Universal Health Coverage in Somalia: Charting the Path to Equitable Healthcare Financing and Governance

Somalia is a country facing numerous challenges in achieving universal health coverage (UHC) and ensuring adequate healthcare financing, This article explores the complexities and obstacles that Somalia must overcome in its pursuit of UHC, the paper begins by providing an overview of the current healthcare landscape in Somalia, highlighting the lack of infrastructure, political instability, and limited financial resources that hinder the establishment of a comprehensive and equitable healthcare system. It then examines the role of international aid and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in filling the healthcare gap, while emphasizing the need for a more sustainable, domestically financed solution. Drawing on a range of data sources and case studies, the article proposes a multi-faceted approach to strengthen healthcare governance, improve resource allocation, and foster local capacity building, the study delves into the unique obstacles that Somalia faces, including a lack of infrastructure, political instability, and limited financial resources, which hinder the establishment of a comprehensive and equitable healthcare system. The paper also examines the role of international aid and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in filling the healthcare gap, while highlighting the need for a more sustainable, domestically financed solution. The findings underscore the importance of political commitment, international cooperation, and innovative financing mechanisms in advancing towards UHC in Somalia, providing valuable insights for other low resource, conflict affected settings.

Reassessing the Empirical Relationship between Health Expenditure,Governance and Economic Growth in Africa:Analysis of Nigerian

As an aspect of human capital,a positive association exists amongst health,productivity,and growth in output per capita.On the other hand,social infrastructure defined by the institution of governance has a direct effect on the environment upon which productive activities take place to determine outcomes.Nigeria like most African countries is bedevilled by the high prevalence of inadequate health financing and poor governance.Health financing for Nigeria consistently has fallen short of the AU health funding commitment of 15%of annual budgetary allocation to the health sector.Secondly,poor governance conditions available resources and shape the state of infrastructure,particularly health infrastructure and socioeconomic conditions.In turn,this determines individuals’level of exposure to health risks and their capacity to actively contribute to productive activity for growth stimulation and sustainability.Against this backdrop,this study added to the existing literature in the context of Nigeria,by theoretically applying the Solow augmented Mankiw-Romer-Weil structural model in the examination of the impact of government size and governance quality in the health sector,on economic growth.Autoregressive Distributed Lag(ARDL)model was adopted in the estimation.Findings show that governance quality adversely affects growth and this reduces the capacity of health spending to stimulate growth by an almost equal margin.As a result,this study recommends legislative backing to the AU health funding commitment in Nigeria.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

China's Anti-epidemic Diplomacy Boosts Global Public Health Governance

In 2020 with a pandemic sweeping the world,global political and economic orders seriously disrupted and tens of millions of human lives threatened,the spread of the novel coronavirus is the world's number one challenge.China has efficiently organized domestic epidemic control and vigorously promoted international cooperation in the battle against the pandemic by advancing head-of-state diplomacy.In this ongoing crisis,China has actively led the way for global public health governance,promoted the building of a community with common health for mankind,and demonstrated the actions of a responsible major country.

Global health governance for travel health: lessons learned from thecoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks in large cruise ships

Background: The outbreak and global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) attracts a great deal ofattentions to the problem of travel health. Cruise tourism is increasingly popular, with an estimated 30 millionpassengers transported on cruise ships worldwide each year. Safeguarding the health of cruise travelers duringthe entire travel is of ultimate importance for both the industry and global public health.Objective: This study aimed to explore the challenges and opportunities in travel health from the perspective ofglobal health governance.Methods: The global governance framework including problems, values, tools or regulations, and actors relatedto travel health were used to analyze the issues involved.Results: Up to April 2020, nearly thirty cruise ship voyages reported COVID-19 cases. The Diamond Princess,Grand Princess and Ruby Princess cruise ship had over 1,400 total reported COVID-19 cases, and more than 30deaths. A community with a common future in travel health is the core value of global health governance fortravel health. The travel-related international regulations, including the International Health Regulation (IHR[2005]), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the International Maritime Organization(IMO) conventions should be further updated to deal with the travel health problems. The roles andresponsibilities and the cooperation mechanisms of different actors are not clear in relation to the public healthemergencies during the travel.Conclusion: Travel health transcends national borders and involves multilevel actors, thus needs globalcooperation and governance. Regulations and legislation at global and country level are required to preventlarge-scale humanitarian crisis on travel health. Multilateral coordination, cooperation and collaborationmechanisms between governments, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations andindustry are needed to build a better community of common destiny for travel health.

Resource Dependence Relationship between Grass-roots Government and Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives

Based on theories of resource dependence and government functions,this paper analyzed benefit interaction between grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives in Hubei Province. It was intended to make clear the path dependence relationship between grassroots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives and find out problems in between. Besides,from the perspective of grass-roots government and farmers' specialized cooperatives,it came up with corresponding recommendations,to promote constant improvement of farmers' specialized cooperatives,and help them to become key forces of leading farmers to get rich,pull agricultural economic development,and promote new socialist countryside construction.

The Social Determinants of Health and the Role of the Health Care System: A Case Study of the Significance of Good Governance in Public Hospitals in South Africa

Increasingly international and national policies are being directed at actions for the social determinants of health and for an integrated approach to health care provision, not only in terms of institutional cooperation but also stakeholder involvement. A key component of both these policies is the development of good governance principles in all health care agencies and organizations. A neglected dimension in these debates has been the role of the public hospital which remains a vital and expensive dimension of service provision. In a case study of a public hospital in South Africa, this paper charts the readiness of its management principles and activities to provide quality health care linked to population health and to contribute to the non-medical determinant of health. Using Taylor’s principles of good governance, we conclude that there is a mixture of good and not so good governance activity. The paper concludes by examining the external constraints on the public hospital and by providing suggestions for future activities.

Paths and Challenges of Chinese NGOs Participate in Global Public Health Governance——The Case Study of Chinese Red Cross Foundation

With the development of the world’s politics and economic,the participants in the global governance system have also undergone profound changes;among them,non-governmental organizations(NGOs)as an essential role of the sub-national actors have an important impact on today’s global public health governance.From the case of the Chinese Red Cross Foundation,we can see that Chinese NGOs have their own unique way to participate in global public health governance.Good project design,professional implementation plans,and diversified partners are powerful guarantees for successful governance participation.At the same time,financial issues,institutional guarantees,and further improvement of professionalism are areas that need to be improved in the future.

Science and Technology Associations and Social Governance of Britain in the Middle and Late 19^(th) Century

Civil science and technology associations have been widely springing up everywhere in Britain, especially the new industrial towns in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Associations held various academic activities, organized and funded scientific research, which played an important role in promoting the progress of science and technology and the development of industrial society. Based on case study on British Association for the Advancement of Science and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society by academic circles at home and abroad, development situation of British science and technology associations in the middle and late 19^(th) century is summarized, and a series of activities of associations participating in industrial and agricultural development and environmental health reform are systematically sorted out, while the promoting role of science and technology associations in the social development of Britain in the 19^(th) century is explored.

The Pattern of Government Health Expenditure in China

For a while since the inception of economic system reform programs in 1980s,China's government investment in health was weakened.This resulted in healthcare provider's increasing reliance on user charges for their income,poorer access to healthcare for the vulnerable population groups,and increasing socioeconomic disparities in health and healthcare.To address these problems,China initiated a series of health sector reforms since late 1990s.Our comprehensive review study has found that indeed Chinese government spending on health has been increasing in recent years,especially since 2009,when the new Healthcare Reform Plan was announced.Still,China needs to both further strengthen government investment in health and address the structural imbalances in government health financing,in order to make the overall Chinese health system more equitable and more efficient.

Research on Government Emergency Management Strategy Based on Public Health Incidents

It is the government's basic responsibility to ensure public health safety.However,due to the influence of the environment and human beings,some public health incidents are still inevitable,endangering public health and undermining social stability.However,any public health incident is traceable,and there will be a process from latent period to outbreak.Therefore,the government needs to grasp the key points of health incidents,strengthen emergency management,and ensure social stability and public safety.

Service Functions of Private Community Health Stations in China: A Comparison Analysis with Government-sponsored Community Health Stations

In China, with the restructuring of health care system moving forward, private community health facilities have been playing a complementary but increasingly important role in providing public health and basic medical care services in urban areas. However, only limited evidence is available con-cerning the service functions of private community health facilities in China. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of private community health stations (PCHSs) to provide evidence-based rec-ommendations for policy-making and practice in the development of urban community health services systems. A total of 818 PCHSs and 4320 government-sponsored community health stations (GCHSs) located in 28 cities of China were investigated in 2008. The percentages of stations that provided health services and the annual workload per community health worker (CHW) were compared between the two types of institutions. The results showed that the percentages of PCHSs providing public health services were significantly higher than those of GCHSs (P<0.05); but no significant differences were found in the percentages of basic medical services providing between PCHSs and GCHSs (P>0.05). The annual workloads of all the public health services and basic medical services per CHW in PCHSs were lighter than those in GCHSs (P<0.05), except for resident health records establishment and health education materials distribution (P>0.05). At present, the GCHSs are still the mainstream in urban China, which will last for a long period in future. However, our findings showed that the annual workloads of CHWs in PCHSs were no heavier than those in GCHSs, and the PCHSs were willing to provide public health services. In view of current inadequacy of health resources in China, it is feasible to further develop PCHSs under the guidance of the government, given that PCHSs can perform the basic functions of community health services, which is useful for the formation of public-private partnerships (PPP) and the improvement of community health services.

心理健康问题的当代诠释:学理与系统视角

在百年未有之大变局下,心理健康问题需要从多维的系统角度重新诠释。就心理健康问题的性质而言,要反对诊断主义、还原主义、教育万能论等“本本主义”倾向;就心理健康问题的特点而言,它是一个连续性与阶段性统一的发展系统;就心理健康问题的影响因素而言,它是人与环境相互作用的一个生态系统;就心理健康问题的作用机制而言,它是一个集文化潮流、时代变迁等社会心理因素叠加的复杂系统。因此,心理健康教育不能“就事论事”,心理健康问题更不能“头痛医头,脚痛医脚”,它应该是一个有章可循的系统工程,需要创新系统思维,以学校教育、卫生健康、社会建设三个领域为横坐标,以个体、人际、群体、社会和环境五个维度为纵坐标,纵横交错、抓住结点,“综合治理、网格化治理”。

The Use of M-Government and M-Health Applications during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Saudi Arabia

The automated proficiencies of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in vision 2030, influence a decade of continual expenditure in contemporary automation and unified government platforms. It affords a reliable base for the COVID-19 response’s significant facets, encompassing continued connection to many e-government systems. The worldwide COVID-19 epidemic has reinvigorated the role of e-government. The health crisis has altered SADAIA to lunch Tawakkalna m-government application to execute business continuity strategies, offer important services to people, and assure their fulfilment. The study intends to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on users’ satisfaction with m-government services and Health Care apps in the Al-Madinah region. It analyses the elements that enable people’s use of online government services, and m-government services are a solution to handle the crisis. The finding shows that trust in e-government, trust in the internet, ease of use and usefulness are the important factors in using the application during the pandemic.

从“碎片”到“整体”:老年健康治理的逻辑与实践

全球人口老龄化进程持续加剧。我国“健康老龄化”实践表明,“健康老龄化”是应对人口老龄化成本最低、效益最好的手段和途径。在推进和实现“健康老龄化”这一理想图景的过程中,老年健康治理的碎片化问题是时下迫切需要关注的一个重要议题。基于老年健康治理的主体碎片化、内容碎片化和过程碎片化问题,整体性治理思想对解决我国老年健康治理碎片化问题具有重要的借鉴意义。基于整体性治理视角,信息技术赋能的老年健康治理的优化应从如下三个方向展开:第一,深化合作,理顺老年健康治理的组织协调机制;第二,统一标准,完善老年健康治理的整合机制;第三,搭建沟通平台,重塑老年健康治理的信任机制。

卫生领域人工智能的伦理与治理:多模态大模型指南

2024年,世界卫生组织发布了“Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health.Guidance on large multi-modal models”,将其翻译成中文《卫生领域人工智能的伦理与治理:多模态大模型指南》供中国的同仁参阅,协助规划与卫生领域多模态大模型有关的益处和挑战,并为适当开发、提供和使用多模态大模型提供政策和实践方面的指导。世界卫生组织咨询了20位人工智能领域的顶尖专家,他们确定了在卫生领域使用人工智能的潜在益处和潜在风险,并发布了以协商方式达成一致的六项原则,供正在使用人工智能的政府、开发者和提供者在制定政策和实践时考虑。指南提供了与指导原则相一致的企业内部、政府和国际合作的治理建议,指南的基础是考虑到人类使用卫生领域生成式人工智能独特方式的指导原则和治理建议。生成式人工智能是算法在可用于生成新内容的数据集上进行训练的一种人工智能技术。指南针对其中一种类型的生成式人工智能,即多模态大模型,这种模型可以接受一种或多种类型的数据输入,并产生不局限于输入算法的数据类型的多种输出。据预测,多模态大模型将广泛应用于医疗保健、科学研究、公共卫生和药物开发等领域。多模态大模型也被称为“通用基础模型”,尽管尚未证实多模态大模型能否完成各种任务和目的。

乡村振兴中国家与农民关系的社会化调适

乡村振兴战略实施中的政策实践,指向了社会学持续关注的国家与农民关系问题。公共资源下乡中国家与农民之间的互动不仅在器物和组织两个层面展开,还集中体现在价值层面。在乡村振兴的积极案例中,国家与农民关系的新形态表现为器物层面上国家资源与社会需求的有效对接,组织层面上社会动员能力的提升,价值层面上农民国家认同感的强化。国家输入的公共资源只有以高度社会化的方式与农民互动时,农民才可能按照特定的行动逻辑将“国家”内化于心,国家权力才算实现了社会合法性的确认和再生产。为了实现国家与农民关系的社会化调适,社会治理公共性的建设不应停留于权力运作的策略层面。国家应充分发掘、激活蕴藏于乡村社会中的本土资源,将自上而下输入的公共资源转化为推动乡村社会开展自主建设的内生要素。如此,公共资源的下乡才能在推动乡村振兴的过程中,促成国家濡化能力在基层的再造,实现现代国家在社会中的扎根和成长。

公共卫生治理专家咨询制度的法治探寻

专家咨询制度是公共卫生治理中提升科学理性的重要机制。专家咨询适用于专业性、技术性较强,涉及重大公共利益和具有高度争议性的决策事项。应探究行政任务与专家咨询形式之间的匹配性,在处于科学前沿并兼具高度政策考量的公共卫生治理领域,合议制咨询形式更具制度优势。应健全专家遴选机制,从专家个人资质和成员构成两个角度明确遴选标准,完善专家遴选程序。在专家咨询程序方面,应健全专家利益冲突回避制度,完善专家咨询会议制度和会议程序,专家咨询意见对行政机关不具备法律上的拘束力,但具有事实上的影响力。应构建专家咨询制度的监督机制,完善专家咨询公开制度,加强咨询专家的说明理由要求,激活司法审查的监督功能。

非政府组织在冲突环境下的组织韧性——以“健康扶贫行动”在缅北的生存与发展为例

非政府组织是全球治理中的重要行为体,在冲突环境下的人道主义援助、发展合作乃至建设和平进程中扮演着关键角色。然而,在冲突环境急剧变化、逆境丛生的状况下,为何一些非政府组织呈现出更强的生命力?本文引入“韧性”概念,提出基于“认知—行为—关系”互动的组织韧性进程模型,用以解释一些非政府组织在冲突环境下不仅能够反弹恢复生存,甚至实现改进发展的原因。缅北地区长期遭受战乱,社会发展迟滞,民众流离失所,近年来又成为网络赌博和电信诈骗的“温床”,是名副其实的边缘地带。自20世纪90年代以来,英国非政府组织“健康扶贫行动”云南代表处“致力于一个最贫困与最边缘化的人群享有卫生权利的世界”,进入高风险的缅北地区并持续运营30年,体现出强劲的生存能力和发展势头。无论是在缅甸军政府统治时期,还是在民主化转型时期,抑或是在紧急状态时期,“健康扶贫行动”都能够及时调整自身认知、改变行为模式、构建关系网络,展现出较强的韧性能力,有效应对缅北地区既有的和新出现的各种风险和挑战,实现跨越式发展。其韧性能力也不断进行迭代,最终达到韧性治理的结果。

合作治理视域下青少年体质健康体医融合研究

青少年体质健康体医融合是增强青少年体质的有力举措,是多部门、跨领域的合作治理。合作治理视域下的青少年体质健康体医融合是以促进青少年身心健康为目的,各参与主体间运用自身专业技能优势和资源优势共同决策、责任划分、利益共享、共同协作形成新的治理过程。对青少年体质健康体医融合运行框架、运行机理进行分析,发现当前青少年体质健康体医融合存在政策执行偏离、知识技能间的壁垒、参与主体间利益的冲突、主体混淆权责难以共同的问题。并提出了合作治理视域下青少年体质健康体医融合的优化路径:健全青少年体质健康体医融合政策;建立青少年体质健康体医学科资质认证体系;探索参与主体利益共享机制;优化青少年体质健康体医融合合作治理机制的责任规制。