CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO－DIMENSIONAL AND COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN GRAVES＇DISEASE

Color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) was performed in 24 patients with Graves' disease and the results were compared with those from 8 patients with Hashimoto's disease, 6 patients with simple diffuse goiter, and 15 normal volunteers. All cases were confirmed by clinical, laboratory tests or pathology. CDFI of Graves' disease showed diffuse or localized hypoechoes within the thyroid glands, rich flow signals in the hypoechoes, accelerated flow velocity, and decreased resistance in the superior thyroid arteries(STA) and arteries within the glands. These appearances were characteristic as compared with the controls. The rate of flow in STA of Graves' disease patients was 8 to 10 times higher than that in the normal volunteers. This study demonstrates that CDFI is convenient and efficient as compared with isotope scan and some other laboratory tests, and can be widely used in the diagnosis of Graves' disase.

Iodine 131 Treatment in Graves’ Disease in a West African Country: Preliminary Study about 25 Cases in Senegal

Introduction: Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Its treatment uses synthetic antithyroid drugs but the use of aggressive radical therapy such as surgery or non-aggressive therapy such as iodine-131 is not uncommon. Treatment of Graves’ disease with radioactive iodine or iratherapy is a simple, inexpensive, well-tolerated treatment. It was introduced in Senegal in 2016. We report through this work the preliminary assessment of the only nuclear medicine service in Senegal in the management of Graves’ disease by iodine-131. Patients and Methods: Retrospective study of the first cases of Graves’ disease treated with iratherapy in Senegal. Socio-demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects were studied. Radiation protection rules have been implemented and contraception has been effective for six months in women of childbearing age. Results: 25 patients were collected with a mean age of 45 years, twenty women (80%), a family goiter in 24% and a psycho-affective context in 64% of cases. Thyrotoxicosis syndrome was associated with goiter in 68% of patients and exophthalmos in 64%. Thyroid ultrasound performed in 20 patients showed vascular goiter in 80% and thyroid scintigraphy in 3 patients, homogeneous and diffuse hyperfixation. TRAK dosed in 8 patients was still positive. All patients had received first-line medical treatment. The average duration of this treatment was more than 18 months in 92%. The empirically used iodine-131 activity averaged 15.35 mCi. Oral corticosteroid therapy was prescribed in 7 patients for the prevention of malignant orbitopathy. No early side effects were noted. The remission rate at 3 months was 52% and at 6 months was 88% to 92%. Conclusion: The effectiveness of radioactive iodine, in particular ablative doses in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, is no longer to be demonstrated. Taking into account our socioeconomic context, iratherapy should be a treatment of choice for hyperthyroidism with a good quality/price ratio and excellent tolerance.

Thyrotoxicosis in patients with a history of Graves'disease after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination(adenovirus vector vaccine):Two case reports

BACKGROUND Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)which were approved for emergency use have been administered on a large scale globally to contain the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and to save lives.Vaccine safety is one of the issues under surveillance and a possible correlation between vaccines and thyroid function has been reported.However,reports of the impact of coronavirus vaccines on those with Graves’disease(GD)are rare.CASE SUMMARY This paper presents two patients with underlying GD in remission,both developed thyrotoxicosis and one developed thyroid storm following the adenovirus-vectored vaccine(Oxford-AstraZeneca,United Kingdom).The objective of this article is to raise awareness regarding a possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of thyroid dysfunction in patients with underlying GD in remission.CONCLUSION Receiving either the mRNA or an adenovirus-vectored vaccine for SARS-CoV-2could be safe under effective treatment.Vaccine induced thyroid dysfunction has been reported,but the pathophysiology still not well understood.Further investigation is required to evaluate the possible predisposing factors for developing thyrotoxicosis especially in patients with underlying GD.However,early awareness of thyroid dysfunction following vaccination could avoid a lifethreatening event.

Multifocal papillary thyroid cancer in Graves’ disease: A case report

BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is not commonly observed in patients with Graves’disease(GD).The presence of thyroid nodules in GD is not uncommon.However,a link bet-ween these two entities has been reported.Herein,we report the case of a patient with GD and thyroid cancer in Saudi Arabia,which has not been reported previously in our region.CASE SUMMARY A 26-year-old male patient with GD,receiving carbimazole for 2 years,presented to our hospital.His hyperthyroidism was controlled clinically and biochemically.On clinical examination,he was found to have a left-sided thyroid nodule.Ultra-sound revealed a 2.6 cm hypoechoic nodule with high vascularity.He was then referred for fine needle aspiration which showed that the nodule was highly suspicious for malignancy.The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and was diagnosed with multifocal classical micropapillary thyroid cancer.Post thyroid-ectomy he received radioactive iodine ablation along with levothyroxine replace-ment therapy.CONCLUSION Careful preoperative assessment and thyroid gland ultrasound might assist in screening and diagnosing thyroid cancer in patients with GD.

夏枯草制剂治疗Graves病的有效性与安全性的系统评价

目的系统评价口服夏枯草制剂联合西医治疗Graves病的疗效及安全性,以期为Graves病的临床诊治提供循证医学证据。方法文章全面系统检索中文学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、万方数据库(WanfangData)、维普中文期刊全文数据库(VIP)四大中文数据库和PubMed、Embase、CochraneLibrary三大英文数据库,检索时间均从建库至2022年08月。采用Cochrane系统偏倚风险评估工具对纳入研究进行质量评估,并用RevMan 5.4.1软件对结局指标进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入8项随机对照试验,共784例患者。试验组均为口服夏枯草制剂联合西医治疗,对照组均为西医治疗。Meta分析结果表明,口服夏枯草制剂联合西医治疗在甲状腺功能及自身抗体的改善、缩小甲状腺腺体等方面的临床治疗总有效率高于对照组(RR=1.13,95%CI[1.10,1.26],P<0.00001),并且能够显著改善甲状腺肿的临床症状(MD=-0.39,95%CI[-0.67,-0.11],P=0.006),降低血清FT3水平(MD=-1.76,95%CI[-3.10,-0.43],P=0.01)及血清FT4水平(MD=-3.89,95%CI[-6.79,-1.00],P=0.008),提高血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平(MD=0.45,95%CI[0.05,0.86],P=0.03),改善甲状腺肿大情况(MD=-0.39,95%CI[-0.67,-0.11],P=0.006),缩小甲状腺左叶前后径(MD=-0.31,95%CI[-0.57,-0.06],P=0.02)、左叶左右径(MD=-0.24,95%CI[-0.32,-0.16],P<0.00001)、右叶前后径(MD=-0.30,95%CI[-0.47,-0.13],P=0.0004)、右叶左右径(MD=-0.21,95%CI[-0.33,-0.10],P=0.0004)。结论夏枯草制剂联合西医治疗对比单用西医治疗Graves病在整体疗效、改善甲状腺肿的临床症状、甲状腺激素水平,缩小甲状腺腺体有明显的优势,且较安全,但仍需后续大样本、高质量文献的支持。

Graves眼病患者糖皮质激素治疗前后血清细胞因子的变化

目的对活动期Graves眼病(Graves'ophthalmopathy,GO)患者糖皮质激素治疗前后的血清细胞因子进行检测,探讨其水平变化与治疗的相关性。方法选取活动期GO患者28例[临床活动性评分(clinical activity score,CAS)≥3分],入组患者均经过糖皮质激素周脉冲治疗,激素总剂量为4.5 g。检测治疗前后患者血清34项细胞因子浓度,同时收集所有研究对象的性别、年龄、肝肾功能、治疗前后的甲状腺功能及抗体等临床指标。结果活动期GO患者经过糖皮质激素治疗后血清细胞因子包括白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)(IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-1Rα、IL-2Rα、IL-6、IL-8、IL-18、IL-12p40及IL-16)浓度显著下调,细胞因子皮肤T细胞吸引趋化因子(cutaneous T cell attraction chemokines,CTACK)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)、巨噬细胞游走抑制因子(macrophage migration inhibitory factor,MIF)、基质细胞衍生因子-1α(stromal cell-derived factor 1α,SDF-1α)、血浆碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibrobast growth factor,basic-FGF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,G-CSF)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)及干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)浓度显著下调,而IL-9显著上调,治疗前后两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖皮质激素治疗活动期GO患者后血清IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-1Rα、IL-2Rα、IL-6、IL-8、IL-18、IL-12p40及IL-16浓度显著下调,细胞因子CTACK、MCP-1、MIF、SDF-1α、basic-FGF、G-CSF、TNF-α及IFN-γ的浓度显著下调,提示这些细胞因子与糖皮质激素治疗GO的疗效有相关性。

血清CYR61、IL-17、Klotho蛋白对Graves眼病病情的评估价值

目的 探讨血清高半胱氨酸蛋白61(CYR61)、白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、单向跨膜蛋白(Klotho)对Graves眼病(GO)病情的评估价值。方法 收集2020年1月至2023年10月于郑州大学第一附属医院眼五科诊治的103例患者的临床资料为研究对象,根据临床活动性评分(CAS)评估患者病情,将其分为活动期组42例及非活动期组61例,比较两组患者一般资料、临床基础指标[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)及TSH受体抗体(TRAb)、CYR61、IL-17、Klotho蛋白水平及CAS评分],并通过多因素回归分析和ROC曲线分析GO眼病活动期的相关影响因素以及预测价值。结果 活动组Klotho、TSH、FT3、FT4、TRAb、TNF-α、IFN-γ、CYR61水平及CAS评分相较于非活动组更高,差异有统计学意义(t=7.953,4.364,5.232,6.100,4.364,7.344,4.890,6.541,6.995,13.283,P<0.05);经多因素回归分析得出TSH、FT3、FT4、TRAb、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-17、Klotho、CYR61合并CAS评分为影响GO眼病活动期的独立危险因素(OR=1.730,1.667,1.689,1.692,1.742,1.791,1.863,1.887,1.828,1.842,P<0.05);CYR61、IL-17、Klotho联合预测GO活动期的预测价值均高于三者单一检测,曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.943,0.827,0.817,0.866(P<0.05)。结论 血清CYR61、IL-17、Klotho蛋白与GO活动期密切相关,三者联合联合检测对GO病情预测效能较好,评估价值确切。

基于数据挖掘分析倪青主任病证结合治疗Graves病遣方用药经验

目的探讨倪青主任病证结合治疗Graves病(Graves disease,GD)的遣方用药经验。方法收集就诊于倪青主任门诊的GD患者235例,结合患者临床症状和特异性理化检测指标将病情分为重度、中度、轻度和病情相对平稳的类型;中药处方235张,构建数据库,应用相关软件,分析病情与方剂及中药的关系。结果235例患者中重度7例,中度19例,轻度52例,病情平稳者157例;235张处方共涉及方剂40种,中药201味。频次统计提示重度使用最多为滋阴潜阳甲亢方;中度常用四逆散;轻度以参芪地黄汤为主;病情平稳最多用藿朴夏苓汤。201味中药中,使用频次高于10次的中药共59味,重度常用中药为夜交藤、生地黄、玄参、田基黄、栀子、牡蛎等;中度常用药为枳壳、厚朴、柴胡、香附等;轻度常用茯苓、太子参、炙甘草、生黄芪、白术、山萸肉等;病情平稳常用茯苓、泽泻、厚朴、猪苓、半夏、藿香、佩兰等。关联规则提示,支持度>10%,置信度>10%,作用度>1 h,病情与中药一项关联中与重度一起出现的为玄参、生地黄、夜交藤;中度为青皮;轻度为太子参。两项关联中与重度一起出现的为玄参、夜交藤;中度为青皮、陈皮;轻度为女贞子、旱莲草;病情平稳为牛蒡子、桔梗;仙茅、仙灵脾;荆芥、防风。三项关联中与中度一起出现的为漏芦、路路通、丝瓜络;轻度为太子参、生黄芪、生地黄;病情平稳为生薏米、苍术、田基黄;大腹皮、砂仁、莱菔子;香附、枳壳、赤芍;泽兰、泽泻、川牛膝。结论倪青主任病证结合治疗GD临床经验丰富,依据不同病情分度,分别采用滋阴潜阳、疏肝理气、益气养阴、健脾化痰、疏风利咽、利湿活血之法遣方用药。

Graves病合并自身免疫性肝病1例并文献复习

甲状腺功能亢进症导致肝损伤的原因有甲状腺激素增多引起的损伤、抗甲状腺药物治疗引起的药物性肝损伤(DILI)及可能合并的其他肝脏疾病等[1,2]。Graves病(Graves'disease,GD)是一种全身性自身免疫性疾病,也是甲状腺功能亢进症最常见的表现形式。2010年一项研究报道,另一种自身免疫性疾病,如类风湿关节炎、恶性贫血、系统性红斑狼疮等在GD患者的发生率为9.7%,在桥本甲状腺炎的发病率为14.3%[3]。近年来,部分文献报道了GD合并自身免疫性肝病,尤其是自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH),但合并原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary biliary cholangitis,PBC)或合并重叠综合征(overlap syndrome,OS)的情况还比较少见。本文报道了1例GD患者在治疗期间反复出现肝功能异常,经肝活检组织病理学检查证实其合并PBC-AIH OS,经积极治疗后病情明显缓解。

INTRACRANIAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE LESION IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES DISEASE

Objective To investigate the distribution and clinical manifestations of intracranial arterial occlusive lesions （IA- OLs）, and their correlation with thyroid function. Methods We enrolled 7 patients who had Graves＇ disease （GD） with IAOLs screened and evidenced by transcranial Doppler, then further confirmed with digital substract angiography in 2 patients and magnetic resonance angiography in 5 patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） was performed in all 7 patients. Three patients were followed up. Results Among 7 patients, 1 was male and 6 were females. The mean age was 32.0 ± 5.5 （ range from 11 to 49） years old. Six of them had symptoms of GD but one was asymptomatic with abnormality of I3, T4, and thyroid stimulating hormone. The lesions of intracranial arteries were symmetrical bilaterally in the intemal carotid artery system in 6 patients, as well as asymmetrical in 1 patient. Terminal internal carotid artery （TICA） were involved in all 7 patients. Middle cerebral artery （MCA） were involved in 3, anterior cerebral artery in 2, and basilar artery in 1 patient. Net-like collateral vessels and mimic moyamoya disease were observed in the vicinity of the occlusive arteries in 2 patients. All patients presented symptoms of ischemic stroke including transient ischemic attack and/or infarction while IA- OLs were found. Three patients had obvious involuntary movements. Brain MRI revealed infarctions located in the cortex, basal ganglion, or hemiovular center in 5 patients. The remaining 2 patients had normal brain MRI. The neurological symptoms were improved concomitant with relief of the thyroid function in 2 patients, while IAOLs were aggravated with deterioration of the thyroid function in 1 patient. Conclusion IAOLs in patients with GD mainly involve intracranial arteries, especially the TICA and MCA, which is similar to moyamoya disease. The neurological symptoms and severity of involved arteries may relieve while the hyperthyroidism is gradually under control.

磁共振T2-mapping评估Graves眼病活动性的价值

目的探讨磁共振T_(2)-mapping在Graves眼病(GO)活动性评估方面的价值。方法收集2019年7月-2021年1月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌科就诊的GO患者64例,使用计算机对其进行简单随机分组,其中49例作为观察研究对象,另外15例进行诊断试验评价。按照临床活动性评分(CAS)将49例GO患者分为活动组(CAS≥3分,48只患眼)与非活动组(CAS<3分,50只患眼)。同期招募31名健康志愿者作为正常对照组,共62只眼。所有人均行3.0T眼眶磁共振T_(2)-mapping成像。在T_(2)-mapping冠状位图像上测量上直肌、下直肌、内直肌、外直肌眼球后5个层面的T_(2)弛豫时间(T_(2)RT),每块眼外肌分别取眼球后5个层面的T_(2)RT最大值来代表该眼外肌的T_(2)RT,最后取4块眼外肌T_(2)RT中的最大值,以眼外肌最大T_(2)RT表示。比较活动组、非活动组与正常对照组间上述5个指标(上直肌T_(2)RT、下直肌T_(2)RT、内直肌T_(2)RT、外直肌T_(2)RT、眼外肌最大T_(2)RT)的差异;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析上述5个指标对GO活动性评估的诊断价值,得出诊断阈值,然后利用另外15例GO患者进行诊断试验评价,确定诊断效能较高的指标及其诊断活动性的阈值。结果活动组所有眼外肌的T_(2)RT均明显高于非活动组及正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,上直肌、下直肌、内直肌、外直肌、眼外肌的最大T_(2)RT判断活动性的截断值分别为80.200 ms、97.045 ms、94.355 ms、85.750 ms、101.385 ms。利用另外15例GO患者进行诊断试验评价,综合评估敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值较高的指标为下直肌T_(2)RT、眼外肌最大T_(2)RT,其判断活动性的截断值分别为97.045 ms、101.385 ms;敏感度分别为91.7%、93.8%;特异度均为80.0%。结论磁共振T_(2)-mapping序列对评估GO的活动性具有良好价值。临床上可选择测量下直肌T_(2)RT或眼外肌最大T_(2)RT协助评估GO的活动性。

TPOAb阴性的产后甲状腺炎合并产后Graves病一例并文献复习

目的:总结甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)阴性的产后甲状腺炎(PPT)合并产后Graves病(PPGD)的特点,提高对该病的认识。方法:收集2021年广西医科大学第一附属医院诊治的1例产后甲状腺炎合并产后Graves病(GD)患者的临床资料并回顾相关文献。结果:患者产后4个月余出现高代谢表现,无GD特征性体征,实验室检查显示游离的三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离的甲状腺素(FT4)明显升高,促甲状腺激素(TSH)降低,促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)阳性,TPOAb阴性,ATD治疗后高代谢症状迅速改善,治疗3个月内甲状腺功能检查骤降甚至出现甲状腺功能减退,超声检查提示PPT合并GD可能性大,行甲状腺细针穿刺确诊为产后甲状腺炎合并PPGD。结论:产后1年内出现的甲状腺毒症,应首先考虑PPT,同时也要考虑PPGD所致的可能;必要时可行甲状腺细针穿刺活检,避免误诊、漏诊。

Microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases

Cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in response to aging are considered to be indicators of brain aging;they have a great impact on the aging process and are the main risk factors for neurodegeneration.Reviewing the microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases will help understand the importance of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.This review describes the origin and function of microglia and focuses on the role of different states of the microglial response to aging and chronic inflammation on the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer's disease,Huntington's chorea,and Parkinson's disease.This review also describes the potential benefits of treating neurodegenerative diseases by modulating changes in microglial states.Therefore,inducing a shift from the neurotoxic to neuroprotective microglial state in neurodegenerative diseases induced by aging and chronic inflammation holds promise for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.

3 T MRI定量测量眼眶结构在Graves眼病分期中的诊断价值

目的应用3 T眼眶MRI技术评估Graves眼病(Graves ophthalmopathy,GO)患者泪腺参数与临床活动性评分(clinical activity score,CAS)的相关性。材料与方法前瞻性纳入2020年2月至2023年6月安徽医科大学附属阜阳医院和安徽医科大学第一附属医院确诊的GO患者40例80只眼作为GO组,选取与GO组性别与年龄段匹配的健康人群40例80眼作为对照组。根据CAS评分将GO患者分为活动期GO组、非活动期GO组。分别对三组进行MRI常规图像及读出分段平面回波弥散加权成像(readout segmentation of long variable echo-trains diffusion weighted imaging,RESOLVE DWI)图像采集,横断位T2加权成像脂肪抑脂(T2-weighted imaging fat suppression,T2WI-FS)获得眼球突出度、泪腺突出度,横断位及冠状位T2WI-FS测量获得泪腺最大截面时的长径、短径、面积,记录横断位泪腺表观扩散系数(apparent dispersion coefficient,ADC)平均值。使用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。定量资料组间比较采用两独立样本t检验,性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、CAS评分的组间差异采用卡方检验。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线及其曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)评价GO活动性的诊断效能。采用Spearman’s相关分析泪腺各定量参数与CAS评分的相关性。结果(1)活动期GO组眼球突出度、横断位泪腺各参数,包含泪腺突出度、长径、短径、面积及ADC平均值,均较非活动期GO组、对照组增大,非活动期GO组较对照组升高(P均<0.05)。(2)ROC曲线结果显示,眼球突出度、横断位泪腺面积对GO患者的诊断效能最高(AUC为0.906、0.905),泪腺突出度、横断位泪腺ADC平均值对GO患者也有一定的诊断价值(0.793、0.702)。RESOLVE DWI ADC值预测GO活动性的最佳截断点为1.181×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s,其敏感度高达95.00%,特异度76.30%。(3)眼球突出度(r=0.734,P<0.05)、泪腺突出度(r=0.719,P<0.05)、泪腺ADC值(r=0.742,P<0.05)与CAS呈高度相关。结论横断位泪腺突出度、泪腺DWI ADC平均值可作为GO诊断及分期的重要参考指标。

Graves病患者应用甲巯咪唑导致反应性浆细胞增多症1例报告及文献复习

目的:探讨Graves病(GD)患者应用甲巯咪唑(MMI)治疗后出现粒细胞缺乏症和反应性浆细胞增多症(RP)的临床表现和实验室检查结果,为临床医生鉴别诊断RP和多发性骨髓瘤(MM)提供依据。方法:分析1例GD粒细胞缺乏症并发RP患者的临床表现、实验室检查和诊治过程,并进行文献复习。结果:患者有GD和腹腔感染病史,入院查血常规白细胞计数明显降低且伴有中性粒细胞缺乏,涂片复检见可疑浆细胞。骨髓细胞学检查,骨髓浆细胞百分率为33%,外周血浆细胞百分率为4%;血清免疫球蛋白多克隆性增生;血清免疫固定电泳阴性;流式细胞学分析,浆细胞免疫表型正常。结合病史和实验室检验结果,基本排除MM可能,符合RP的诊断。考虑中性粒细胞缺乏与用药有关,暂停MMI,给予粒细胞集落刺激因子升高白细胞数,控制腹腔感染后进行GD专科治疗。患者预后良好,6个月后随访复查血常规正常。结论:GD患者出现粒细胞缺乏症并发RP在临床上较为罕见,血清免疫固定电泳、血细胞形态学和细胞免疫表型分析有助于明确诊断。积极治疗RP原发疾病后,患者预后良好。

The role of exosomes in adult neurogenesis:implications for neurodegenerative diseases

Exosomes are cup-shaped extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer that is approximately 30 to 200 nm in thickness.Exosomes are widely distributed in a range of body fluids,including urine,blood,milk,and saliva.Exosomes exert biological function by transporting factors between different cells and by regulating biological pathways in recipient cells.As an important form of intercellular communication,exosomes are increasingly being investigated due to their ability to transfer bioactive molecules such as lipids,proteins,mRNAs,and microRNAs between cells,and because they can regulate physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.Adult neurogenesis is a multistage process by which new neurons are generated and migrate to be integrated into existing neuronal circuits.In the adult brain,neurogenesis is mainly localized in two specialized niches:the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus.An increasing body of evidence indicates that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions with the niches.In recent studies,exosomes released from different sources of cells were shown to play an active role in regulating neurogenesis both in vitro and in vivo,thereby participating in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders in patients and in various disease models.Here,we provide a state-of-the-art synopsis of existing research that aimed to identify the diverse components of exosome cargoes and elucidate the therapeutic potential of exosomal contents in the regulation of neurogenesis in several neurodegenerative diseases.We emphasize that exosomal cargoes could serve as a potential biomarker to monitor functional neurogenesis in adults.In addition,exosomes can also be considered as a novel therapeutic approach to treat various neurodegenerative disorders by improving endogenous neurogenesis to mitigate neuronal loss in the central nervous system.

Graves′病新型疗法的研究进展

Graves′病是一种自身免疫性疾病,其特征是存在刺激促甲状腺激素受体的自身抗体,导致甲状腺肿大及循环甲状腺激素过多。目前临床治疗Graves′病的主要方式包括抗甲状腺药物、放射性碘和甲状腺切除术,但药物治疗存在不良反应大、治疗周期长、复发率高等不足,而放射性碘和甲状腺切除术治疗患者无法避免地需要行终生甲状腺激素替代治疗,因此急需寻找新的治疗方案。目前正在研究的Graves′病的新型疗法包括生物制剂、小分子和肽免疫调节,这些疗法有望在不需要持续治疗的情况下成功使患者甲状腺功能趋于正常化。

多模态超声成像技术鉴别Graves病与慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎的研究进展

Graves病与慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎因缺乏典型临床症状极易误诊,及时诊断对改善患者生存质量至关重要,超声是评估甲状腺疾病的首要影像学手段。近年来,随着超微血流成像、剪切波弹性成像、计算机辅助诊断、超声造影等新技术出现,多模态超声诊断发展迅速,大量学者围绕甲状腺弥漫性病变展开研究。本文对多模态超声对Graves病与慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎鉴别诊断的国内外现状及面临的问题进行综述,以期为临床诊疗中最大程度发挥多模态超声成像的技术优势,早期精准鉴别Graves病与慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎提供理论依据。

Amyloid-beta and tau protein beyond Alzheimer's disease

The aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide and tau protein dysregulation are implicated to play key roles in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered the main pathological hallmarks of this devastating disease.Physiologically,these two proteins are produced and expressed within the normal human body.However,under pathological conditions,abnormal expression,posttranslational modifications,conformational changes,and truncation can make these proteins prone to aggregation,triggering specific disease-related cascades.Recent studies have indicated associations between aberrant behavior of amyloid-beta and tau proteins and various neurological diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,as well as retinal neurodegenerative diseases like Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration.Additionally,these proteins have been linked to cardiovascular disease,cancer,traumatic brain injury,and diabetes,which are all leading causes of morbidity and mortality.In this comprehensive review,we provide an overview of the connections between amyloid-beta and tau proteins and a spectrum of disorders.

Unraveling the gut-brain axis:the impact of steroid hormones and nutrition on Parkinson's disease

This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between nutrition,the gut microbiome,steroid hormones,and Parkinson's disease within the context of the gut-brain axis.The gut-brain axis plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease,encompassing diverse components such as the gut microbiota,immune system,metabolism,and neural pathways.The gut microbiome,profoundly influenced by dietary factors,emerges as a key player.Nutrition during the first 1000 days of life shapes the gut microbiota composition,influencing immune responses and impacting both child development and adult health.High-fat,high-sugar diets can disrupt this delicate balance,contributing to inflammation and immune dysfunction.Exploring nutritional strategies,the Mediterranean diet's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties show promise in reducing Parkinson's disease risk.Microbiome-targeted dietary approaches and the ketogenic diet hold the potential in improving brain disorders.Beyond nutrition,emerging research uncovers potential interactions between steroid hormones,nutrition,and Parkinson's disease.Progesterone,with its anti-inflammatory properties and presence in the nervous system,offers a novel option for Parkinson's disease therapy.Its ability to enhance neuroprotection within the enteric nervous system presents exciting prospects.The review addresses the hypothesis thatα-synuclein aggregates originate from the gut and may enter the brain via the vagus nerve.Gastrointestinal symptoms preceding motor symptoms support this hypothesis.Dysfunctional gut-brain signaling during gut dysbiosis contributes to inflammation and neurotransmitter imbalances,emphasizing the potential of microbiota-based interventions.In summary,this review uncovers the complex web of interactions between nutrition,the gut microbiome,steroid hormones,and Parkinson's disease within the gut-brain axis framework.Understanding these connections not only offers novel therapeutic insights but also illuminates the origins of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.