Electro-Oxidation of Glucose in Alkaline Media on Graphene Sheets Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles

In this study the catalytic properties of gold nanoparticles in electro-oxidation process of glucose, were investigated, taking into account, an influence of catalyst composition. Graphene oxide was applied and for electro-oxidation studies of glucose, cyclic voltamperometry was used. It was found that an application of graphene oxide sheets during catalyst synthesis have an influence on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) size and size distribution. It was confirmed that the application of composite catalyst consisting of graphane-AuNPs significantly changes electro-oxidation of glucose shifting the potential of oxidation to higher positive values and increasing oxidation current.

Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Integration of Glucose Oxidase with Palladium Nanoparticles/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite

We report on a new type of amperometric glucose biosensor that was made by integration of glucose oxidase (GOD) with palladium nanoparticles/reduce graphene oxide (Pd/RGO) nanocomposite. The Pd/RGO was prepared by a one-step reduction method in which the palladium nanoparticles and the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) were simultaneously accomplished from the reduction of dispersed solution of PdCl2 and graphite oxide (GO) with hydrazine. The asprepared nanocomposite exhibits favorable electrocatalytic activities towards the oxidation of H2O2, which makes it a good platform for the construction of the glucose biosensor. The analytical performance of the glucose biosensor is fully evaluated. It shows good analytical properties in terms of a short response time (3 s), high sensitivity (14.1 μA/mM), and low detection limit (0.034 mM). In addition, the effects of pH value, applied potential, electroactive interference and the stability of the biosensor were discussed as well.

Synthesis and microwave absorption properties of graphene-oxide(GO)/polyaniline nanocomposite with gold nanoparticles

A composite of graphene/PANI/GAunano is synthesized using the co-blend method. The morphologies and microstructures of samples are examined by transition electron microscopy(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). Moreover, the microwave absorption properties of both graphene/PANI and GO/PANI/ GAunano composites are investigated in a microwave frequency band from 1 GHz to 18 GHz. The maximum reflection loss(RL) of GO/PANI/GAunano with a thickness of 2 mm is up to-24.61 d B at 15.45 GHz, and the bandwidth corresponding to RL at-10 d B can reach 4.08 GHz(from 13.92 GHz to 18.00 GHz) for a 2-mm-thick layer. The electromagnetic data demonstrate that GO/PANI/GAunano can be used as an attractive candidate for microwave absorbers.

Synergistic Effect of Fullerene-Capped Gold Nanoparticles on Graphene Electrochemical Supercapacitors

We report the synthesis of graphene/fullerene-capped gold nanoparticle nanocomposite film which was used to construct supercapacitor electrodes. The fullerene-based self-assembled monolayers on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were attained via the fullerene(C60)-gold interaction. The fullerene-capped AuNPs effectively separated the graphene sheets preventing aggregation. A synergistic effect was observed—the specific capacitance of graphene/fullerene-capped AuNP electrode is197 F/g, which is higher than that of graphene electrode (31 F/g), graphene/AuNP electrode (126 F/g), and graphene/fullerene electrode (118 F/g). The results render a novel route of synthesis and modification of graphene-based materials for the construction of electrochemical energy storage devices.

A glucose biosensor based on direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase immobilized onto platinum nanoparticles modified graphene electrode

The platinum nanoparticles were adsorbed on graphene oxide sheets and played an important role in catalytic reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine, leading to the formation of graphene-Pt nanoparticles. Because of their good electronic properties, biocompatibility and high surface area, graphene-Pt based composites achieved the direct electron transfer of redox enzyme and maintained their bioactivity well. The graphene-Pt nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The amperometric biosensor fabricated by depositing glucose oxidase over Nafion-solubilized graphene-Pt electrode retained its biocatalytic activity and has offered fast and sensitive glucose quantification.

High-conductivity graphene nanocomposite via facile,covalent linkage of gold nanoparticles to graphene oxide

Graphene and its derivative,graphene oxide (GO) have been substantively used as the main framework for dispersing or building nanoarchitectures because of their excellent properties in electronics and catalysis.The requirement to obtain superior graphene-metal hybrid nanomaterials has led us to explore a facile way to design 4-aminobenzenethiol/1-hexanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (aAuNPs)-functionalized graphene oxide composite (aAuNPs-GO) in solution.We demonstrate that when aAuNPs with amino groups are exposed to GO,well-dispersed coverage of Au nanoparticles are mainly observed on the edge of GO sheet.In contrast,when 1-hexanethiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (hAuNPs) without amino groups are exposed to GO,hAuNPs simply aggregate on the surface of GO.This indicates that amino groups located on the surface of Au nanoparticles are an essential prerequisite for attachment of nearly monodispersed aAuNPs.The strategy described here for the fabrication of aAuNPs-GO provides a straightforward approach to develop graphene-based nanocomposites with undamaged sheets structure and good solubility and also improve the conductivity of GO sheets evidently.

An effective amperometric biosensor based on graphene modified gold nanowire arrays for glucose detection

A novel glucose biosensor based on graphene nanosheets(GNs)modified gold nanowire arrays(AuNWAs)electrode was constructed.Highly ordered gold nanowire arrays were prepared by direct electrodeposition in anodic aluminum oxide templates.GNs were synthesized through a public route involving graphite oxidation,exfoliation,and chemical reduction.Field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope were employed to characterize the asprepared AuNWAs and GNs.Glucose oxidase was immobilized on the surface of GNs-AuNWAs modified electrode via a cross-linking method.The cyclic voltammetry results showed that the GNs-AuNWAs-based glucose biosensors have high catalysis activity to hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)than those modified with GNs or AuNWAs only.Furthermore,amperometric response was employed to detect glucose concentration owing to its simplicity,high selectivity,and relative low cost.Glucose biosensors based on GNs-AuNWAs showed excellent performance with high sensitivity of 40.25 lA cm-2(mmol/L)-1,low detection limit of 0.02 mmol/L,and a linear range from 0.02 to 3 mmol/L.

Sonochemical Synthesis of Graphene Oxide-Wrapped Gold Nanoparticles Hybrid Materials:Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity

Graphene oxide(GO)-wrapped gold nanoparticles(Au NPs)hybrid materials are constructed via one-pot sono-chemical synthesis and self-assembly,using ethylene glycol as the reducing agent.The synthesis process above took only 1 h,and the obtained hybrid materials exist as spheres wrapped with gauze-like GO sheets via ionic in-teraction-based self-assembly.The GO sheets are helpful for the well dispersion of the Au NPs.Furthermore,these materials possess enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation,owing to the synergistic effect of the two components in the hybrid materials.Our work may provide a convenient approach to control the size and morphology of the Au NPs for the synthesis of GO-wrapped hybrid materials,which opens up a feasible way to synthesize metal NPs/GO composites.Moreover,this method might lead to developing of a broad class of new functionalized materials wrapped with GO sheets.

Gold nanoparticles/single-stranded DNA-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites based electrochemical biosensor for highly sensitive detection of cholesterol

High density and uniform distribution of the gold nanoparticles functionalized single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites were obtained by non-covalent interaction.The positive gold nanoparticles prepared by phase inversion method exhibited good dimensional homogeneity and dispersibility,which could readily combine with single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites by electrostatic interactions.The modification of single-stranded DNA endowed the reduced graphene oxide with favorable biocompatibility and provided the preferable surface with negative charge for further assembling of gold nanoparticles to obtain gold nanoparticles/single-stranded DNA modified reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with better conductivity,larger specific surface area,biocompatibility and electrocatalytic characteristics.The as-prepared nanocomposites were applied as substrates for the construction of cholesterol oxidase modified electrode and well realized the direct electron transfer between the enzyme and electrode.The modified gold nanoparticles could further catalyze the products of cholesterol oxidation catalyzed by cholesterol oxidase,which was beneficial to the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.The as-fabricated bioelectrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for the cholesterol with a linear range of 7.5–280.5μmol·L^(−1),a low detection limit of 2.1μmol·L^(−1),good stability and reproducibility.Moreover,the electrochemical biosensor showed good selectivity and acceptable accuracy for the detection of cholesterol in human serum samples.

Graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticle hybridfunctionalized disposable screen-printed carbon electrode to determine Cd(II)and Pb(II)in soil

Cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)in soil or water environment cause the ecological destruction and environmental deterioration when their contents exceed the natural background values.To trace the concentrations of Cd(II)and Pb(II),a sensitive and selective electrode was developed using disposable screen-printed carbon electrode(SPE)immobilized with a composite film of reduced graphene oxide/carboxylation multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticle hybrid(RGO-MWNT-AuNP)throughπ-πbind.This highly conductive nano-composite layer,“RGO-MWNT-AuNP,”was characterized by scanning electron microscopy,UV-visible spectrometer,cyclic voltammetry,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.Square wave stripping voltammetry was applied to RGO-MWNT-AuNP/SPE to electroplate bismuth film and monitor the Cd(II)and Pb(II)simultaneously.To obtain high current responses,the detecting parameters were optimized.Under optimized conditions,the current responses showed a linear relationship with the concentrations of Cd(II)and Pb(II)in the range from 1.0 to 80.0μg/L with a lower detection limit of 0.7μg/L and 0.3μg/L(S/N=3),respectively.Finally,the prepared electrode was further employed to detect Cd(II)and Pb(II)in soil samples with good results.

Graphene-Gold Nanoparticle-modified Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Kanamycin Based on Target-induced Aptamer Displacement

A highly sensitive and selective label-free electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of kanamycin. To improve the sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor, graphene-gold nanoparticles were prepared by a one-step electrochemical coreduction process and were modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The double-stranded DNA（ds-DNA） duplex probe was immobilized onto the graphene-gold nanoparticle-modified elec-trode. The introduction of target kanamycin induced the displacement of aptamer from the ds-DNA duplex into the solution. Methylene blue（MB） as a redox indicator monitored the current change using differential pulse voltammetry Under optimal conditions, the designed electrochemical aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range from 0. i pmol/L to 10 pmol/L with a detection limit of 0.03 pmol/L for kanamycin. The experimental strategy enabled the direct analysis of milk samples, and the results showed high sensitivity and good selectivity.

金纳米粒子/氧化石墨烯复合膜电化学免疫传感器的构建及其对鲜肉中马波沙星的检测

该文构建了一种金纳米粒子/氧化石墨烯复合膜修饰玻碳电极的电化学免疫传感器,用于鲜肉中马波沙星残留的检测。用电沉积法在电极表面合成金纳米粒子/氧化石墨烯复合膜,然后通过电化学法还原复合膜中的氧化石墨烯,固载抗体。采用循环伏安法对电极的修饰过程进行表征。用差分脉冲伏安法优化传感器的电化学检测条件。在最优条件下,对马波沙星进行定量检测。响应峰值电流变化量与马波沙星在0.5~400 ng/mL浓度范围内呈线性关系,检测限为0.05 ng/mL。传感器对猪肉、鸡肉和牛肉样品的检测限分别为0.09、0.10、0.09μg/kg,添加回收率为82.81%~101.99%,检测结果与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法基本一致。结果表明,所建立的电化学免疫传感器可用于实际样品中马波沙星残留的检测。

基于金纳米粒子-纳米氧化铈-石墨烯复合物修饰电极对环境水体中As(Ⅲ)的检测

先通过滴涂法制备纳米氧化铈-石墨烯(CeO_(2)-Gr)复合物修饰玻碳电极(GCE),再在含氯金酸(HAuCl_(4))的缓冲溶液中,采用循环伏安法将Au(Ⅲ)还原到CeO_(2)-Gr表面,从而制得AuNPs/CeO_(2)/Gr/GCE。采用电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)对修饰电极进行电化学特性表征。研究了AuNPs/CeO_(2)/Gr/GCE快速、准确测定水环境中As(Ⅲ),采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法,探讨了氧化铈与石墨烯质量比、金纳米粒子沉积圈数、沉积时间和沉积电位及干扰离子等对测定结果的影响,并确定检测As(Ⅲ)的优化实验条件。在最优条件下,该电化学传感器对As(Ⅲ)具有良好的电流响应,其溶出伏安峰电流与As(Ⅲ)浓度的线性范围为13.35~387.15μmol/L,检出限为4.74μmol/L。在不同干扰离子存在的情况下,传感器对As(Ⅲ)的选择性较好。为了评估传感器的实际应用能力,以实验室自来水为样本进行As(Ⅲ)加标检测,加标回收率为90.5%~99.2%,表明该电化学传感器具有监测As(Ⅲ)的应用潜力。

β-兴奋剂高灵敏同测无酶电化学传感器构建

【目的】构建一无酶电化学传感器同时对三种β-兴奋剂进行高效灵敏的检测,包括莱克多巴胺(Ractopamine,RAC)、盐酸克伦特罗(Clenbuterolhydrochloride,CLB)和沙丁胺醇(Salbutamol SAL)。【方法】无酶电化学传感器采用单壁碳纳米管(Single-walled carbon nanotube,SWCNTs)与石墨烯(Thingraphene,GR)混合,形成复合碳基材料,以nafion作为辅助粘合剂,并电沉积负载金纳米颗粒(AuNPs),构建GCE/SWCNTs+GR/AuNPs复合电极。对材料组合形式、纳米金沉积条件及溶液pH等的条件优化和各β-兴奋剂的富集条件进行探索。同时对这三种β-兴奋剂在电极表面的动力学进行研究。【结果】传感器对三种β-兴奋剂获得了良好的的检测结果,RAC,CLB及SAL的检出电位分别为在0.54 V,0.8 V及0.6 V。该电极不仅对三种β-兴奋剂有效检测,且灵敏度高,检测RAC的灵敏度低至3.3 nmol/L,且选择性好,在溶液中添加高浓度的木质素、葡萄糖、抗坏血酸、腐殖质和待测物50倍浓度的K^(+)、Fe^(3+)、Mg^(2+)、Na^(+)等离子干,对检测β-兴奋剂的峰电流的影响微弱,表明电极传感器有良好的抗干扰能力。【结论】在实际猪尿样品中三种β-兴奋剂的检测,其回收率分别为98.78%~102.92%、98.96%~99.73%和99.84%~101.6%,表明所制备的SWCNT+GR复合AuNPs电极传感器在实际样品的检测中具良好的应用前景。

石墨烯-金纳米材料修饰电极用于L-酪氨酸的检测

采用一种绿色简单的电化学方法将还原氧化石墨烯-金纳米复合薄膜共沉积到玻碳电极(GCE)上,作为传感器用于L-酪氨酸(L-Tyr)的检测.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)对修饰电极进行了表征.采用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了0.1 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲溶液中L-Tyr在修饰电极上的电化学行为,发现L-Tyr在修饰电极上的伏安响应比裸GCE明显提高.对复合薄膜的厚度、支撑电解质的p H值、沉积电位和积累时间进行了优化;在最佳实验条件下, L-Tyr的氧化峰电流在0.1~50μmol/L及50~1000μmol/L浓度范围内呈现良好的线性关系.该传感器的检出限为50 nmol/L,灵敏度为0.553μA·μmol·L^(-1),具有良好的重复性、稳定性和抗干扰性.

Integration of microfluidic injection analysis with carbon nanomaterials/gold nanowire arrays-based biosensors for glucose detection

Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide(r GO) nanosheets were utilized to construct glucose biosensors in combination with gold nanowire arrays(Au NWAs), and microfluidic injection analysis driven by gravity force was used to investigate the performances of as-prepared glucose biosensors. The results demonstrated glucose biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials/Au NWAs presented excellent performance at low working potential of-0.2 V versus Ag/Ag Cl(3 mol/L KCl), such as high sensitivity, good anti-interference ability and high throughput(45 h^(-1)). The glucose biosensor based on glucose oxidase(GOx)–CNT–Au NWAs showed a wide linear range from 100 to 3,000 lmol/L with a sensitivity of 4.12 l A/cm^2 mmol/L. Furthermore, the linear range and sensitivity of GOx–r GO–Au NWAs-based glucose biosensor were 50–4,000 lmol/L and 8.59 l A/(cm^2 mmol/L), respectively, which were better than those of glucose biosensor based on GOx–CNT–Au NWAs,suggesting r GO nanosheets in combination with Au NWAs being a good platform for the construction of glucose biosensors.

石墨烯/纳米金复合材料的无酶葡萄糖生物传感器制备

以抗坏血酸(AA)为还原剂,通过同步还原法制得石墨烯/纳米金复合材料。采用电化学方法,构建了一种基于石墨烯/纳米金复合材料修饰电极的无酶葡萄糖生物传感器。实验中,通过伏安法考察了不同修饰电极在葡萄糖溶液中的电化学行为。同时,探讨了溶液中OH-离子强度、溶解氧、扫描初始电位及石墨烯与纳米金的比例对传感器响应特性的影响。在优化实验条件下,采用线性扫描伏安法检测葡萄糖的线性范围为0.1～20 mmol/L,检出限为1.6×10-5 mol/L(S/N=3)。对1 mmol/L葡萄糖平行测定10次,其相对标准偏差为2.7%。实验结果表明,此传感器具有较高的灵敏度、较好的重现性、稳定性及抗干扰能力。本方法可用于人血清样品中葡萄糖含量的测定,回收率为96.2%～103.2%,结果令人满意。

石墨烯-壳聚糖/金纳米粒子修饰电极同时测定亚硫酸根和亚硝酸根

采用滴涂法得到了石墨烯(GR)-壳聚糖(CS)修饰的玻碳电极(GCE),再采用电沉积的方法将HAuCl4直接还原成金纳米粒子,沉积在GR-CS表面,制得了GR-CS/AuNPs GCE修饰电极。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)分别对制备的GR和构建的修饰电极GR-CS/AuNPs GCE进行了形貌表征。用循环伏安法研究了SO32-和NO2-在GR-CS/AuNPs GCE上的电化学行为。结果表明,此修饰电极对SO32-和NO2-均有较好的电催化活性作用,并且能实现对两种物质的同时测定,SO32-和NO2-在该修饰电极上的线性范围分别为5～410μmol/L和1～380μmol/L,检出限(S/N=3)分别为1.0和0.25μmol/L。GR-CS/AuNPs GCE具有很好的稳定性、重现性和灵敏度。此电极用于实际水样的SO32-和NO2-的含量测定,回收率为97.2%～102.6%,结果令人满意。

电化学沉积纳米金和石墨烯修饰离子液体碳糊电极检测芦丁的研究

以六氟磷酸正己基吡啶为粘合剂和修饰剂,制备了离子液体修饰碳糊电极(CILE)。用电化学方法依次将纳米金和石墨烯(GR)电沉积在CILE表面制备了相应的修饰电极(GR/Au/CILE)。电极表面纳米金和GR的存在极大地提高了电极的电化学性能。进一步用循环伏安法、示差脉冲伏安法和计时库仑法等电化学方法研究了芦丁在GR/Au/CILE上的电化学行为,求解了相关的电化学参数。在最佳实验条件下,芦丁的氧化峰电流与其浓度在8.0×10"8～8.0×10"5mol/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,检出限为2.55×10"8mol/L(3σ)。将本方法应用于复方芦丁片样品的测定,结果令人满意。

石墨烯-金纳米粒子复合膜修饰电极的制备及对双酚A的测定

采用电化学还原技术,通过一步电沉积制备了石墨烯-金纳米粒子复合膜修饰电极（ERGO-Au/GCE）.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和循环伏安（CV）法对修饰电极进行了表征,并研究了双酚A（BPA）在该修饰电极上的电化学行为.结果表明,所制备的复合物修饰电极对双酚A有明显的电催化效果.在pH=6.0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,双酚A在0.3～1.0 V扫描电位范围内有1个不可逆的氧化还原峰出现.在优化的条件下,双酚A的浓度在3.00×10^-8～1.30×10^-5mol/L范围内与其氧化峰电流呈线性关系,检出限为1.0×10^-8mol/L（S/N=3）.将该修饰电极用于饮用水和塑料制品中双酚A含量的测定,回收率为96.4%～103.5%.