the quality of grapes and wines should be added to these results to allow the recommendation of new cultivars or breeding selections of wine grapes for the Sao Francisco Valley.

Timing of Crop Removal Has Limited Effect on Merlot Grape and Wine Composition

Cluster removal during the growing season is a widely utilized vineyard management practice aiming to balance crop load to the capacity of the vine to ripen the fruit. Research was undertaken over two growing seasons (2008-2009) in Hawke’s Bay, a cool climate region of New Zealand, to establish the influence of different times of crop removal on Merlot vine growth and fruit and wine composition. The test vineyard was high-yielding, to 23 t/ha, and vigorous. A commercial standard of apical cluster thinning to remove 20 clusters per vine from vines with ca 44 clusters in 2008 and ca 47 in 2009, was carried out on uniform vigour, 7yo grafted Merlot vines at nine times between prebloom and six weeks post veraison. The 2009 season was naturally higher yielding. Timing of crop removal had no significant effect on vine vegetative growth in terms of enhanced shoot growth as measured by cane weights at pruning, or canopy leaf density. Time of thinning also had no effect on overall grape yield, cluster weight, and berry weight. There were limited effects on fruit ripeness in one season (2009) at the veraison time of thinning only, with increased Brix and lower TA levels. Berry anthocyanin concentrations were enhanced by cluster thinning in 2008, and more so when undertaken at or soon after veraison. There was however no influence of removal timing on anthocyanin levels and total phenolics in the wines. Grape ripeness, must and wine composition tended to respond more from crop removal at veraison than the other times evaluated. Data suggest that vine response was modified by excessive leafiness and shading.

The Characters and Effect of Potassium in the Aeolian Sand Soil on Growth and Quality of Wine-Grapes in Ningxia

The paper reports the study on validity, absorbing and using in potassium of wine-grapes grown on aeolian sandy soil in Ningxia. The result shows that the content of slow release potassium and available potassium is low. The amount of available potassium and fixed potassium increases with raising amount of applied potash. Slow release potassium can be quickly replenished when available potassium is depleted, but slow release potassium is exhausted too, and the buffering capacity of supplying potassium is low. The content of potassium in grains and plants increases with the increasing amount of applied K in different treatments. The sequence of potassium recovery rate in different soil is as follows: sand-loam>fine-sand>coarse-sand. The capacity of supplying potassium in high-fertility soil is better than that in low-fertility soil, and rate of potassium recovery is high. Potassium nutrient affects growth and quality of wine-grapes.

基于电子鼻的酿酒葡萄果实香气鉴定评价

为探究酿酒葡萄果实香气成分,为酿酒葡萄香气评价和品质改良提供参考,通过PEN 3.5电子鼻系统,对123份酿酒葡萄进行果实香气检测,并利用雷达图、主成分(PCA)、聚类和差异性等分析方法,深入研究这些香气物质。结果显示,传感器贡献率由高到低为W5S(氮氧化合物)、W2S(醇和醛酮类)、W1S(烷类)和W2W(芳烃化合物,硫的有机化合物);PCA分析表明不同葡萄品种在香气物质含量及组成之间存在较大差异,筛选出‘波宋尼’‘凯番西亚♀’和‘烟73’3个香气(氮氧化合物、醇类、烷类、硫的有机化合物)较强的特殊种质。本研究证实,电子鼻技术依据香气组成可对不同品种的酿酒葡萄进行有效区分。该结果可为酿酒葡萄的育种工作提供了一定的数据资源。

新疆主要酿酒葡萄种质资源的SSR标记分析及数字指纹构建

新疆酿酒葡萄种质资源丰富,存在遗传背景复杂及品种混杂等问题,为有效区分和合理利用新疆主栽酿酒葡萄种质资源,汇集新疆110份种质为试材,利用筛选出多态性好的SSR引物进行PCR扩增,对多态性、遗传多样性和遗传距离进行分析,并构建种质数字指纹。结果表明:从76对SSR引物中筛选出30对多态性丰富的引物,共扩增出等位基因位点391个,多态率高达97.164%,其中引物VVIV67条带数最多,为22条。各位点平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.671,期望杂合度(He)为0.790,Shannon多样性指数(I)在1.142~2.627,PIC平均值为0.766。遗传距离变化主要在0.500~1.000,占整体的92.399%。聚类树将供试材料分为6组,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组多来源于由法国、苏联、美国、意大利等国家引进的酿酒葡萄品种,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ组多来源于中国山葡萄品种种间和种内杂交种;第Ⅵ组基本为中国自主选育的山葡萄品种。数字指纹能够将各种质进行准确鉴定,其中‘11-22-16’和‘12-10-60’‘克里木波西’和‘赤霞珠170’‘盖吾沙’和‘塔夫里斯’‘紫晶梦露’和‘1-5-7’可能存在同物异名。新疆主栽酿酒葡萄SSR位点丰富,可用性较强,试材具有丰富的遗传多样性,可为酿酒葡萄种质资源利用和品种选育提供参考依据。

高岭土对酿酒葡萄光合、荧光特性及果实品质的影响

针对新疆天山北麓产区酿酒葡萄果实发育过程中存在的高温频发所引起的问题,本研究以‘赤霞珠’(Caber-net Sauvignon)、‘梅鹿辄’(Merlot)和‘品丽珠’(CabernetFranc)3个红色酿酒葡萄(Vitis vinifera)品种为试材,于果实膨大期对叶面进行喷施高岭土(6%)处理,以常规管理为对照(CK),通过测定叶片光合特性、荧光特性以及果实品质等指标,对其进行综合分析,系统探究高岭土对新疆天山北麓产区酿酒葡萄的影响。结果表明:红色酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’和‘品丽珠’经高岭土处理后,叶温比CK分别降低8.9%、8.3%和9.3%;叶绿素a含量有效增加,其中‘梅鹿辄’比CK增加52%;高岭土处理有效提高3个品种的净光合速率。与CK相比,JIP-test参数Vj显著降低,3个品种的电子传输通量的量子产率(φ_(Eo))分别提高58.1%、93.0%和61.1%,每光子吸收的PSⅡ最终电子受体还原的量子产率(φ_(Ro))分别提高87.5%、33.3%和66.6%;单位反应中心吸收光能(ABS/RC)和单位面积吸收的光能(ABS/CSm)比CK均显著提高,单位反应中心耗散能量(DI_(O)/RC)和单位面积热耗散能量(DI_(O)/CSm)比CK显著降低。在果实品质方面,高岭土处理后‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’和‘品丽珠’果皮中类黄酮含量比CK分别提升62.3%、63.9%和54.4%,总黄酮含量分别提升79.1%、69.1%和56.7%,黄烷醇含量分别提升48.6%、66.0%和27.2%;种子中,‘品丽珠’类黄酮含量提升68.2%,‘赤霞珠’总黄酮含量提升67.1%。本研究表明,新疆酿酒葡萄叶面喷施高岭土可以有效降低天山北麓产区‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’和‘品丽珠’这3个红色酿酒葡萄品种的叶温,减少单位面积叶片的热耗散,提高光合速率,提高叶片单位反应中心及单位面积对光能的吸收和利用,有效避免夏季高温胁迫所造成的危害;叶面喷施高岭土还有效增加了这3个酿酒葡萄品种的果实总酸和部分酚类物质的含量,提高了果实品质。

葡萄酒品质提升研究进展

葡萄酒品质的提升是一个多因素共同作用的过程,围绕酿酒原料、酿酒酵母、浸渍工艺及陈酿方式4大关键因素展开深入探讨。酿酒原料的质量至关重要,特别是葡萄的品种和成熟度,对葡萄酒的口感和风味具有决定性影响。通过选择适宜的葡萄品种并结合精准农业技术如生物刺激剂的应用,可显著改善酿酒葡萄的理化指标,为高品质葡萄酒奠定基础。酿酒酵母的筛选与培养直接影响葡萄酒的发酵效果及风味特性。混合培养不同酵母菌株可显著增加葡萄酒质量多样性,而基因工程和代谢工程技术的应用则为改造酿酒酵母提供了新的可能。浸渍工艺的优化,特别是冷浸渍技术的开发与应用被证明能够有效提升葡萄酒中的多酚含量,改善其色泽与口感。陈酿方式的创新为葡萄酒品质提升提供了更多可能性。橡木桶陈酿已经形成了较为成熟的技术,而陶缸陈酿因其透气性和使用上的便利性正在受到越来越多的关注。将陶缸与橡木片协同使用的陈酿方式被证明能够有效提升葡萄酒的多酚含量。这些研究为葡萄酒产业提供了宝贵的理论依据和实践指导,有助于推动葡萄酒品质的持续提升。

超声辅助低共熔溶剂优化提取酿酒葡萄皮渣花色苷

为考察超声辅助低共熔溶剂(Deep eutectic solvents,DESs)对酿酒葡萄皮渣中花色苷的提取效果,优化其提取工艺,本研究以酿造‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的葡萄皮渣为原料,以单因素试验为基础,确定DESs体系、DESs组分摩尔比、DESs含水量、料液比、超声时间和超声温度对葡萄皮渣花色苷提取率的影响,再利用Box-Benhnken响应面分析法确定葡萄皮渣花色苷提取的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,DES13(氯化胆碱、乙二醇和丙二醇的摩尔比为1∶1∶1时)对花色苷的提取效果最优,以超声时间、DESs含水量、料液比、超声温度为影响因素,最佳提取工艺参数为料液比1∶37 g·mL^(-1)、DESs含水量31%、超声时间28 min、超声温度48℃,在此参数下,葡萄皮渣花色苷提取率为(4.40±0.10)mg·g^(-1),与理论预测值误差仅为0.46%,且相比于传统方法酸化甲醇和酸化乙醇提取法分别增加了9.73%、125.64%。

贺兰山东麓不同品种酿酒葡萄需冷量研究

以贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄主栽品种赤霞珠、霞多丽、美乐,黑比诺和马瑟兰1年生枝条为试材,采用保鲜冷库冷藏结合苗床升温催芽的方式,设置土内催芽和扦插催芽,研究不同时长的低温处理与酿酒葡萄萌芽率的关系,采用经典的≤7.2℃模型确定其需冷量。结果显示:在≤7.2℃温度范围内,随着冷藏时间增加,土内升温催芽和扦插升温催芽两种方式下各品种的萌芽率均增加。以萌芽率达到60%为阈值,土内升温催芽方式下赤霞珠、霞多丽、美乐、黑比诺和马瑟兰酿酒葡萄冬芽打破休眠的冷藏日数依次为16.9、1.4、5.3、16.8、10.0 d,需冷量依次为610、238、331、607、444 h;以萌芽率达到70%为阈值,各品种冷藏日数依次为32.5、7.5、17.6、25.8、25.8 d,需冷量依次为984、384、626、823、823 h。以萌芽率达到60%和70%为阈值,扦插催芽方式下5个品种的需冷量依次为1178、413、1205、593、1212 h和1356、598、1442、710、1308 h。各品种酿酒葡萄的需冷量在土内升温催芽方式下明显低于扦插升温催芽方式。在扦插催芽方式下,以萌芽率达到70%为阈值,中晚熟品种赤霞珠、美乐和马瑟兰的需冷量介于1300~1450 h之间,明显高于早熟品种霞多丽和黑比诺590~710 h的需冷量。

不同采收期下负载量对赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒品质的影响

本研究以生产上主栽品种赤霞珠葡萄为材料,设置3个葡萄负载量水平(15、20、25穗/m架面),重点分析不同采收期(E-L35(浆果开始转色并大)、E-L36(浆果具有中等白利糖度值)、E-L37(浆果不太成熟)、E-L38(浆果完全成熟))对葡萄酒有机酸、单体酚、挥发性化合物组成以及感官评价品质的影响。结果表明,在成熟末期,负载量为20穗/m架面处理组的果实总酸质量分数显著增加,而其余两组果实则呈现下降的趋势。各负载量处理组葡萄酒的总酸质量浓度均在E-L35阶段达到最高,并在E-L37阶段达到最低。各处理组葡萄酒中的酚类物质总质量浓度在E-L36阶段达到峰值,之后迅速下降。低负载量条件下早采所酿葡萄酒的感官品质优于晚采,较高负载量条件下推迟采收果实所酿的葡萄酒感官品质更优。葡萄酒的典型性和浓郁度随着采收时间的延长得到了显著提升,其中J-20-6和J-20-7样品表现最为突出。总体来看,负载量为20穗/架面E-L36阶段酿制的葡萄酒(J-20-5)综合感官评价得分最佳,J-25-7葡萄酒样品总挥发性化合物含量和感官浓郁度得分均为最高。综上,在酿酒葡萄栽培过程中,精确调控葡萄负载量和采收时间能显著提升葡萄酒的品质。

酿酒葡萄品质气象指数保险产品设计:以房山区为例

以北京房山区酿酒葡萄为研究对象,基于长时序酒庄酿酒葡萄物候期、品质指标、气象站观测数据等,利用层次分析法、逐步回归和多元回归等方法,分别建立酿酒葡萄品质评价指数和酿酒葡萄品质气象指数。应用概率最优统计法计算品质气象指数的分布特征,基于参数法厘定保险纯费率,设计开发房山区酿酒葡萄品质天气指数保险产品。结果表明:(1)北京市房山区酿酒葡萄总糖含量、糖酸比和pH值可较好地表征酿酒葡萄品质,对酿酒葡萄品质贡献权重分别为0.643、0.283和0.074,酿酒葡萄品质评价指数在0.099~0.905。(2)酿酒葡萄采收前20d日平均最高气温、全生育期总降水量、转色期平均空气相对湿度、转色期日平均降水量是影响酿酒葡萄品质的关键气象因子,基于逐步回归建立的酿酒葡萄品质气象指数与品质损失率具有一致性,酿酒葡萄品质气象指数影响品质损失率的系数为100.38(P<0.001)。(3)Johnson SB分布为北京市房山区酿酒葡萄品质气象指数的最优分布模型,酿酒葡萄品质气象指数保险产品纯费率为11.75%。未来可根据保险公司实际需求和风险测算情况,通过设置相对免赔率或费率调整系数解决因气候变化带来的盈亏平衡问题。

基于CiteSpace的2000—2024年甘肃省酿酒葡萄研究文献计量学可视化分析

为梳理2000—2024年甘肃省酿酒葡萄研究领域的热点与方向,以中国知网数据库的学术论文与学位论文为基础数据,采用可视化软件CiteSpace对作者、机构、关键词进行聚类分析。结果表明:经筛选后,共获取甘肃省酿酒葡萄相关文献311篇,文献发表出现3个峰值,以2016年发文最多;该领域研究的主要内容分为酿酒葡萄品种、区域种植、高效栽培、节水灌溉、果实品质、葡萄酒酿造等多个方面,以酿酒葡萄高效栽培的论文最多;研究机构发文以郝燕团队为首的甘肃省农业科学院林果花卉研究所与毛娟团队为首的甘肃农业大学最为活跃;2000—2024年,研究主要热点从生态、气候、品种逐渐向区域种植、节水灌溉、果实品质等集中。因此,在人们注重身体健康与提升生活品质的大背景下,进一步加强酿酒葡萄品质的研究具有重要的现实意义。