How the Redshift of Gravitons Explains Dark Matter and Dark Energy

The theory that gravitons lose energy by way of gravitational redshift while traveling in a gravitational field is applied to the expansion of the universe and to spiral and dwarf galaxy rotation curves using General Relativity. This is a graviton self interaction model which derives an expansion equation which is identical in form to the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model. In the domain of galaxies, spiral and dwarf galaxy rotation curves are matched using only baryonic mass. Thus, the requirement for dark matter and dark energy in the universe is replaced by this paradigm.

New Insights into the Action of Gravitons in Spiral Galaxies

New details of the action of gravitons in spiral galaxies are described. The effect of the graviton energy loss is hypothesized to be coupled to the baryon mass in the galaxy. From this relation, it follows that the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation is applicable to not just the final velocity of the galaxy but also to the rotational velocity at each radial position. In addition, a quadratic equation for the baryonic mass distribution is derived from the equation of motion. These results are demonstrated by making fits to galaxy rotation curves using a mass to light ratio model as well as the quadratic model for the mass distribution.

The Theory of Gravitons in the Expansion of the Universe

The theory that gravitons lose energy thru gravitational redshift while traveling in a gravitational field is applied to the universe. It is proposed that a co-moving volume element is required for the luminosity distance relation because the gravitational field acts simultaneously in three dimensions rather than just along a geodesic curve. With only a relatively small baryonic mass density the curve fit of the novel luminosity distance relation to Type Ia supernovae distance data is of the same quality as for the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model.

Gravitation Theory Based on the Physics of an Absolute Reference System

The study of the effect of the gravitational field on the photons, based on the hypothesis of the absolute reference system, demonstrates the origin of the gravitational force. By studying the propagation of a photon in the gravitational field the change in the estimation of time is determined, resulting from the use of a clock that is affected by the gravitational field. It is proved that in all known experiments, which were carried out in order to confirm the general theory of relativity, the results based on the hypothesis of an absolute reference system agree with the corresponding results of the general theory of relativity, except for the result of the deflection of light in the gravitational field of the sun, where the experimental results confirm the hypothesis of the absolute reference system.

The Inverse Gravity Inflationary Theory of Cosmology

Cosmological expansion or inflation is mathematically described by the theoretical notion of inverse gravity whose variations are parameterized by a factor that is a function of the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. This assertion is referred to as the inverse gravity inflationary assertion. Thus, a correction to Newtonian gravitational force is introduced where a parameterized inverse gravity force term is incorporated into the classical Newtonian gravitational force equation where the inverse force term is negligible for distances less than the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. Conversely, at distances greater than the distance to which cosmological expansion takes prominence over gravity. The inverse gravity term is shown to be dominant generating universal inflation. Gravitational potential energy is thence defined by the integral of the difference (or subtraction) between the conventional Newtonian gravitational force term and the inverse gravity term with respect to radius (r) which allows the formulation, incorporation, and mathematical description to and of gravitational redshift, the Walker-Robertson scale factor, the Robinson-Walker metric, the Klein-Gordon lagrangian, and dark energy and its relationship to the energy of the big bang in terms of the Inverse gravity inflationary assertion. Moreover, the dynamic pressure of the expansion of a cosmological fluid in a homogeneous isotropic universe is mathematically described in terms of the inverse gravity inflationary assertion using the stress-energy tensor for a perfect fluid. Lastly, Einstein’s field equations for the description of an isotropic and homogeneous universe are derived incorporating the mathematics of the inverse gravity inflationary assertion to fully show that the theoretical concept is potentially interwoven into the cosmological structure of the universe.

Quantum Gravity

Quantum gravitational theory, based on the hypothesis of the absolute reference system, reveals the function of the effects of the gravitational field at the microscopic and macroscopic scale. The quantum nature of gravitational potential, and the dynamics and kinetic energy of photons and elementary particles under the influence of the gravitational field are studied, and a quantum interpretation of gravitational redshift is given. There is also a complete agreement of this quantum gravitational theory with the existing experimental data.

Evidences for a Unified Physics, in Full Accordance with the Newtonian Laws

We show that the speed of a longitudinal-extended, elastic (variable length), and massive particle, emitted by a source during an emission time T, at speed u (escape speed from all the masses in space), is invariant for every real measurement, (intending a measurement requiring an interaction light-matter), in spite of any reciprocal motion source-Observer. Thus we may argue that the light has to be composed of such particles (photons) moving at speed c = u. Compliance of these photons with Newtonian mechanics is shown for many effects, (like the Doppler effect, redshift, time dilation, etc.), highlighting the differences versus the Relativity. In the 2nd part, on the assumption that the electron charge can be considered as a point-particle fixed to the electron surface, always facing the atom nucleus during the electron revolution, we revised the light-matter interaction, showing that it only depends on the particular impacts between these photons and the circling electrons: for instance, on H atom, we found 137 circular orbits only, the last one being the ionization orbit, where the electron orbital speed becomes vi= c/1372. [Classical mechanics implies that orbiting electrons produce an electro-magnetic radiation causing their fall into the nucleus: on Section 3.5, the reason why the electron circular orbits are stable].