Influence of Civil Authority on Rural Grass-roots Democracy and Social Autonomy in Northwest Minority Regions

System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.

Resource Dependence Relationship between Grass-roots Government and Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

Based on theories of resource dependence and government functions,this paper analyzed benefit interaction between grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives in Hubei Province. It was intended to make clear the path dependence relationship between grassroots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives and find out problems in between. Besides,from the perspective of grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives,it came up with corresponding recommendations,to promote constant improvement of farmers' specialized cooperatives,and help them to become key forces of leading farmers to get rich,pull agricultural economic development,and promote new socialist countryside construction.

Construction of Rural Grass-roots Water Conservancy Service System in the Context of Institutional Changes

At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

"Emperor's Power Far Away from the Countryside"and"Town in Charge of Village Affairs":The Extreme Grass-roots Management System is Not Conducive to the Healthy Development of the Countryside

This paper compares the two different rural management methods of"emperor’s power far away from the countryside"and"town in charge of village affairs",which shows that the extreme grass-roots management system is not conducive to rural development.This paper also points out that rural development needs to find a road of sustainable development in line with its own characteristics,which is the fundamental shortcut to change poverty and become rich for a long time.

Judicature Is a Reliable Guarantee for Human Rights

＂Respecting and ensuring human rights＂ has been included in the General Provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law in an amendment to the law after the term was written into the Constitution, and has been specified as an important task of the Criminal Procedure Law. As the final guarantee for the implementation of the principle of ＂respecting and ensuring human rights,＂ the People＇s Courts pay much attention to hu- man rights protection in the field of justice. During fair and effective ju- dicatory work for years, the People＇s Courts have constantly strengthened the judicial guarantee of human rights, gradually improved particular systems involving evidence, defense,

民事司法智能化:应用风险的思考与分析

智能化技术在司法领域的运用并非都是正向的、积极的,也存在负面的、消极的一面。司法智能化应用中存在的风险就反映了其消极的一面。司法智能化应用中的风险包括:司法亲历性的疏远、算法司法对司法公正的消极影响、司法过程中大数据滥用对个人权利的侵害、司法过程监督机能的弱化、司法行政化的强化等。对风险产生原因、后果的充分认识将有助于人们采取相应的措施预防和降低风险的发生。

明清时期对违规传教士的惩处与安置

明清时期发生过多起涉及天主教和传教士的案件。朝廷在处理相关案件时,“化外人有犯,依律拟断”的司法原则始终是基本参照。与此同时,司法权与行政权的混合运用,法条、历史经验、国家安全、对天主教的政策、贸易关系、传教士与朝廷的关系、朝廷对特殊地区的政策与管理,以及最高统治者的态度等等,都是关联因素。具体来看,从晚明到清嘉庆时期,朝廷对京城违规传教士的惩处有别于地方传教士,对所有违规的在华传教士的处置总体上趋于严厉,其间“禁教”政策是变化的关键。与“禁教”趋于严厉相关,朝廷对中国澳门天主教的管治渐与内地接近。

数字正义下司法人工智能的适用困境及纾解进路

数字正义是现代司法正义体系下拓展的新追求。数字正义与司法人工智能二者之间存在着紧密的逻辑关系,数字正义是司法人工智能的价值目标,司法人工智能是数字正义的实践载体。此逻辑关系基础上的司法人工智能适用要充分发挥数字正义本身的理论指导效能,就必须对其在适用过程中可能引发的主体地位弱化、行为内容侵扰及责任追究阻滞的困境予以分析并解决。立足发展实际,数字正义下司法人工智能适用的纾解进路可以从回归司法主体价值、优化司法内容机制、完善司法责任监督几方面着手,以期实现数字正义下人工智能在司法领域技术应用的和谐转型。

环境修复责任司法裁判中行政主体的配合义务

为应对环境司法在证据获取、事实认定和判决执行等方面面临的挑战,我国司法制度要求环境行政主体在环境修复责任司法裁判以及判决执行过程中配合司法机关,并形成直接判决式、自愿承担式、征求意见式和参与协商式等多种实践模式。要求环境行政主体在环境修复责任司法裁判中承担一定的配合义务,既有正当性和必要性,又具有一定的规范支撑,但也存在环境行政主体配合义务缺乏明确法律依据和实现过程受阻等问题。鉴于此,有必要合理改善制度设计,从实体和程序两方面对此问题进行妥当安排,以避免因错误处理环境行政权与司法权的关系而引发理论误读与实践错乱。

合宪性解释在刑事司法中的运用

宪法学和刑法学的本体都应当是解释论,在此意义上,合宪性解释对宪法和刑法都具有非常重要的意义,具体到宪法上,其具有实施宪法、彰显宪法保护公民权利与自由等意义;具体到刑法上,主要体现为出罪、明确刑法多含义条文在具体案件中的真实含义等意义。刑法解释方法位阶理论限制了合宪性解释的运用,因此合宪性解释的具体运用的理论前提是对刑法解释位阶予以否定。罪刑法定原则体现了宪法中罪刑关系的基本内容,合宪性解释在实践中具体运用需要借助罪刑法定原则的实施。在刑事司法个案审判中,引入比例原则也是合宪性解释的具体要求。

Relationship between acute stress and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel:Mediating effect of social support

Background: To explore the relationship between acute stress, social support and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel, and construct the relational model through structural equation modeling. Methods: A total of 2,411 grass-root military personnel were randomly selected by cluster sampling, and administered the Chinese Military Personnel Sleep Disorder Scale, Military Acute Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.Results: The total score of acute stress scale was positively correlated with the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.209~0.465, P<0.01); The total score of social support scale was positively correlated with the total score of acute stress scale and the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.356~0.537, P<0.01). The analysis of mediating effects showed that lack of social support partially mediated between acute stress and the factors of sleep disorder. The analysis of structural equation model showed that acute stress not only had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.29, P=0.000), but also on lack of social support(the path coefficient was 0.39, P=0.000); lack of social support had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.48, P=0.000).Conclusions: Acute stress and lack of social support are two significant factors of sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel. Well-established social support could alleviate sleep disorder induced by acute stress. Lack of social support was a partial mediator between acute stress and sleep disorder.

立法表达的司法面向及其反向要求

历史地看,立法者制定立法之法的重要目的之一是制约法官等用法者的专断/主观能动性。但这种认识预设了一个错误的前提,即立法者可以单方面完成法律的创制。而实际上,立法之法注定只能是法律的一种原材料,它的真正完成内在地需要法官等用法者的主观能动性的发挥。这意味着,立法表达必须保持司法(用法)面向,以一种相互合作、相互成就的立场看待司法能动性,进而通过一定的举措主动而预先地为法官主观能动性的发挥保留一定的空间。

智慧司法建设中情态证据的应用与合法性审查研究

情态证据是对某种刺激下被观察者适应性整体反应的记录,可借助现代科技予以量化分析。对情态证据的技术基础、法律基础进行考察,分析智慧司法实践中情态证据的应用现状,可发现实践中存在对情态证据认知与运用的矛盾。正确运用情态证据能够实现智慧司法的诉讼真实价值与人权保障理念,推动智慧司法建设,反之则会造成社会伦理冲突、权利侵犯与结论错误。因此,应从观察主体、启动方式、观察方式、保存程序及呈现形式、庭审调查等方面对情态证据建立“准证据”的合法性审查,同时明确可能产生的瑕疵证据及补正情况,但不宜建立“毒树之果”规则。

数字正义视域下数字司法建设面临的障碍与对策研究

数字正义是在网络信息化背景下对传统正义的转型升级,是数字社会赋予公平正义的更高需求,应当成为新时代司法工作的出发点和落脚点。我国数字司法建设尚处在初期阶段,存在“数字鸿沟”导致司法触达不全面、“算法黑箱”造成司法推论不透明、“技术机械”致使司法审判不合理等诸多问题,阻碍了司法创造更高水平的数字正义。在通往数字技术嵌入司法领域的新一轮变革中,还需要从健全数字司法法治化规范体系、强化数字司法系统的安全实用、优化数字司法建设的人才支撑、改进数字司法应用的监督机制等方面着手,加强数字司法法治建设,从而更好回应人民群众对司法正义的美好期待。

试论清末民初司法积弊整顿之监督制度主张

清末民初时期司法积弊严重,刑讯逼供、索贿受贿、案件积压等现象层出不穷。为此,时贤从严格案件审理、强化政府职权配置、注重司法官惩戒等方面,提出了加强监督司法之制度主张,试图达到实现司法公正、保障人民权利以及强化对地方的控制与治理等目的。虽因各种条件的限制实际监督效果极为有限,但仍不失为追求国家治理能力提升的有益思考。

司法裁判中的常识及其运用

司法裁判中的常识是指社会的一般生活规律,其本质上是具备高度盖然性的生活经验和社会规范,在司法裁判中有相应的规范应用要求。常识主义司法以司法裁判的法律效果和社会效果相统一为主要价值导向。在适用的基础上,常识以其深刻的社会性和内含的规范性与司法裁判的内在要求产生关联。在具体的实践中,常识在司法裁判过程中受到逻辑法则等的相关检验。常识主义司法既要回应人们对司法裁判确定性的要求,同时也要防止常识在司法裁判中的滥用和误用等。

科学证据诸问题论析

司法与科技的结合日益紧密,科学证据提高了司法证明活动的科学性,同时也使司法领域面临着前所未有的挑战。科学证据时代司法面临的挑战主要有:科学证据潜藏的司法风险,法官自由裁量权的让渡,流于形式的质证以及诉讼成本的增加。这些挑战主要源于科学证据审查标准难以确定,法律工作者缺乏判断科学证据的知识,科学证据的收集不规范,法律工作者与科技工作者缺乏交流平台。在事实认定科学化的变革过程中,应当加大对法律工作者法庭科学等方面的教育培训,规范科学证据的收集与呈现,同时借助同行评议、专家辅助人制度、参考手册、人工智能等手段,帮助法律工作者更好地认识科学证据,实现司法公正。

人工智能的司法应用与法理审视

人工智能技术的广泛应用推动了智慧法院建设,以协助法官审查科学证据、辅助量刑、类案推送等为典型的“人工智能+司法”格局下,人工智能与司法裁判的融合不断深化。但这种深度渗透在一定程度上存在技术反噬司法的风险,技术智能化与司法固有属性之间存在内在张力。从司法公正的角度审视人工智能司法应用,应妥善处理司法价值功效与技术中性之间的关系,尊重法官司法价值判断;坚持法官主体性、主导性,划定技术与司法的边界;通过优化司法大数据管理,防范算法缺陷,最终助力智慧司法的良性发展。

网络支付结算行为的性质及处罚

利用他人账户进行虚假交易退款的方式绕开、躲避金融机构和第三方支付机构的身份核实,或者利用网络技术伪装成银行支付通道的网络支付结算行为,客观违法性明显。网络支付结算服务可被定性为非法从事资金支付结算,掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得及其收益,非法获取公民个人信息等犯罪行为。合理界定共犯范围是解决网络支付结算行为人责任的前提。自始否定犯罪结果的出现是划定共犯边界的标准。依据利益说,共犯实施犯罪的利益即为正犯的利益,该利益并不与正犯的利益产生冲突。在非共犯场合,不应将帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪作为处罚网络支付结算行为犯罪的兜底罪名。