Quantum Gravitational Energy Simplifies Gravitational Physics and Gives a New Einstein Inspired Quantum Field Equation without G

We show the simplest form with which one can express the gravity force, and that still gives all the same predictions of observable phenomena as does standard Newton gravity and general relativity theory. In addition, we show a new field equation that gives all the same predictions as general relativity theory, but that it is simpler as the only constant needed is the speed of light and that also gives quantum gravity. This new form to express gravity, through quantum gravitational energy, requires less constants to predict gravity phenomena than standard gravity theory. This alone should make the physics community interested in investigating this approach. It shows that gravitational energy, and other types of energy are a collision-length in their most complete and deepest form and that quantization of gravity is related to the reduced Compton frequency of the gravitational mass per Planck time. While general relativity theory needs two constants to predict gravity phenomena, that is G and c, our new theory, based on gravity energy, only needs one constant, cg, that is easily found from gravitational observations with no prior knowledge of any constants. Further, we will show that, at the deepest quantum level, quantum gravity needs two constants, cg and the Planck length, while the standard formulation here needs c, h and lp. Thus our theory gives a reduction in constants and simpler formulas than does standard gravity theory. Most important we by this seems to have a fully consistent framework for quantum gravity.

A note on the definition of gravitational energy for quadratic curvature gravity via topological regularization

Within the framework of four-dimensional quadratic curvature gravities in the appearance of a negative cosmological constant,a definition for the gravitational energy of solutions with anti-de Sitter(AdS)asymptotics was put forward by Giribet et al.[Phys.Rev.D 98044046(2018)].This was achieved by adding proper topological invariant terms to the gravity action to render the variation problem well-posed.We prove that the definition via the procedure of topological regularization can be covered by our previous work[Int.J.Mod.Phys.A 352050102(2020)]in four dimensions.Motivated by this,we further generalize the results to generic diffeomorphism invariant theories of gravity in arbitrary even dimensions.

Energy of the Gravitational Field as an Equivalent of the Dark Energy of the Universe

Determination of the structural foundations and parameters of the Universe is an important urgent task since it enables us to understand and explain the structure and basic parameters of the material world. Herewith, it is necessary to be aware of modern problems of physics and possible ways to solve them. Among such problems, hypotheses concerning dark matter and the energy of the Universe occupy an important place. However, the determination of their on the basis of modern theories still leads to abstract equations that do not give concrete results;therefore, they have a level of hypotheses. A number of initial scientific propositions based on this abstract of mathematical dependencies have controversial meanings. Elimination of this disadvantage is the main goal of the work performed. Its main difference and scientific novelty are the justification of the energy parameters of the gravitational field of the Universe, the magnitude of which can replace its dark energy and dark mass. The solution to this problem is justified by strict physical dependencies, which are obtained on the basis of fundamental physical constants. It is an urgent and important scientific and applied problem, since it develops knowledge about the gravitational field and the material world in general. The performed work is based on the methods of deduction and induction in the research of the material world based on the application of the well-known reliable laws of physics and the general principles of the development of the theory of knowledge. Other research methods are still unknown, since the work performed is associated with new scientific discoveries, the search for which is difficult to formalize by technique methods. The results of the study consist of the analysis of wave, force and energy parameters of the relict gravitational field of the Universe. The calculated value of this energy is 1.58 × 1070 J. This energy is enough to cover the amount of dark energy and mass in the Universe, which casts doubt on their existence. Conclusions: This paper can supplement previously performed research on the dark mass and energy of the Universe, which requires further for their reconciliation.

From the Hubble Constant to the Black Hole Model. Universe Expansion with Matter Creation and a New Perspective on Dark Energy Observations

Comparison of the Hubble parameter with cosmological quantities strongly supports the black hole model for the description of the Universe evolution. Such evolution requires matter creation and has implications for what is currently referred to as “dark energy” and the “cosmological constant”.

Meso-scale available gravitational potential in the world oceans

The pitfalls of applying the commonly used definition of available gravitational potential energy （AGPE） to the world oceans are re-examined. It is proposed that such definition should apply to the meso-scale problems in the oceans, not the global scale. Based on WOA98 climatological data, the meso-scale AGPE in the world oceans is estimated. Unlike previous results by Oort et al. , the meso-scale AGPE is large wherever there is a strong horizontal density gradient. The distribution of meso-scale AGPE reveals the close connection between the baroclinic instability and the release of gravitational potential energy stored within the scale of Rossby deformation radius.

Encoding Energy-Density as Geometry

Physicists possess an intuitive awareness of Euclidian space and time and Galilean transformation, and are then challenged with Minkowski space-time and Einstein’s curved space-time. Relativistic experiments support the “time-dilation” interpretation and others support “curved space-time” interpretation. In this, and related work, we investigate the key issues in terms of the intuitive space-time frame. In particular, we provide alternative approaches to explain “time dilation” and to explain the energy density for gravity systems. We approach the latter problem from an information perspective.

On Our Peculiar Black Hole Universe

The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.

Dark energy from logarithmically modified gravity and deformed Coleman-Weinberg potential

Recent astrophysical measurements strongly suggest the existence of a missing energy component dubbed dark energy that is responsible for the current accelerated expansion of the universe.A new class of modified gravity theory is introduced which yields a universe accelerating in time and dominated by dark energy.The new modified gravity model constructed here concurrently includes a Gauss-Bonnet invariant term,barotropic fluid with a time-dependent equation of state parameter,a Coleman-Weinberg（CW） potential-like expression V（φ） =ξφm lnφn and a new Einstein-Hilbert term f（R,φ） =E（φ） R which depends on both the scalar curvature and the scalar fieldφthrough a generic logarithmic function E（φ） =lnφ.Here m and n take different values from the standard CW potential andξis a real parameter. It was shown that the presence of these terms provides many useful features which are discussed in some detail.

Experimental Ferrogravitational Field around Untwisting Closed Superconductor

The study by the author of magnetic scattering neutrons in the structures of ferrimagnets, as well as his experiments with the separation of magnetic charges in dipole pairs ±g in magnetic field, showed that fundamental magnetic particles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the moving electric charges are the direct sources of all magnetic fields and magnetic manifestations in Nature. Basic reasons of ignoring the magnetic fundamental particles by world physical theory, for almost 150 years, are the ultra-harsh confinement of these particles in substance which radically is different from the confinement electrons, as well as the vicious concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell. Rotating magnetic dipoles in conductors which are untwisted by electric current, are direct sources of the vortex magnetic field rotH. One should also expect the formation of a vortex electric field rotE forming by rotating electric dipoles which are untwisted by the current of magnetic charges. This article provides an experimental answer to the question: what field is formed around a conductor if joint direct currents of electric Je and magnetic Jg charges are passed through it? The author’s experiments have shown that in this case the vortex electromagnetic current is realized which manifests itself as the vortex electromagnetic (gravitational) field. It is possible to implement such a process, according to the results of the author’s research, exclusively in superconductors. The vector character of the gravitational field is in many respects similar to the vortex magnetic field which makes it possible to introduce such it states as paragravitation and ferrogravitation into representations. To create joint currents of electric and magnetic charges, the author used the inertial forces of these particles under conditions of acceleration and deceleration of the rotational motion of the closed lead superconductor. The result of this experiment was the gravitational, as it turned out later, the ferrogravitational field, which was detected by effect repulsion of trial cargos from the coil with a superconducting winding at the stage of its untwist. The latter process is defined by the author as an effect of the gravitational (ferrogravitational) levitation. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment were: 120 mg for a tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a lead cargo with an error of ±15 mg. The values of ferrogravitational (levitational) forces noted in this experiment are: 120 mg for from tungsten trial cargo and 50 and 25 mg for a cargo from lead, with an error of ±15 mg. The “anomaly” noted by the author in this study was in the absence of any absence of a gravitational effect on stage a braking of the coil. Probable cause of the noted “anomaly” is discussed in the Discussion of Results chapter.

Probing the dark side of the Universe with weak gravitational lensing effects

Arising from gravitational deflections of light rays by large-scale struc- tures in the Universe, weak-lensing effects have been recognized as one of the most important probes in cosmological studies. In this paper, we review the main progress in weak-lensing analyses, and discuss the challenges in future investigations aiming to understand the dark side of the Universe with unprecedented precisions.

A Re-Interpretation of Quasi-Local Mass

Because the equivalence principle forbids local mass density, we cannot formulate general relativistic mass as an integral over mass density as in Newtonian gravity. This century-old problem was addressed forty years ago by Penrose, and many papers have since extended the concept. Currently there is no satisfactory physical understanding of the nature of quasi-local mass. In this paper I review the key issues, the current status, and propose an alternative interpretation of the problem of local mass and energy density for gravity systems from an information perspective.

Crustal density structures and isostasy beneath the Western North China craton,Trans-North China Orogen,and surrounding regions

To determine the lateral and vertical variations in crustal structure and their influence on the seismicity of the Western North China Craton,the Trans-North China Orogen,and the surrounding regions,the wavelet multi-scale structures,Moho depth,crustal density structures,and isostatic state are modelled using Bouguer gravity anomaly data,topography,and earthquake focal mechanisms.We obtained homogeneous crustal densities and deviations of<1 km between the crustal thicknesses estimated from the isostatic model and those inverted from the Bouguer gravity anomalies in the Ordos Block,the Inner Mongolia Suture Zone,the Sichuan Basin,and the Jizhong Depression.These results provide new evidence for relatively simple and stable continental crustal structures,and indicate that these regions will remain stable in both the vertical and lateral directions.The Hetao Graben,Yinchuan Graben,Weihe Basin,and Shanxi graben system have heterogeneous crustal densities and are isostatically over-compensated.In contrast,the crust beneath the Yinshan Uplift,Lvliang Uplift,and northern and central Taihang Uplift is thin and under-compensated.The heterogeneous crustal densities and non-isostatic state beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Qinling Central China Orogen indicate that these two blocks are unstable in the vertical and lateral directions.Although Cenozoic deformation of the North China Craton is thought to be driven by lithospheric stresses related to the India-Eurasia collision and Pacific slab retreat in South East Asia,we suggest that gravitational potential energy created by the heterogeneous crustal structure modulates these first-order forces.The results of this study could constrain the causes of seismicity in systems surrounding the Ordos Block.

A Study of the Pit-Aided Construction of Egyptian Pyramids

Pyramids,symbols of the Ancient Egyptian civilization,are visited by tourists and studied by researchers from all around the world.However,the techniques used by Ancient Egyptians to construct the pyramid,specifically,how such a tall structure could have been constructed from huge blocks of stone with the limited productive forces at the time,remains a mystery to the world.Though numerous theories,such as the use of ramps,levers,pulleys,fluid buoyancy,and cast-in-place concrete,have been proposed in academia,no consensus has been reached to date.Based on mechanical principles and the productive forces available at the time,the famous Pyramid of Khufu is used as a case study in this paper to propose a theory of pit-aided construction.The main steps include the digging of the pit,the transportation of stone blocks into the pit,the layer-by-layer construction,and the layer-by-layer filling of soil until the top of the pyramid is completed.The main idea of the pit-aided construction was to use the self-weight of the stone material to achieve the transportation of stone blocks by converting potential energy to kinetic energy,thereby avoiding the large amounts of work that must be done to elevate the huge blocks of stone.The proposed theory of pit-aided construction is consistent with the cultural custom of burial that is associated with tomb construction,namely laying the deceased to rest through burial,and is also consistent with the productive forces available in Ancient Egypt at the time.

Characteristics and geological significance of the stress state of the lithosphere in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring areas

The present-day lithospheric stress state of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and neighboring areas is controlled by both the lithosphere itself and the underlying mantle.In other words,the stress is affected by the gravitational potential energy(GPE)difference caused by the change in the density distribution within the lithosphere and the drag force on the base of the lithosphere caused by mantle convection.The study of the lithospheric stress state plays an important role in further understanding the dynamic background and mechanism for the evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.In this study,the Crust1.0 crustal density model combined with the S40RTS mantle shear wave velocity variation model was used to calculate the GPE.The EGM2008gravity field model was used to calculate the drag force from mantle convection at the base of the lithosphere.The lithospheric and joint stress fields of the two sources were obtained by solving the force balance under the thin sheet approximation.This way,we could comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the stress state within the Plateau.Six regions were classified according to the GPE stress field,mantle drag force stress field,the relative magnitude of the two stress fields,and correlation between the two stress fields and surface deformation.The lithospheric stress fields of the Tarim Basin and other stable blocks are mainly controlled by the GPE difference.The lithospheric stress field in the collision zone between the Indian Plate and the QinghaiTibetan Plateau is predominantly controlled by the deep mantle drag force.The lithospheric stress field in the interior of the Plateau is controlled by both GPE and mantle drag.The correlation between the lithospheric stress field and surface deformation at the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is poor.It is hypothesized that the presence of lower crustal flow with lower effective viscosity leads to crust-mantle decoupling,and the mantle drag force has a weaker influence on the shallow crust,resulting in the inconsistency between the average lithospheric stress field and surface deformation.