Influence of Civil Authority on Rural Grass-roots Democracy and Social Autonomy in Northwest Minority Regions

System of villagers autonomy is one of the basic political systems in China and one of those systems ensuring that the people are the masters of the country. Northwest minorities generally live in the remote northwestern China where economy and education are relatively underdeveloped compared with those in central and eastern China and civil authority has great influence on rural grass-roots democracy as well as social autonomy there,which causes difficulties to the development of rural democracy and social autonomy. Assisting northwest minority regions in overcoming the difficulties of developing grass-roots democracy and social autonomy,carrying out effective measures to properly guide the development and influence of civil authority and finally achieving the construction of new socialist countryside have great significance in ensuring that people there are the masters of their country.

Resource Dependence Relationship between Grass-roots Government and Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

Based on theories of resource dependence and government functions,this paper analyzed benefit interaction between grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives in Hubei Province. It was intended to make clear the path dependence relationship between grassroots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives and find out problems in between. Besides,from the perspective of grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives,it came up with corresponding recommendations,to promote constant improvement of farmers' specialized cooperatives,and help them to become key forces of leading farmers to get rich,pull agricultural economic development,and promote new socialist countryside construction.

Construction of Rural Grass-roots Water Conservancy Service System in the Context of Institutional Changes

At present,it is urgent to solve problems of reforming and improving grass-roots water conservancy management mode in rural areas and improving rural water conservancy public service ability. Through analyzing institutional changes of grass-roots water conservancy management in rural areas,this paper discussed current situations and outstanding problems in grass-roots water conservancy services in rural areas of Kunming City. On the basis of current situations and problems,it came up with policy recommendations from reform of management institutions,reform of personnel system,construction of human resources,development of rural water use cooperation organizations,and improvement of fund input mechanism,to build rural grass-roots water conservancy service system.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

"Emperor's Power Far Away from the Countryside"and"Town in Charge of Village Affairs":The Extreme Grass-roots Management System is Not Conducive to the Healthy Development of the Countryside

This paper compares the two different rural management methods of"emperor’s power far away from the countryside"and"town in charge of village affairs",which shows that the extreme grass-roots management system is not conducive to rural development.This paper also points out that rural development needs to find a road of sustainable development in line with its own characteristics,which is the fundamental shortcut to change poverty and become rich for a long time.

Relationship between acute stress and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel:Mediating effect of social support

Background: To explore the relationship between acute stress, social support and sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel, and construct the relational model through structural equation modeling. Methods: A total of 2,411 grass-root military personnel were randomly selected by cluster sampling, and administered the Chinese Military Personnel Sleep Disorder Scale, Military Acute Stress Scale and Social Support Rating Scale.Results: The total score of acute stress scale was positively correlated with the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.209~0.465, P【0.01); The total score of social support scale was positively correlated with the total score of acute stress scale and the total score and factor scores of sleep disorder scale(r=0.356~0.537, P【0.01). The analysis of mediating effects showed that lack of social support partially mediated between acute stress and the factors of sleep disorder. The analysis of structural equation model showed that acute stress not only had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.29, P=0.000), but also on lack of social support(the path coefficient was 0.39, P=0.000); lack of social support had a direct effect on sleep disorder(the path coefficient was 0.48, P=0.000).Conclusions: Acute stress and lack of social support are two significant factors of sleep disorder in grass-root military personnel. Well-established social support could alleviate sleep disorder induced by acute stress. Lack of social support was a partial mediator between acute stress and sleep disorder.

中国电大系统的危机与对策

中国广播电视大学系统当前面临着前所未有的危机,比如边缘化、异化、系统结构僵化、品牌声誉下降。今年国家政策调整,生存危机凸现,省一级广播电视大学的危机感尤其强烈。危机产生的原因错综复杂,除定位、办学理念、体制、办学自主权、领军人物等因素外,还有建设目标和思路模糊、制度缺失和体制障碍、优质资源建设滞后、内部结构失衡等。解决危机的对策是:制订中国开放大学的设置标准,将电大系统建成由若干所开放大学组成的集团;加快优质资源建设;激发系统办学活力;扩大系统开放性;坚持分类指导,加大投入。

电大学历教育与非学历教育的接轨研究

随着全民学习时代的来临与《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》的颁布,国家和社会赋予了广播电视大学新的责任与使命。开展学历教育与非学历教育接轨项目是广播电视大学在新形势下的发展战略调整之一。四川广播电视大学在论证学历教育和非学历教育接轨的必要性和可行性基础上,以教学计划为载体,按照"单向转化向双向接轨过渡"的思路,分三个方面进行接轨研究,即学历教育向非学历教育沟通,在职业指向性较强的专业中引入证书课程;非学历教育向学历教育沟通,非学历教育成果按照一定规则转化为电大学历教育学分;学历教育与非学历教育双向沟通,实现"考试即拿证,证书代成绩"。

开放教育视角下校企合作办学模式、问题与对策研究——以宁波广播电视大学为例

开放教育校企合作办学近几年异军突起,合作办学规模不断扩大,而相关研究却少之从此次此次又少,且无全面系统的研究。以宁波电大为例,通过对电大校企合作办学的现状及典型类别进行分析,来阐述开放教育校企合作办学所拥有的优势和所面对的困境及瓶颈。针对相关困境与问题,从政府、企业和学校的角度探索总结实施开放教育校企合作人才培养模式的途径与策略。从而建构出具有操作性和推广价值的全新开放教育校企合作人才培养模式,即"政府引导、学校办学、企业参与"的合作办学模式。

县级电大目前存在的主要问题及对策

县级电大是电大分级办学系统中的重要组成部分,是电大这座金字塔的基础;查找、分析其目前所存在的主要问题,探索、研究行之有效的对策,对电大整体的发展具有极为重要的战略意义。

建设开放大学:西部电大的路径选择——第八届西部电大校长论坛综述

第八届西部电大校长论坛于2010年10月在成都召开,中央电大与西部15所省市电大校领导和专家学者出席了会议。会议围绕建设开放大学的主题,深入探讨新形势下西部电大的路径选择。会议认为,西部建设开放大学具有国家战略意义,是贯彻《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》的要求和实施西部大开发战略的重要举措。西部电大必须抓住历史机遇建设开放大学,把以省(区)电大为依托的开放大学系统做大做强,形成西部开放大学的特色与核心竞争力。会议热议的焦点主要有:"翻牌"与"内涵建设"孰先孰后、各层级电大的利益博弈、体制与机制改革的出路、顶层设计与底层设计的诉求,以及开放大学建设的多种模式与多元发展的空间拓展等。会议建议,政策应大力向西部倾斜,西部电大在政府的支持下也可以先行先试,探索西部开放大学的发展模式。

基础良好 推进扎实 成效抢眼持续发展——电大总结性评估的阶段总结与思考

“中央广播电视大学人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”项目已进入总结阶段,为此,教育部决定对该试点项目开展全面检查与评价的总结性评估。本文从宏观视野,对总结性评估开展的第一个阶段的推进、成效以及实现持续发展尚待破解的一些问题和难点进行了全面的梳理、总结,并提出了相应的指导性意见。

远程开放教育教学点质量、规模和效益的平衡——基于电大地市级教学点的实证研究

远程开放教育是"国家现代远程教育工程"中"中央电大人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点(1999-2007)"探索的新领域。教学点在远程开放教育中具有桥头堡的地位和作用。电大远程开放教育的在校学生规模超过了全国网络教育在校生总数的70%。全国67所普通高校的网络教育学院的校外教学点有许多设在地市级电大。电大地市级教学点的质量、规模与效益如何平衡?本文通过"电大远程教育成本效益实证与比较研究"课题直接调查了西部新疆、中部湖南和东部福建3个省21个地市级电大教学点连续4年的远程开放教育成本数据,实证研究了这些教学点远程开放教育在教学效果与传统教学效果相同的假设条件下的规模效益。研究结果表明,地市级电大远程开放教育生均成本存在规模经济特征,即随着在校生规模的扩大,生均成本是下降的。研究发现,教学点生均可变成本与生均成本间差距较大,生均成本下降尚有余地。在地区差异上,各地市级电大因所处地理位置与经济发展水平的不同,而存在发展不均衡的现象。研究从教育经济学角度构建了二次型计量模型,其回归结果显示,全国地市级电大教学点开放教育在校生数的最佳规模整体上约为78 00人,分省看,福建、湖南、新疆地市级电大最佳规模分别约为91 00人,3800人和2200人,这为扩大远程开放教育规模经济提供了参考。本文的估计结果还反映出,当规模的改变引起生均成本改变,办学主体存在资金投入方向的问题。研究建议,应增加直接改善远程教育质量的投入,如精品课程的投入,教师学习支持服务的投入等,以保证质量、规模和效益的平衡。

扩大开放与提高质量:广播电视大学战略课题破解

开放与质量是广播电视大学立校的两大支柱。以创办中国特色开放大学为精神实质的广播电视大学自创办以来,其开放性多次徘徊于体制和传统以及自身问题的制约中,最终在“中央电大人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点”中获得历史性突破。在新的发展时期中,进一步扩大开放与提高质量,再次成为其亟待破解的两大战略课题。文章以宏观的理论视野、时代的理性观照,对关涉问题进行了深入缜密的剖析并由此指导该两大课题实践的有效展开和推进。

电大远程教育传统办学思路的课程考核弊端探究

课程考核是远程教育教学环节的重要组成部分,是检查教师执行教学情况和反映学生学习效果的重要手段,也是评定学生学习成绩的主要依据。我国电大远程教育课程考核目前主要存在两大问题:形成性考核形同虚设、终结性考核缺乏科学设计,这与电大系统长期以来固守的办学思路密不可分。电大远程教育课程考核首先应转变思路,改革考核方式。在形成性考核的改革方面应健全制度、规范管理、强化监督力度,在终结性考核的改革方面应努力构建考核方法灵活多样、题型丰富多彩、内容宽厚兼容的科学化的考核模式。

旗舰战略:省级远程教育系统建设的变局策略研究——云南电大系统建设“标本”意义的思考

广播电视大学四级办学系统是国家高等教育的宝贵资源。在社会主义市场经济环境下,电大沿行多年的这一系统的建设面临严峻的挑战。增强危机感,并引导全系统积极参与到对电大发展的战略性讨论中,以期找到正确的发展道路,是我们亟待解决而又急需解决的问题。本文以云南电大为“标本”,借鉴各地在进行国有资产战略性重组实践中的“旗舰战略”,提出了电大系统建设变革中的战略选择。

基层电大教师的专业身份危机

由于电大运作模式的弊端、教师管理的失范、实践理念的偏差和教师专业发展的滞后造成了基层电大教师身份的内部分化和外部泛化的"身份危机"。基层电大教师的教学工作和课程开发明显分离,网络教学新的特征和内涵进一步细化了电大教师的角色,教师岗位职能的细化使教师角色同一化,基层电大大量的管理工作进一步泛化了教师的角色,这些都不利于教师的专业发展。基层电大应通过纯化教师角色和控制教师工作量来提高外部认同度,通过建立教师专业发展标准和教学知识评价机制、重视教学理念的先进性、强调教学创新能力来提高内部认同度。

依托地方文化资源优势开展社区教育研究——基于河北省邯郸市开展社区教育的实践

社区教育是继续教育的重要形式,发展社区教育对促进经济发展、辅助社会管理、传承先进文化、提升个人素质、拓展电大教育具有不可替代的作用。邯郸在实践中将地方文化资源作为开展社区教育的重要内容,将地方文化活动作为开展社区教育的有效载体,并利用地方文化资源系统发展社区教育组织,这些做法或许为社区教育的深入发展提供了些许思路。

从知识经济时代的人力资源开发谈继续教育的改革与发展

知识经济时代的人力资源开发不同于农业经济和工业经济时代 ,而呈现新的趋势 ,它需要现代的、开放的、远程的、新型的继续教育作为手段。继续教育必须在结构、过程和手段诸方面实施全面的更新与变革 ,成为面向社会的开放系统 ,更加注重学习者创造力的开发 ,而电大远程教育以其革命性的教育手段成为继续教育的主力军。

新时期电大开拓品牌之路的探索

随着市场经济的深入开展,品牌观念已被社会各个领域所广泛接受。为了在日益严峻的竞争市场中求生存求发展,电大必须确立自己的品牌。试点评估结束后,电大系统进入以内涵式发展为主的阶段。本文立足新的形势,分析电大教育品牌建设的必要性及目前存在的问题,概述了电大教育品牌建设的量化评估体系。