Analysis of Eco-Tourism Climate Resources in Xingwen, China Based on the Comfort Index and the Negative Air (Oxygen) Ion

The present work investigates an analysis of Eco-Tourism Climate Resources in Xingwen, China based on the Comfort Index and Negative Air (Oxygen) Ion (“NAI” for short in this article) concentration. The daily temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine hours, and relative humidity data of the Xingwen National Meteorological Station from 1999 to 2018, as well as the NAI data of Feiwu Cave station and Shoushan Lake station in Xingwen of 2018 were used in this study. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of basic meteorological elements, the index of climate comfort of human living environment and the NAI variation in Xingwen, the eco-tourism climate resources in this area were evaluated comprehensively. The results show that: The climate is mild, the precipitation is abundant and the seasonal variation trend of precipitation and heat is similar in the study area. The annual average temperature of this area is 17.8°C, the annual average precipitation is 1096 mm, the annual average precipitation days are 186 days, the annual average relative humidity is 81%, the annual average wind speed is 1.3 m/s, and the annual average sunshine hours are 999 h. The living environment comfort level reaches the “comfort” level for 6 months per year. In addition, the concentration of NAI in Xingwen remains at the highest level 7 throughout the year, and the rate of good air quality is extremely high. Overall, the study area has high-quality ecological climate resources that are conducive to the development of forest recuperation, leisure and vacation and other ecological tourism activities.

Eco-taxes and Sustainable Utilization of Grassland Resources

The sustainable development of grassland resources objectively requires that the social, economic and ecological costs of grassland resources should be brought into economic activities in order to internalize the external costs of grassland resources. Eco-tax is a very effective means to internalize the externality of grassland resources. Its main advantage is to bdng the cost of ecological environment into economic life, which can amend market pdce, improve the effectiveness of government policies, perform the eco-saboteurs-pays principle, and thus perfect the ecological compensation system.

Survey Techniques of Grassland Plant Resources

Based on years of practice and survey methods of grassland resources at home and abroad, the technical problems that may occur in the survey process are analyzed, the preparatory work before survey, specific content of field survey and sample processing and analysis and specimen preparation are elaborated. Moreover, the announcements of major technical methods are also described in details.

History,Current Status and Trends of the Investigation for Grassland Plant Resources at Home and Abroad

The existing main problems in the investigation for grassland plant resources are found out by systematically analyzing the history, current status and de- velopment trends of the investigation for grassland plant resources at home and abroad. The paper cxploratively points out that the investigation for grassland plant resources should focus on integrated muhidisciplinary research in the future, ultimately realizing highly efficient utilization and sharing of information in grassland plant resources.

Further development and sustainable utilization mode of grassland tourism resources: a case study of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Tourism resources are important foundation for the development of tourism industry.Grassland is not only a kind of important resource but also a great attraction to visitors.Therefore,the integrated development and sustainable utilization of grassland tourism resources are of great significance.This paper,based on the analysis of literatures and the current problems existing in grassland tourism,summarizes the speciality of grassland tourism development,deals nation as example and carries out empirical research.Based on the status quo of grassland tourism resources in Inner Mongolia,this study analyzes the characteristics of grassland tourism resources,the necessity and feasibility of integrated development,then proposes the following suggestions： idea for development,mode of development,regional cooperation,tourism products development,especially the three modes of development based on the resources conditions - the mode of relying on market,the mode of combination aggregation and the mode of relying on quality.

Assessing effect of grassland resources policies using AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation:A case study of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China

In order to quantitatively analyze grassland resources policies of Ningxia,the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)was used to establish the evaluation index system,and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to make a comprehensive evaluation.The results indicated that the current grassland resources policies in Ningxia are in upper-middle level,and the relevant policies need to be improved.Finally,the corresponding suggestions were put forward in the hope of promoting the sustainable development of grassland resources in Ningxia.

THE GRASSLAND RESOURCES OF CHINA AND ITS MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

The total area of grassland in the world is about 50 million km^2, accounting for 33.5% of the total land area (Lieth, 1975). The permanent grassland used by mankind is 33.04 million km^2, accounting for 25.3% of the total land area (FAO,1990). Grassland can provide feed for herbivore and produce high-quality food,clothing,medicines and industrial materials for man.On the other hand,it also plays an important role in the fertility of the soil,the conservation of water, the improvement of the environment and maintaining the ecological balance of the Earth’s surface.

Current Situation and Development Countermeasures on Grassland Resource in Farming-pasturing Ecotone in West Jilin Province

Upon the current degradation situation of grassland in west Jilin Province,I analyzed the effects of natural factors and human activities on the degradation of grassland,and further purposefully put forward countermeasures on the remediation and development of grassland.As a conclusion,scientifically utilizing and protecting the grassland resources could suppress grassland degradation,promoting the sustainable development of regional economy.

Eco－tourism industry development──An alternative to sustainable use of landscape resources

Traditional tourism is a source of not only income and recreation but also environmental pollution and landscape resource destruction. How to leave the same or even better landscape resources to future generations is the key to sustainable development of tourism industry. Ecotourism industry could be an approach to sustainable use of landscape resources.The connotation of eco-tourism industry and its differences from the traditional tourism in resource use were given in this paper. The ecological planning for Kangyuan recreation area is taken as an example to demonstrate how to make an eco-tourism industry development plan from a system’s point of view.In terms of the characteristics of the landscape resources, advantageous geographic location and principles for eco-tourism industry development,a suitable structure of the eco-tourism industry was presented. Based on ecological suitability analysis of the landscape resource use-analysis of capacity and constraint of landscape resources, spatial distribution of the industry sectors was given.In the development process, both opportunities and risks exist, cost-benefit analysis is thus made, and cost-effective strategies and policies are provided for the eco-tourism industry development.

Heterogeneous responsibilities of three grassland resource governance modes in Inner Mongolia, China

Grassland resource governance is an important part of ecological civilization construction,and it directly af‐fects grassland governance performance.This study deploys principal-agent theory and uses social network analysis to compare grassland resource governance modes in China in terms of institutional settings and insti‐tutional network characteristics.This study found three types of grassland resource governance modes:self-designed,docked,and integrated.The self-designed mode forms a network structure with dual centers and multiple members,and has the second-best structural mode of the three types.The docked mode forms a net‐work structure with a single center in which the institution is the absolute core and is relatively divergent.It has the weakest structural advantage of the three types.The integrated mode forms a network structure with a single institution at the core and other institutions distributed evenly throughout the structure.This mode has the strongest structural advantage among the three types.This study offers the practical application of improv‐ing the practice of grassland governance in China and is theoretically significant because it can contribute to improving grassland governance modes and enriching the public goods resources governance.

A Study on Eco-Tourism and Sustainable Development of Economic Underdevelopment Areas—An Example from Kanas Nature Reserve, Xingjiang Province, Northwest China

Based on the assessment of eco-tourism resource and its location advantage, the paper has discussed the principle, projects, and facilities of eco-tourism, in the Kanas Nature Reserve in Xinjiang as well as the direction of related industries. To solve the problems occurred at present in the Kanas Nature Reserve, strategic counter measures of sustainable development of eco-tourism have also been put forward, including: 1) The establishment of eco-tourism planning legislative system of eco-tourism;2) The establishment of environmental protection planning system of eco-tourism;3) The establishment of environmental audit system of eco-tourism;4) The establishment environmental legislation and law enforcement system of eco-tourism;5) The establishment ethic education and management system of eco-tourism.

基于大食物观的草地农业发展趋势及关键科学问题

大食物观下,国家食物安全的重点是饲料粮安全。草地农业是全球最重要的食物生产系统之一,既直接生产草畜产品,又间接地为食物生产提供生态保障,满足国家对食物安全、生态安全和边疆稳定不断增长的刚性需求。目前,草地农业保障国家食物安全的水平亟待提高,支撑国家高质量发展的能力亟待加强。种子是草地农业的物质基础,天然草原和栽培草地(也称“人工草地”)是草地农业生产食物的主要基地,草地保护为草地农业开展食物生产“保驾护航”,草地农业系统耦合促进食物生产的效益放大。草地农业是基础性战略产业,保障国家食物安全的水平依靠基础研究的创新。为此,本文分析了草类种质资源挖掘利用与种子生产控制、牧草优质高产栽培与转化、草原生态生产力维持与修复、草地有害生物管理、草地农业系统耦合与管理等5个方面的研究进展,并提出对应的关键科学问题。

我国森林草原食物资源潜力及实现路径

粮食安全是“国之大者”,全方位、多途径开发食物资源品种,满足人民群众多元化的食物消费需求至关重要;树立大食物观、充分开发森林草原食物资源,支撑我国由“吃得饱”到“吃得好”的历史性转变。基于此,本文梳理了新时期我国森林草原食物资源的概况和产业发展现状,分析了森林草原食物资源的发展潜力,并针对性地提出了我国森林草原食物资源发展潜力的实现路径。研究建议,强化顶层设计,构建大食物观背景下的全国食物资源布局体系,全面摸清底层资源现状;加强森林草原食品全产业链的科技创新支撑,持续开展基础研究和应用技术研发;突出市场化发展方向,构建以市场和消费需求为导向的森林草原食物资源开发利用机制,完善森林草原食品产业高质量健康发展的保障措施,以此实现“藏粮于林”“藏粮于草”,为保障我国粮食安全、提供多元食物供给、促进乡村振兴做出积极贡献。

全民所有草原资源资产清查工作实践与思考

全民所有自然资源资产清查是当前自然资源领域重点工作。草原资源是自然资源重要的组成部分,准确摸清草原资源资产家底,对加强自然资源资产管理具有重要意义。针对自然资源资产清查工作中存在部分基础数据缺失、价格体系不完善、数据调查时点不一致、信息化水平亟待提高等问题,本文结合试点工作开展情况,通过系统梳理全民所有草原资源资产清查工作流程和技术方法,重点阐述了如何建立草原资源资产清查价格体系,提出了加强草原资源动态监测、建立健全草原基准地价制度、建立草原资产清查年度更新机制、推动软件平台建设等建议,为我国全面开展草原资产清查工作提供试点经验。

抓住机遇,发掘草业新质生产力

草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统,是维护国家生态安全、民族团结和促进区域经济社会发展的基石。新时代我国草原生态保护和草业绿色高质量发展迎来新的机遇和挑战,本文围绕草原科技创新、国土“三调”数据应用和草原管理、乡土草种繁育基地建设和西部本土国家级高端人才培养等方面深入探讨,旨在为新形势下发掘草业新质生产力,推进草业高质量转型发展提供参考。

赣北山区草地植物群落及其影响因子

为研究江西省草地资源状况并探讨其影响因素,在赣北山区鄱阳湖流域设置了61个2 m×2 m的草地群落样地,包含废弃农田、山坡草地和杂草地3种样地类型。分析不同类型样地之间物种组成差异,并在物种和群落水平上分别探究了植物生态化学计量特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:1)赣北山区鄱阳湖流域内草地植物41科93属111种。草地植物群落组成相对简单,不同生境条件下群落物种组成差异明显。2)3种样地的土壤总碳、总氮和总磷含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但山坡草地土壤总碳和土壤总氮含量较低,而废弃农田土壤总磷含量较高。3)植物物种和群落两个水平上,3种样地的植物N、P元素含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但山坡草地植物碳含量在个体和群落水平都显著高于杂草地,而废弃农田植物碳含量则在个体水平显著高于杂草地。4)在物种和群落水平上,土壤总氮和总磷含量均是植物生态化学计量特征的主要影响因子。综上,本研究对江西北部草地资源状况的调查,为该区域草地资源保护及恢复提供了数据支持和理论依据。

内蒙古温带草地丛枝菌根真菌群落对紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的影响

【目的】探究天然草原丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)群落与紫花苜蓿幼苗之间的互惠共生机制,为筛选能够促进紫花苜蓿生长的乡土优质菌种资源提供理论依据。【方法】选用内蒙古温带草甸草原和典型草原AMF群落作为接种剂,同时设置不含有AMF的微生物滤液作为对照,分别对两种紫花苜蓿品种(北林201和中苜1号)进行接种。通过分析AMF群落与紫花苜蓿的互惠共生关系及其对植物幼苗生长发育和养分吸收的影响,评估天然草原AMF群落与紫花苜蓿幼苗的共生效应。【结果】(1)不同草地类型AMF群落组成和结构均存在显著差异,均能与不同品种的紫花苜蓿建立良好的共生关系;球囊霉属和近明球囊霉属是所有接种处理根系统中的优势菌属。(2)与不接种相比,AMF群落接种能显著提高紫花苜蓿地上生物量和植物体内磷含量,但显著降低植物体内氮含量,尤其是在接种典型草原AMF群落后,紫花苜蓿的氮吸收效应表现为显著负效应,导致植物氮磷比显著降低(P<0.05);北林201紫花苜蓿接种后的菌根生长响应、磷吸收效应和氮吸收效应均显著优于中苜1号的接种效应。(3)北林201接种后的磷吸收效应与根内AMF多样性呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),而中苜1号的磷吸收效应则与AMF多样性呈显著负相关系(P<0.05),意味着多样化的AMF群落可能更有利于北林201对磷的吸收。【结论】天然草原AMF群落能够显著促进紫花苜蓿幼苗生长和磷元素吸收,但是这种生态功能受到紫花苜蓿品种特征的影响,AMF群落组成在一定程度上决定了其生态功能的差异性。因此,在选择乡土AMF菌剂进行接种时,需要考虑紫花苜蓿品种与AMF群落之间的匹配性,以实现最佳的生产价值和生态效益。

2013—2020年内蒙古锡林郭勒草地资源承载力变化

[目的]草地承载能力的高低影响草地利用的可持续性和草地生态系统的安全性。内蒙古锡林郭勒盟作为北方重要生态屏障,研究其草地资源承载能力变化,为区域草地生态安全与可持续利用、生态文明建设提供科学依据。[方法]利用2013,2015,2018和2020年土地利用及其他相关数据,基于三维生态足迹模型、生态赤字(ED)/盈余(ER)和生态压力指数等方法与指标,分析评价内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草地资源承载力状况。[结果]①2013—2020年锡林郭勒盟草地资源生态足迹持续高于生态承载力,总生态足迹与总生态承载力呈现先增后减趋势,7 a内分别下降了2.76%和7.35%;人均生态足迹与人均承载力7 a间变化率分别为-9.62%,-13.19%;生态足迹在空间上呈现出由东向西递减的变化规律,生态承载力东部及北部高于西部及南部;②草地资源生态足迹深度先上升后下降,总体上升4.95%,均大于1,草地生态系统持续处于生态赤字状态,草地生态系统呈现出不可持续性;③4个时期ER/ED均小于0,生态压力指数均大于1,草地生态承载状况多年连续超载,生态安全稳定性持续降低。[结论]锡林郭勒盟所处的干旱半干旱地理位置及其资源禀赋,叠加高强度的人类经济社会活动,导致全盟草地生态承载力降低,生态处于极不安全状态。

云南草地资源地上生物量遥感分类建模方法研究

【目的】草地地上生物量(AGB)是衡量草地生产力和生态系统健康状况的重要指标。精准评估草地AGB对于科学指导草地资源的开发利用、生态功能维持与修复至关重要。云南省地形复杂、气候多样,草地资源丰富且类型多样,探索利用卫星遥感数据构建云南省的AGB分类建模方法。【方法】基于草地资源调查收集的4种草地类型实测样地数据,构建了针对云南全域的NDVI-VFCAGB分类建模方法体系:首先,利用坡向、海拔、纬度因子对全域草地资源进行4种类型划分;其次,对4种草地类型影像像元的NDVI与样方VFC建立NDVI-VFC反演模型;接着,利用样方实测数据建立4种类型的VFC-AGB拟合模型;最后,对反演出的AGB叠加全域草地资源图斑进行空间统计,得到各统计单元的AGB数据。【结果】基于样本统计进行简单4类划分取得了约82%的分类精度,基于此进行的VFC与AGB遥感建模反演,经样本抽样检查偏差分别为17.21%和18.87%,取得了全省范围内草地资源AGB的数量与分布,其统计结果与纯样地调查平均值基本一致。【结论】卫星遥感NDVI反映了植物的覆盖度与长势,能够有效用于NDVI-VFC建模并取得较高的精度。VFC-AGB分类建模较之于单一建模方法,能够显著提升卫星遥感反演AGB的精度。

公共草场自主治理实现机制——基于SES框架的案例分析

随着牧区社会-生态系统破碎化问题的凸显,公共草场自主治理引起了学术界关注。然而,中国现行草地承包制度下,自主治理制度的可行性及其实现机制仍有待系统研究。本文连续三年跟踪调查了内蒙古一片公共草场,应用SES框架解构了案例地复杂系统,并依据案例地情形构建了关联博弈模型,解析了公共草场自主治理制度下牧户互动机制。结果表明:草地资源的可持续利用关乎牧户长期生产成本。为了节约长期生产成本,牧区社区制定了公共草场自主治理制度。制度实施过程中,依据牧草长势和牲畜膘情形成了动态的草畜平衡规则,可操作的惩罚制度和地方政府弹性干预促进了自主治理制度的良好运作。同时,牧户之间的放牧博弈和社会交往博弈相互关联,使得自主治理制度以较低成本自我实施。该制度的有效实施有助于提高草地资源使用的公平性,也有利于牧户之间、牧户与地方政府之间信任的增长,提高生产互惠性和生产效率。因此,应探索建立自主治理和承包制度并存的多样化草地资源管理体系。