Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach for Predicting Pipeline Response to Various Blast Scenarios: A Numerical Modeling Study

Recent industrial explosions globally have intensified the focus in mechanical engineering on designing infras-tructure systems and networks capable of withstanding blast loading.Initially centered on high-profile facilities such as embassies and petrochemical plants,this concern now extends to a wider array of infrastructures and facilities.Engineers and scholars increasingly prioritize structural safety against explosions,particularly to prevent disproportionate collapse and damage to nearby structures.Urbanization has further amplified the reliance on oil and gas pipelines,making them vital for urban life and prime targets for terrorist activities.Consequently,there is a growing imperative for computational engineering solutions to tackle blast loading on pipelines and mitigate associated risks to avert disasters.In this study,an empty pipe model was successfully validated under contact blast conditions using Abaqus software,a powerful tool in mechanical engineering for simulating blast effects on buried pipelines.Employing a Eulerian-Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics approach,the investigation extended to above-surface and below-surface blasts at standoff distances of 25 and 50 mm.Material descriptions in the numerical model relied on Abaqus’default mechanical models.Comparative analysis revealed varying pipe performance,with deformation decreasing as explosion-to-pipe distance increased.The explosion’s location relative to the pipe surface notably influenced deformation levels,a key finding highlighted in the study.Moreover,quantitative findings indicated varying ratios of plastic dissipation energy(PDE)for different blast scenarios compared to the contact blast(P0).Specifically,P1(25 mm subsurface blast)and P2(50 mm subsurface blast)showed approximately 24.07%and 14.77%of P0’s PDE,respectively,while P3(25 mm above-surface blast)and P4(50 mm above-surface blast)exhibited lower PDE values,accounting for about 18.08%and 9.67%of P0’s PDE,respectively.Utilising energy-absorbing materials such as thin coatings of ultra-high-strength concrete,metallic foams,carbon fiber-reinforced polymer wraps,and others on the pipeline to effectively mitigate blast damage is recommended.This research contributes to the advancement of mechanical engineering by providing insights and solutions crucial for enhancing the resilience and safety of underground pipelines in the face of blast events.

Nonlinear dynamics of a circular curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid based on the geometrically exact model

Due to the novel applications of flexible pipes conveying fluid in the field of soft robotics and biomedicine,the investigations on the mechanical responses of the pipes have attracted considerable attention.The fluid-structure interaction(FSI)between the pipe with a curved shape and the time-varying internal fluid flow brings a great challenge to the revelation of the dynamical behaviors of flexible pipes,especially when the pipe is highly flexible and usually undergoes large deformations.In this work,the geometrically exact model(GEM)for a curved cantilevered pipe conveying pulsating fluid is developed based on the extended Hamilton's principle.The stability of the curved pipe with three different subtended angles is examined with the consideration of steady fluid flow.Specific attention is concentrated on the large-deformation resonance of circular pipes conveying pulsating fluid,which is often encountered in practical engineering.By constructing bifurcation diagrams,oscillating shapes,phase portraits,time traces,and Poincarémaps,the dynamic responses of the curved pipe under various system parameters are revealed.The mean flow velocity of the pulsating fluid is chosen to be either subcritical or supercritical.The numerical results show that the curved pipe conveying pulsating fluid can exhibit rich dynamical behaviors,including periodic and quasi-periodic motions.It is also found that the preferred instability type of a cantilevered curved pipe conveying steady fluid is mainly in the flutter of the second mode.For a moderate value of the mass ratio,however,a third-mode flutter may occur,which is quite different from that of a straight pipe system.

Improved frequency modeling and solution for parallel liquid-filled pipes considering both fluid-structure interaction and structural coupling

The dynamic characteristics of a single liquid-filled pipe have been broadly studied in the previous literature.The parallel liquid-filled pipe(PLFP)system is also widely used in engineering,and its structure is more complex than that of a single pipe.However,there are few reports about the dynamic characteristics of the PLFPs.Therefore,this paper proposes improved frequency modeling and solution for the PLFPs,involving the logical alignment principle and coupled matrix processing.The established model incorporates both the fluid-structure interaction(FSI)and the structural coupling of the PLFPs.The validity of the established model is verified by modal experiments.The effects of some unique parameters on the dynamic characteristics of the PLFPs are discussed.This work provides a feasible method for solving the FSI of multiple pipes in parallel and potential theoretical guidance for the dynamic analysis of the PLFPs in engineering.

Virtual Prototype Modeling and Simulation of Pipe Wagon Articulating System

Virtual prototype of pipe wagon articulating (PWA) system has been developed and simulated based on the kinematics and dynamics of machinery and Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) software. It has been integrated with real-time three dimensional (3-D) system simulations for detailed and responsive interaction with dynamic virtual environments. By using this virtual model, the conceptual design examination and performance analysis of the PWA system have been realized dynamically in virtual laboratory. System dynamic force, displacement and tension of pipe have been measured through verifying this 3- D virtual prototype. By comparing the static tension and dynamic tension of pipe, the difference between the two kind tensions has been found. The simulated dynamic tension is much greater than the static tension obtained from the static theory. The results attained in this work suggest that the conceptual designed PWA system can meet the requirements of the operation.

AXIAL HEAT CONDUCTION MODEL TO PREDICT MAXIMUM HEAT REMOVE OF MINIATURE HEAT PIPE BASED ON GREY MODEL THEORY

Computer chip is always accompanied by the increase of heat dissipation and miniaturization. The miniature heat pipes are widely used in notebook computer to resolve the heat dissipation problems. Maximum heat removed model of miniature heat pipes building by grey model is presented. In order to know the foundation for modeling, the smooth grade of error examination is inquired and the accuracy of grey relational grade is verified. The model can be used to select a suitable heat pipes to solve electric heat problems in the future. Final results show that the grey model only needs four experiment data and its error value is less than 10%, further, it is better than computational fluid dynamics （CFD） model.

Analytical dynamic model of elastic-plastic pipe-on-pipe impact

Abstract The dynamic response of pipe-on-pipe impact is described by an analytical model. The model considers the impact of a whipping pipe with one end hinged and the other end free on a simply-supported target pipe at its midpoint. Combining with the contact theory, the Laplace transformation, and the inverse Laplace transformation method, an analytical model based on the tubular beam theory is proposed to study the elastic-plastic behavior of a target pipe laterally impacted by a whipping pipe. Numerical simulations using the explicit finite element code MSC/DYTRAN are also performed. The results are coincident with the theoretical prediction.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

On the method of the automatic modeling in hydraulic pipe networks

In this paper the dynamic characteristics in pipes are analyzed with frequency method, and puts forward a simple and practical describing method. By establishing the model library beforehand, the modeling of the pipe net is completed automatically, and we can accurately calculate the impedance characteristics of the pipe network, achieve the reasonable configuration of the pipe network, so that to decrease the pressure pulsation.

Experimental study on piping in sandy gravel foundations considering effect of overlying clay

The influence of the overlying clay on the progression of piping in the sandy gravel foundation of water-retaining structures is often neglected. In order to study this influence, an experimental investigation was conducted on a laboratory-scale model. It was discovered that the critical hydraulic gradient and the area of the piping tunnel increase when the overlying clay thickens. With a thicker clay layer, erosion of the sandy gravel below the clay layer occurs later, but, once the erosion starts, the erosion rate is very high and the average velocity of water seeping through the cross-section of the sandy gravel increases rapidly due to the low deformability of the thick clay layer. Furthermore, it was found that the progression of piping is a complicated and iterative process involving erosion of fine particles, clogging of pores, and flushing of the clogged pores. Two types of erosion have been identified in the progression of piping: one causes the tunnel to advance upstream, and the other increases the depth of the tunnel. The results show that the overlying clay is an important factor when evaluating piping in sandy gravel foundations of water-retaining structures.

Mechanical behavior of underground pipe gallery structure considering ground fissure

The mechanical behavior of underground pipe gallery is a key research issue due to the static/dynamic states which exist in a ground fissure area.This study took an underground pipe gallery project in Xi’an,China as the research object.We analyzed the stress/strain characteristics of the pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil under static/dynamic conditions by the numerical simulation methods in detail.Based on the results,we proposed a theoretical calculation model for the pipe gallery structure considering the influence of the ground fissure,and combined with engineering examples for calculation and discussion.Subsequent results showed that:(1)the effective activity range of ground fissure on the deformation of the pipe gallery structure was mainly from 0.0 m(horizontal direction of ground fissure)to 32.0 m.In activity range,the pipe gallery structure is prone to failure,owing to the large soil deformation in the vertical direction;(2)with the increase of ground fissure settlement,a stress reduction area near the ground fissure appeared at the bottom of the hanging wall of the pipe gallery structure,and a local void phenomenon was revealed.The length of the local void is 6.0 m to 8.0 m under the maximum settlement(0.8 m)of the ground fissure;(3)Compared with the static conditions,the vertical and horizontal displacements of the pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil under the seismic action were little,and there were tensioncompression and torsion-shear effects in corner of the square pipe gallery structure(with a stress concentration phenomenon).The deformation law of pipe gallery structure and surrounding soil considering ground fissure and the theoretical model of pipe gallery structure established in this paper can provide reference for practical engineering.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF VISCOELASTIC CURVED PIPES CONVEYING FLUID

Based on the Hamilton' s principle for elastic systems of changing mass, a differential equation of motion for viscoelastic curved pipes conveying fluid was derived using variational method, and the complex characteristic equation for the viscoelastic circular pipe conveying fluid was obtained by normalized power series method. The effects of dimensionless delay time on the variation relationship between dimensionless complex frequency of the clamped-clamped viscoelastic circular pipe conveying fluid with the Kelvin-Voigt model and dimensionless flow velocity were analyzed. For greater dimensionless delay time, the behavior of the viscoelastic pipe is that the first, second and third mode does not couple, while the pipe behaves divergent instability in the first and second order mode, then single-mode flutter takes place in the first order mode.

基于管柱动力学的特深井通井组合刚度评价方法与应用

我国特深井钻井正处于快速发展阶段,受井眼尺寸大和深度深的影响,钻井过程中极易出现微井斜、扩径缩径和井壁台阶等,导致套管下入困难,因此通井钻具组合评价尤为重要。目前,现场使用的评价方法常忽略了管柱下入过程中与井壁的碰撞和变形,导致通井效果时好时坏。为了辅助现场施工,文章基于全井管柱动力学模型和HHT-α数值计算方法提出了一种能够模拟管柱下入的动态过程的通井钻具组合的评价方法,该方法考虑了实测井眼轨迹、井眼扩大率和下入阻力等要素。通过某特深井三开下套管前的钻具组合进行实例计算分析,表明井眼扩大率和套管串下入阻力对通井能力和套管下入影响较大,当井眼扩大率较小且套管串下入阻力较大时,需要使用刚度较大的多扶正器通井钻具组合。本方法可以实现实测井况条件下比较精准的刚度对比模拟,也成功指导了案例井?486 mm套管的安全下入。

考虑动态腐蚀的输流管道时变共振可靠性及灵敏度分析

考虑输流管道受到环境动态腐蚀,壁厚变化引发输流管道固有频率变化,从而可能导致共振。因此,考虑时间变化以及输流管道结构参数、流体参数和外部激励频率的不确定性,采用Galerkin法求解输流管道固有频率,建立时变防共振功能函数,引入基于自适应Kriging模型的时变可靠性算法对时变失效概率进行高效求解,并与MCS法和SL-ALK法对比验证了方法的准确性,采用变量灵敏度指标评估各随机变量对时变失效概率的影响,分析了流体密度和流速对于时变共振失效概率的影响规律。

基于管-实体单元耦合的串联管路动力学建模及降应力优化

针对空间串联管路迫切需要减振的问题,提出了一种基于管-实体单元耦合的空间串联管路有限元建模方法,并在此基础上执行了以降低应力响应为目标的卡箍布局优化.详细描述了建模理念,即卡箍及管接头等应力较大区域采用实体单元建模,其他区域采用管单元建模,最终将各部分耦合起来完成整体建模.创建了具体的优化模型,并给出了利用遗传算法进行优化的流程.以典型的串联管路为对象进行了实例研究,通过仿真与试验验证了所创模型的合理性.执行了降应力优化,获得了系统最优卡箍布局,优化后的系统基频最大共振应力相较于初始状态降低了27.05%.

局部土地利用类型变化对城市水文过程的影响研究

为探究城市下垫面局部土地利用类型变化对城市水文过程的影响,采用高效高精度城市雨洪模型(GAST)耦合管网模型(SWMM),模拟不同降雨重现期下动态改变土地利用类型(单块无下渗土地C_(1)、多块组合无下渗土地C_(2)、单块裸土地C_(3)、单块草地C_(4)和单块林地C_(5))对城市地表积水、管网排水的影响。结果表明:改变局部原始土地利用类型(B1)在小降雨重现期下降低了城市积水量,而在大降雨重现期下改变土地下渗面积和区域位置无法进一步减少积水,此时则需考虑非工程措施的极端暴雨应对模式。不同动态规划区域下渗强度导致管网排口流量增幅不同(C_(2)>C_(1)>C_(3)>C_(4)>C_(5)),隔渗能力越强对管网排口流量增幅影响越大,而管网径流控制率则呈相反趋势。结合对积水量的影响可知,增加下垫面下渗能力并结合排水系统可进一步降低城市内涝风险和管网排水负荷,且管网径流控制率同样可以作为评估动态规划可行性的一个重要指标。

面向工业电热综合能源系统的蒸汽管存效应研究

为研究蒸汽系统的热惯性从而解决工业园区低碳能源系统调度难题,提出了反映蒸汽时空传输特性的蒸汽系统动态分析模型,建立包括5个存储关键参数和3个指标的蒸汽储能虚拟模型,用于量化热惯量。对163节点城市规模蒸汽系统运行过程中的热惯量进行了量化,其中该蒸汽网络在0.5 h调度周期下的净储热量可达7 440.3 kg,放能能力达到了10.16 t,平均放能利用率达到了14.59%,为工业园区蒸汽系统分析和运行优化提供了定量依据。

热电联产机组与热网的耦合特性分析与仿真

为研究热电联产机组与供热管网之间存在的耦合特性,建立了330 MW抽汽式热电联产机组的精确模型,以及5路并联的多级供热管网和热用户的模型。采用控制输入扰动仿真,分析了机组模型结构特点和动态特性;通过传统炉跟机协调控制与供热测PID控制,分析了热电联产机组和供热管网之间的瞬态特性。仿真结果表明,供热管网中存在较强的热惯性,调节热负荷能够快速改变发电负荷的动态响应,说明利用热网的热惯性可以提高热电联产机组的调频调峰能力。

水平顶管工况下高压电缆线芯温度推演与动态增容

水平顶管一般用于电缆线路穿越河流、街路等场合,由于其特殊构造,导致单独使用光纤测温的实时性和准确性较差。鉴于此,本文提出了电缆端部表皮测温器与置于相邻PVC空管内的光纤测温器的联合测温方案和线芯导体温度推演与动态增容方法。将电缆线芯、表皮分别等效为热源与热汇,电缆内部各部分等效为热网络,根据光纤与表皮测温值反演热路参数值,采用拉普拉斯变换法求解热路,推演各相缆芯实时温度并预测动态增容的应急负荷允许持续时间。通过与有限元计算结果的对比分析,证明了本文模型预测应急负荷持续时间的准确性和快速性。

防护工程复合埋管式热泵系统性能分析

防护工程内信息化设备散热量大,余热会导致工程内部温度升高、设备失效甚至瘫痪。结合垂直埋管运行高效和水平埋管成本低廉的优势,采用复合埋管式地源热泵系统处理工程内余热以及口部潮湿问题,计算工程内通信机房和办公大厅的全年逐时负荷;利用TRNSYS仿真软件构建复合埋管式与垂直埋管式热泵系统模型,比较复合埋管式热泵系统与传统的垂直埋管式热泵系统的热性能、经济效益及防潮效果。结果表明,在工程口部设定水平地埋管可有效降低口部空气相对湿度,起到防潮防湿的作用;在复合埋管式热泵系统总性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)更高的前提下,复合埋管式热泵系统的总成本较垂直埋管式热泵系统降低了21.8%。

基于动态代理模型的顶管掘进时邻近构筑物变形预测

在顶管法施工穿越既有隧道时,控制顶管掘进导致的既有隧道变形以及地表沉降对设计、施工至关重要,有必要对顶管掘进引起的既有隧道变形以及地表沉降进行预测。采用动态代理模型优化方法对顶管掘进引起的隧道水平收敛和地表沉降进行了反演预测,同时对比了动态代理模型方法和静态代理模型方法的计算准确度和效率。结果表明,使用优化后的参数得到的隧道水平收敛和地表沉降计算值与监测值较为接近,相比静态代理模型方法,动态代理模型方法所使用的样本数更少,计算效率更高。