Evaluation of Trace Elements in the Soil of Typical Peach Orchards in Zunyi City

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the enrichment and paucity of trace elements in the soil environment of peach orchards in Zunyi City,and to provide reference for supplementary application of microelement fertilizers and high-quality peach production in peach orchards.[Methods]Taking the soil of three typical peach orchards(Taoli Renjia peach orchard,Pengrui peach orchard and Taohuadao peach orchard)in Shenxi Town,Honghuagang District,Zunyi City as the research object,the contents of trace elements in soil were analyzed through field sampling and indoor determination of trace elements.[Results]The effective contents of trace elements in the soil of peach orchard bases in the study area were at a medium level,and the soil of the peach orchards was rich in available Fe and Se.The contents of available Cu,Mo and Mn were relatively rich.The contents of available B were not high overall.The contents of available Zn were at a moderate to low level overall.The soil of Taoli Renjia peach orchard was relatively rich in trace elements.[Conclusions]The research results can provide a scientific basis for the production of high-quality crispy peaches in peach orchards.

Visual navigation in orchard based on multiple images at different shooting angles

The orchards usually have rough terrain,dense tree canopy and weeds.It is hard to use GNSS for autonomous navigation in orchard due to signal occlusion,multipath effect,and radio frequency interference.To achieve autonomous navigation in orchard,a visual navigation method based on multiple images at different shooting angles is proposed in this paper.A dynamic image capturing device is designed for camera installation and multiple images can be shot at different angles.Firstly,the obtained orchard images are classified into sky and soil detection stage.Each image is transformed to HSV space and initially segmented into sky,canopy and soil regions by median filtering and morphological processing.Secondly,the sky and soil regions are extracted by the maximum connected region algorithm,and the region edges are detected and filtered by the Canny operator.Thirdly,the navigation line in the current frame is extracted by fitting the region coordinate points.Then the dynamic weighted filtering algorithm is used to extract the navigation line for the soil and sky detection stage,respectively,and the navigation line for the sky detection stage is mirrored to the soil region.Finally,the Kalman filter algorithm is used to fuse and extract the final navigation path.The test results on 200 images show that the accuracy of visual navigation path fitting is 95.5%,and single frame image processing costs 60 ms,which meets the real-time and robustness requirements of navigation.The visual navigation experiments in Camellia oleifera orchard show that when the driving speed is 0.6 m/s,the maximum tracking offset of visual navigation in weed-free and weedy environments is 0.14 m and 0.24 m,respectively,and the RMSE is 30 mm and 55 mm,respectively.

Hawk‐eye‐inspired perception algorithm of stereo vision for obtaining orchard 3D point cloud navigation map

The binocular stereo vision is the lowest cost sensor for obtaining 3D information.Considering the weakness of long‐distance measurement and stability,the improvement of accuracy and stability of stereo vision is urgently required for application of precision agriculture.To address the challenges of stereo vision long‐distance measurement and stable perception without hardware upgrade,inspired by hawk eyes,higher resolution perception and the adaptive HDR(High Dynamic Range)were introduced in this paper.Simulating the function from physiological structure of‘deep fovea’and‘shallow fovea’of hawk eye,the higher resolution reconstruction method in this paper was aimed at ac-curacy improving.Inspired by adjustment of pupils,the adaptive HDR method was proposed for high dynamic range optimisation and stable perception.In various light conditions,compared with default stereo vision,the accuracy of proposed algorithm was improved by 28.0%evaluated by error ratio,and the stability was improved by 26.56%by disparity accuracy.For fixed distance measurement,the maximum improvement was 78.6%by standard deviation.Based on the hawk‐eye‐inspired perception algorithm,the point cloud of orchard was improved both in quality and quantity.The hawk‐eye‐inspired perception algorithm contributed great advance in binocular 3D point cloud recon-struction in orchard navigation map.

Farmers’ Practices for the Orchard’s Maintenance and Post-Harvest Treatment of Cocoa in Infiltrated Classified and Unclassified Zone of Méagui (South-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.

Farmers’ Practices for the Orchard’s Maintenance and Post-Harvest Treatment of Cocoa in Infiltrated Classified and Unclassified Zone of Méagui (South-West, Côte d’Ivoire)

An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.

Evaluation on Soil Improvement Effects of Organic Fertilization in Honey Peach Orchard in the Longquan Mountain

Combined application of organic fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the productivity and ecological effect of newly added soil.However,the effect of organic fertilizer application in newly added orchard soil is not clear.In this project,the soil of newly built peach orchard in the Longquan Mountain of Chengdu was applied with 45 t/hm 2 of organic fertilizer.After 9 months of planting 6 varieties of honey peach(Wanhujing,Baifeng,Zhongtao 13,Huangjinmitao 1,Zhongpan 101,Zhongpan 104),the locally well developed peach orchard was taken as the control.The physical and chemical properties of soil from four topography(top slope,middle slope,lower slope and flat land)of newly built peach orchard were analyzed,and the effect of organic fertilizer on soil was evaluated.The results showed that combined application of organic fertilizer had different effects on soils from orchards with different varieties of peach and from different terrain parts of the same peach variety.Specifically,it had the best effect on soil improvement in Baifeng(local variety),Zhongpan 101 and Zhongpan 104(introduced varieties).Meanwhile,the best effect of soil improvement was found on top slope.Cluster analysis divided newly built peach orchards,uncultivated soil,and locally well developed peach orchard into four groups,indicating that the selected amount of organic fertilizer application in this study has improved the soil of peach orchards to some extent,but it was still necessary to increase the application amount.It was better for 54 t/hm 2 amount of organic fertilization on the part of top and middle slope,and 60 t/hm 2 on the lower slope and flat land.The comprehensive ecological benefit assessment of organic fertilizer should be conducted based on long-term monitoring of peach orchard ecological environment,fruit tree growth,fruit yield and quality,which would provide scientific basis for peach orchard production and management.

基于轻量化PointNet网络的林果园喷雾作业靶标实时识别方法

为了进一步提高喷雾机器人靶标检测的精准性、实时性和应用部署的实用性,该研究提出一种基于轻量化PointNet网络的林果园喷雾作业靶标实时识别方法。首先通过区域提取降采样、地面分割和改进DBSCAN聚类等点云预处理方法提取原始点云中的靶标;然后通过移动最小二乘上采样将靶标点云转化为满足点云识别网络输入要求的点云数据;最终通过在PointNet网络中引入残差模块和改进循环剪枝算法轻量化PointNet网络,完成林果树靶标的实时识别。试验结果表明,在ModelNet40数据集上,轻量化PointNet网络可达89.7%的准确率;在实际苗圃环境的试验中,该研究方法对靶标的识别准确率可达92.49%,同时误识率与拒识率分别为13.4%和6.47%,相较PointNet网络识别准确率提升了4.38个百分点,误识率和拒识率分别降低了7.2和4.07个百分点;轻量化PointNet网络识别准确率仅比PointNet++网络低1.14个百分点,误识率和拒识率分别高了0.9和1.12个百分点。但是轻量化PointNet网络的模型参数量较PointNet网络和PointNet++网络的模型参数量显著减少,仅为PointNet网络的11.5%,PointNet++网络的27.02%;运算量相较PointNet网络、PointNet++网络分别减少13.3和76.79个百分点。该研究提出的轻量化PointNet网络具有较高的实时性、精确性和鲁棒性,能够满足林果园喷雾作业的靶标识别需求,可为林果园喷雾作业靶标实时识别提供参考。

丘陵山地果园全液压遥控式履带动力底盘设计与试验

针对目前丘陵山地果园作业农用底盘整机体积大、行驶作业操作繁琐和通过性差等问题,结合丘陵山地果园开沟、除草和修剪等农艺管理环节的实际需求,设计了一款全液压遥控式履带动力底盘。首先,对动力底盘的整机结构和工作原理进行了阐述;其次,对前置挂载机构、行走系、变幅宽底盘、液压系统、遥控系统等关键部件进行设计和相应的匹配选型;最后,对整机进行了性能试验。试验结果表明:动力底盘在最小幅宽(1220 mm)和最大幅宽(1620 mm)的直线行驶偏移率分别为2.24%和2.2%,均满足相应国家标准(≤6%)要求。底盘的转向机动性能良好,最小幅宽原地转弯半径为905 mm,可适应丘陵山地果园相对狭窄的坡地作业环境。遥控操作上下斜坡、翻越田埂、跨越畦沟等过程平稳,满足丘陵山地果园非结构化地形行走要求。挂载链式开沟器进行开沟作业时,沟深稳定系数为88.5%,沟宽稳定系数为92.5%,满足国家标准(≥85%)要求。整机工作性能满足丘陵果园复杂坡度地形管理作业要求,可为丘陵山地果园田间管理作业的有效实施提供综合应用平台和技术支撑。

不同覆盖措施对寒地苹果园土壤物理特性和树体生长的影响

为探索适合东北寒地雨养苹果园幼树生长的土壤覆盖技术,以当地主栽苹果品种龙丰为试材,连续2年采用稻草、玉米秸秆、食用菌菌渣和园艺地布覆盖,以清耕为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对苹果园土壤温度、含水量、容重、孔隙度以及树体生长的影响。结果表明:覆盖可显著影响表层土壤温度,与清耕对照相比,覆盖稻草显著降低了土壤温度,覆盖玉米秸秆和覆盖食用菌菌渣能够稳定土壤温度;覆盖处理显著提高了土壤含水量,以覆盖食用菌菌渣最佳,5—10月平均土壤含水量较对照提高40.5%;覆盖有机材料可降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度,在成熟期与对照差异显著,以覆盖玉米秸秆最佳。覆盖促进了龙丰幼树生长,春梢长度和新梢长度、粗度增加,干径增加,促进了叶片生长。综合比较,覆盖园艺地布促进树体生长效果最佳,覆盖玉米秸秆和覆盖食用菌菌渣对改善土壤环境效果最好,同时也能够促进树体生长。

基于数字孪生的果园虚拟交互系统构建

针对果园种植管理系统存在可视性低、实时性差、适应性弱和交互方式单一的问题,提出一种面向种植管理过程的果园数字孪生系统六维模型。从管理要素实体建模、管理过程动态建模、管理系统仿真建模和管理策略优化建模4个方面论述了系统模型构建理论与技术体系。以六维模型为基础,理论与技术体系为支撑,设计了基于数字孪生的果园虚拟交互系统架构,并对系统开发过程的关键技术进行了阐述。借助Unity3D仿真平台搭建了果园虚拟交互系统,实现对果园的三维可视化监测。实验结果表明:该系统在农业物联网平台数据共享基础上,通过数据驱动、三维展示、人机交互、重构事件和智能决策方面提升了果园种植管理系统监测能力,为建设智慧果园提供参考。

基于形色筛选的苹果园羽化害虫粘连图像分割方法

针对苹果园害虫识别过程中的粘连问题,提出了一种基于形色筛选的害虫粘连图像分割方法。首先,采集苹果园害虫图像,聚焦于羽化害虫。害虫在羽化过程中已完成大部分生长发育,其外部形态、颜色、纹理更为稳定显著。因此,基于不同种类害虫的形色特征信息分析,来获取害虫HSV分割阈值和模板轮廓。其次,利用形状因子判定分割粘连区域,通过颜色分割法和轮廓定位分割法来实现非种间与种间粘连害虫的分割。最后,对采集的苹果园害虫图像进行了试验分析,采用基于形色筛选的分割法对单个害虫进行分割,结果表明,本文方法的平均分割率、平均分割错误率和平均分割有效率分别为101%、3.14%和96.86%,分割效果优于传统图像分割方法。此外,通过预定义的颜色阈值,本文方法实现了棉铃虫、桃蛀螟与玉米螟的精准分类,平均分类准确率分别为97.77%、96.75%与96.83%。同时,以Mask R-CNN模型作为识别模型,平均识别精度作为评价指标,分别对已用本文方法和未用本文方法分割的害虫图像进行识别试验。结果表明,已用本文方法分割的棉铃虫、桃蛀螟和玉米螟害虫图像平均识别精度分别为96.55%、94.80%与95.51%,平均识别精度分别提高16.42、16.59、16.46个百分点。这表明该方法可为果园害虫精准识别提供理论和方法基础。

基于改进YOLO v7轻量化模型的自然果园环境下苹果识别方法

针对自然果园环境下苹果果实识别中,传统的目标检测算法往往很难在检测模型的检测精度、速度和轻量化方面实现平衡,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v7的轻量化苹果检测模型。首先,引入部分卷积(Partial convolution, PConv)替换多分支堆叠模块中的部分常规卷积进行轻量化改进,以降低模型的参数量和计算量;其次,添加轻量化的高效通道注意力(Efficient channel attention, ECA)模块以提高网络的特征提取能力,改善复杂环境下遮挡目标的错检漏检问题;在模型训练过程中采用基于麻雀搜索算法(Sparrow search algorithm, SSA)的学习率优化策略来进一步提高模型的检测精度。试验结果显示:相比于YOLO v7原始模型,改进后模型的精确率、召回率和平均精度分别提高4.15、0.38、1.39个百分点,其参数量和计算量分别降低22.93%和27.41%,在GPU和CPU上检测单幅图像的平均用时分别减少0.003 s和0.014 s。结果表明,改进后的模型可以实时准确地识别复杂果园环境中的苹果,模型参数量和计算量较小,适合部署于苹果采摘机器人的嵌入式设备上,为实现苹果的无人化智能采摘奠定了基础。

生物有机肥对果园生产的影响研究进展

近年来,生物有机肥的研究与应用快速发展,特别是随着施肥报酬递减、土壤退化、面源污染、生态环境破坏等问题频发,生物有机肥料应用受到越来越多的重视,商品化生物有机肥料生产规模快速扩大,产品品类也不断丰富。本文梳理了生物有机肥的特点及其施用对果园土壤、土壤微生物以及果树生长发育、果实产量品质等方面的作用,并提出在果园生产中的施用策略,以期为果树生产栽培中的高效施肥管理提供参考依据。

果园水肥药与防霜冻一体化系统装置的设计

针对我国果园生产中存在的水资料浪费、过度施肥、不科学施药、霜冻危害等问题,面向果园管理的水肥药节约省力需求,设计了一种果园水肥药与防霜冻一体化装置。以现有的果园灌溉系统为基础,构建水肥药、防霜冻和灌溉融合应用模式,实现了滴灌施肥、喷灌施药和防霜冻等果园农事功能。装置具有人工控制、定时定量、模型控制等多种控制方式,减少了设施设备成本,提高了果园现有设备的综合利用率,可精准控制水、肥、药的使用量,节约了农业资源。

新疆阿克苏苹果园金纹细蛾发生规律研究

【目的】摸清新疆阿克苏地区苹果园金纹细蛾的发生规律,为该虫的综合治理提供科学依据。【方法】选择不同树龄、不同品种、不同间作方式的苹果园,利用性诱剂诱捕法和田间调查法,研究金纹细蛾的发生危害规律。【结果】金纹细蛾在阿克苏地区1年发生6代,第一代成虫发生期为5月上旬至6月上旬,第二代6月中旬至7月中旬,第三代7月中旬至8月上旬,第四代8月中旬至8月下旬,第五代9月上旬至10月。不同类型的果园中金纹细蛾危害程度和发生量不同,其中20年树龄果园>5年树龄果园、清耕果园>间作1年生绿肥作物果园>间作多年生绿肥作物果园、红色之爱果园>红富士果园。【结论】金纹细蛾以蛹在危害叶片虫斑内化蛹越冬,在阿克苏地区1年发生6代,其中7—8月危害较严重,老龄果园、清耕果园发生重,对不同品种的嗜好性也有差异。

施肥对日本落叶松母树种子球果和形质特征的影响

以日本落叶松1.5代和2代种子园为研究对象,施用N肥、P肥、K肥,采用正交试验设计,调查并分析了施肥处理对日本落叶松种子园母树球果和种子特性的影响,有效提高落叶松种子园种子产量,满足生产上对落叶松良种的需求。结果表明:从球果形质特征上看,施肥可显著促进日本落叶松1.5代和2代种子园单果质量、球果纵径和横径的增加,其中,1.5代种子园中,“N(0.4 kg/株)+P(0.6 kg/株)+K(0.6 kg/株)”处理的单果质量和球果纵径最大,分别达到4.01g和3.14cm,分别为CK的1.79倍和1.37倍,“N(0.2kg/株)+P(0.6kg/株)+K(0.4kg/株)”处理的球果横径最大,达到2.26cm,为CK的1.1倍;2代种子园中,“N(0.2 kg/株)+P(0.8 kg/株)+K(0.6 kg/株)”处理的单果质量、球果纵径和横径等指标均较高,分别达到8.23g、3.74 cm和2.58 cm。从种子形质特征上看,施肥对日本落叶松1.5代、2代种子园种子形质指标的影响有限,施肥仅对1.5代种子园种子纵径、横径和侧径及2代种子园千粒质量有显著影响。较高的K肥和适量的N肥施用量有利于球果和种子的增大,日本落叶松种子园施肥较优方案为N肥0.4 kg/株、P肥0.6 kg/株、K肥0.6 kg/株。

疏密改造对新疆富士苹果果园微环境和光谱特性的影响

【目的】研究疏密改造对郁闭富士苹果果园树冠内温度、相对湿度、光照强度、冠层反射光谱的影响,为提高果园产能和果实品质提供技术参考。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区老龄低效的郁闭富士苹果果园为研究对象,比较疏密改造与正常修剪果树冠层内的温度、相对湿度、光照强度、冠层反射光谱,并进行差异性分析,分析疏密改造对新疆富士苹果果园微环境和光谱特性的影响。【结果】疏密改造后冠层的光照强度高于对照(尤其是上部冠层)疏密改造后,苹果园疏密改造与其对照相比对冠层内温度湿度产生显著影响(P<0.05)。疏密改造后相同层次树冠内相对光照强度高于对照组,且在上部相对光照强度差异达显著水平(P<0.05),疏密改造后,树体冠层反射光谱不同光质的反射率均有不同程度的提升。【结论】疏密改造显著降低了富士苹果树冠内的温度和相对湿度,冠层内东西南北4个方位、各时间段的光照强度与对照相比有不同程度的提升,同时冠层反射光谱不同光质的反射率也有显著的提升。疏密改造可以显著改善富士苹果果园通风透光条件和光质分布的方式及强度。

覆膜对陇东旱地苹果根际土壤化感物质积累与真菌群落特征的影响

【目的】探究果园地膜覆盖对土壤化感物质及真菌群落的影响。【方法】以红富士苹果为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱技术和Illumina高通量测序技术探究了清耕(CK)、覆膜2年(2Y)、覆膜4年(4Y)和覆膜6年(6Y)对苹果树根际0~20 cm和>20~40 cm土层土壤理化性质、化感物质和真菌群落特征的影响。【结果】苹果根际土壤脲酶活性随着覆膜年限的延长而降低。土壤中主要的化感物质的含量总体上随着覆膜年限的延长呈现出降低的趋势。覆膜措施对苹果根际土壤中真菌群落特征具有显著的影响。土壤真菌群落的多样性随着覆膜年限的延长而增高,其中镰刀菌属丰度显著增加。综合对比,覆膜4年的苹果根际土壤中含水量及有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮含量显著增加,较CK分别增加了5.65%~15.00%、3.72%~8.29%、50.16%~64.31%和14.19%~31.44%。β-1,4-木糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶的活性显著提高,较CK分别增高了78.71%~84.4%、89.01%~97.43%和83.45%~87.68%。并且在0~20 cm的土层中苹果根系的生长量显著提高。与CK相比,根系生物量、根表面积和根体积分别增加了489.84%、533.87%和542.39%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤脲酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和香兰素是影响土壤真菌群落的主要环境因子。【结论】覆盖地膜可通过影响苹果根际土壤酶活性和微生物代谢活性,促进土壤碳循环,效果随覆膜年限而异,以覆膜4 a(年)最佳。同时覆膜年限的延长抑制了土壤中植物化感物质的积累,但覆盖年限过长会对土壤真菌群落结构产生不利的影响,因此在生产中,覆膜4 a为西北旱地苹果园适宜的连续覆膜年限。

干旱半干旱区果园生草条件下土壤微生物(细菌)的多样性

采选4种具备潜在“绿肥”功能的草种(黑麦草、苜蓿、高羊茅、长柔毛野豌豆)以及自然生草和清耕模式进行果园行间长期生草处理,应用高通量测序技术分析不同生草模式下果园土壤细菌群落结构、数量和功能的变化,以期为干旱半干旱区果园的合理生草和苹果生产可持续发展提供参考依据。结果表明:生草处理下细菌OTUs被划分为39个已知细菌门、94纲、266目、541科、127属。其中苜蓿(458个OTUs)及自然生草(531个OTUs)处理具有更多的群体特异性OTUs,其次为黑麦草与长柔毛野豌豆处理,并且相较于清耕,生草处理的土壤显著富集了拟杆菌纲、梭状芽孢杆菌纲、放线菌纲、变形菌纲、拟杆菌门、草酸杆菌科、假单胞菌科、芽孢杆菌科等有益微生物。PCoA主成分、Adonis组间差异分析和α多样性(ACE指数)进一步表明,土壤细菌群落的组成主要受生草处理影响,其中自然生草、苜蓿及长柔毛野豌豆处理区域土壤样品中的细菌群落差异以及细菌多样性更显著。同时自然生草、苜蓿及长柔毛野豌豆生草处理下差异代谢通路主要聚焦于碳水化合物代谢,氨基酸代谢,能量代谢,跨膜转运及核苷酸代谢,其平均丰度分别为13.6%、9.5%、4.2%、3.4%、3.2%。综上所述,生草处理可影响细菌群落结构,其中自然生草、苜蓿及长柔毛野豌豆生草进一步显著促进了细菌群落的功能。

果园生草条件下介导果树适施外源钙剂引起的果实内源激素和品质变化特征

以5种类型螯合剂钙源和人工生草草种为试材,采用田间随机区组试验设计,以清水为对照(CK),对采选的螯合剂钙源进行稀释500、1000、1500倍浓度喷施,结合行间人工生草和清耕耦合模式种植,研究了不同类型螯合剂钙源和生草处理下果实内源激素和品质变化特征,以期为当地果品提升开展果园可持续化生草管理和标准化施肥提供参考依据。结果表明:果实成熟后,整体处理提升效果主要集中在稀释1000倍浓度,其中SA(1000倍)和OM(1000倍)与生草模式耦合对果实内源激素和品质提升显著,即赤霉素(GA)提升38.0%与41.2%、细胞分裂素(CTK)提升26.9%与38.3%、生长素(IAA)提升47.4%与52.9%、脱落酸(ABA)拮抗作用34.9%与35.1%;果实品质当中,单果质量提升20.6%与16.6%;可滴定酸提升24.0%(SA)、可溶性固形物提升23.1%与21.9%、硬度提升71.8%(SA)、可溶性糖提升20.1%(SA)。相关性分析结果表明,内源激素与果实品质相关性集中于稀释1000倍浓度,聚焦于生草模式与喷施耦合(1000倍)相关性最强,GA、CTK、IAA与可溶性糖、硬度和果形指数呈显著正相关(P<0.001);仅喷施外源钙剂时,CTK、IAA与单果质量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖呈显著相关性(P<0.001)。果园行间生草主要为GA、IAA与单果质量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。