High Index SMES Device for Gravitomagnetic Field Generation

A method is described for creating a measurable unbalanced gravitational acceleration using a gravitomagnetic field surrounding a superconducting toroid as described by Forward (1962). An experimental Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) toroid configuration of wound superconducting nanowire is proposed to create a measurable acceleration field along the axis of symmetry, providing experimental confirmation of the additive nature of a Lense-Thirring derived gravitomagnetic field. In the present paper, gravitational coupling enhancement of this effect is explored using a high index or high permittivity material, as predicted by Sarfatti (2020) using his modification to Einstein’s General Relativity Field Equations for gravitational coupling in matter.

Extended Cases of Laboratory Generated Gravitomagnetic Field Measurement Devices

A method is described for creating a measurable unbalanced gravitational acceleration using a gravitomagnetic field surrounding a superconducting toroid. A gravitomagnetic toroid for unbalanced force production has been experimentally realized as quite impractical. However recent advances in nanorod superconducting wire technology has enabled a new class of SMES devices operating at current densities and magnetic field strengths sufficient to develop measurable gravitomagnetic fields, while still maintaining mechanical integrity. It is proposed that an experimental SMES toroid configuration uses an absolute quantum gravimeter to measure acceleration fields along the axis of symmetry of a toroidal coil, thus providing experimental confirmation of the additive nature of the gravitomagnetic fields, as well as the production of a linear component of the overall acceleration field. In the present paper relativistic enhancement of this effect is also explored, as well as alternating current (AC) operations of the superconducting toroid to create gravitational waves. Lorentz force concerns are also addressed in Appendix.

The Gravitomagnetic and Field Magnetic Centrifugal Force Using Force and Four-Dimensional Potential Concepts

Unification of fundamental forces is the dream of physics. Nevertheless, unfortunately gravitational force operators to be isolated in its geometrical content from other forces. This encourages some researchers to propose the so-called gravimagnetic field to unify gravity with other forces and to explain some cosmological problems at the early universe. This motivates to construct a new model to confirm the existence of gravitomagnetic and a corresponding magnetic field associated with any field. Using the formal Newton definition of force and considering the magnetic force to be related to the time varying mass, the magnetic force is shown to be equal to the centrifugal force. This equality is typical when treating a particle as string. Using also the definition of force in terms of potential and electric force only, energy is shown to be conserved. The Newton force can be defined also in terms of four-dimensional potential with the time varying part related to the magnetic potential. When the particle is treated as a string, energy conservation holds, while for ordinary particle, the Lagrangian is conserved. The energy conservation holds for special relativity also for energy per unit mass. The definition of acceleration for forces that obeys inverse square law shows also the magnetic force is equal to the centrifugal force.

Generalized gravitomagnetic field and gravitational waves

Synge was the first to derive the geodesic deviation entirely mathematically (1)Only later did people realize its importance [2] for describing the physical behavior of curved spacetime [3], particularly that it can unambiguously manifest gravitational waves (4, 5)The geodesic deviation relates purely to the 'electric' part of a curved spacetime, while the complementary 'magnetic' part is related to the way gyroscopes adapt to geodesics. For Ricci flat spacetimes.

Meissner Exclusion of Gravito-Magnetic Energy from a Momentum-Space Crystal

A primordial field theory of Quantum Gravity resolves a number of century-old paradoxes associated with general relativity and quantum mechanics. It allows re-interpretation of major experiments such as Michelson-Gale (1925) and Q-bounce (1999). I address herein an unexplained anomalous experiment by Martin Tajmar (2006), in terms of a gravitomagnetic-based Meissner effect.

Basic Notions of Classical Physics

Classical Physics is a branch of Physics that should be described by classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. Physically, simple interactions occur at a microscopic level, and the collective result can be observed at a macroscopic level. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) introduces classical notions, when the very first ensemble of particles was created at the cosmological time πM ≅ 10-18 and become possible to introduce the notion “Medium of the World”. We emphasize that Classical Physics is principally different from Quantum Physics that describes quantum objects, which have four-momenta only. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects! The present paper discusses the Basic Notions of Classical Physics considering a principally different cosmological model WUM, which is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology. WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics, and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac in 1937.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model

Dirac’s themes were the unity and beauty of Nature. He identified three revolutions in modern physics: Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and Cosmology. In his opinion: “The new cosmology will probably turn out to be philosophically even more revolutionary than relativity or the quantum theory, perhaps looking forward to the current bonanza in cosmology, where precise observations on some of the most distant objects in the universe are shedding light on the nature of reality, on the nature of matter and on the most advanced quantum theories” [Farmelo, G. (2009) The Strangest Man. The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom. Basic Books, Britain, 661 p]. In 1937, Paul Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of the variable gravitational “constant”;and later added the notion of continuous creation of Matter in the World. The developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) follows these ideas, albeit introducing a different mechanism of matter creation. In this paper, we show that WUM is a natural continuation of Classical Physics and it can already serve as a basis for a New Cosmology proposed by Paul Dirac.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Evolution of the World

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a “Surface Energy” of the 4D Nucleus. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it;Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center;Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.

From the Beginning of the World to the Beginning of Life on Earth

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) is, in fact, a Paradigm Shift in Cosmology [1]. In this paper, we provide seven Pillars of WUM: Medium of the World;Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters;Creation of Matter;Multicomponent Dark Matter;Macroobjects;Volcanic Rotational Fission;Dark Matter Reactors. We describe the evolution of the World from the Beginning up to the birth of the Solar System and discuss the condition of the Early Earth before the beginning of life on it.

The Primordial Principle of Self-Interaction

The Standard Model of Particle Physics treats four fields—the gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong fields. These fields are assumed to converge to a single field at the big bang, but the theory has failed to produce this convergence. Our theory proposes one primordial field and analyzes the evolution of this field. The key assumption is that only the primordial field exists—if any change is to occur, it must be based upon self-interaction, as there is nothing other than the field itself to interact with. This can be formalized as the Principle of Self-interaction and the consequences explored. I show that this leads to the linearized Einstein field equations and discuss the key ontological implications of the theory.

A Self-Linking Field Formalism

The Gauss-linking integral for disjoint oriented smooth closed curves is derived linking integrals from the Biot-Savart description of the magnetic field. DeTurck and Gluck extend this linking from 3-space R3 to SU (2) space of the unit 3-sphere and hyperbolic space in Minkowski R1,3. I herein extend Gauss-linking to self-linking and develop the concept of self-dual, which is then applied to gravitomagnetic dynamics. My purpose is to redefine Wheeler’s geon from unstable field structures based on the electromagnetic field to self-stabilized gravitomagnetic field structures.

Iterating with Fuzzy Parameters to Produce Exact Results

Iteration problems such as compound interest calculations have well-specified parameters and aim to derive an exact value. Not all problems offer well-specified parameters, even for well-defined dynamic equations;the linear “weak field approximation” of general relativity is iteratively equivalent to Einstein’s non-linear field equation, but the exact parameters involved in some applications are unknown. This paper develops a theory based on “fuzzy” parameters that must produce exact results. The problem is analyzed and example calculations are produced.

The Generalized Newton’s Law of Gravitation Versus the General Theory of Relativity

Einstein general theory of relativity (GTR) accounted well for the precession of the perihelion of planets and binary pulsars. While the ordinary Newton law of gravitation failed, a generalized version yields similar results. We have shown here that these effects can be accounted for as due to the existence of gravitomagnetism only, and not necessarily due to the curvature of space time. Or alternatively, gravitomagnetism is equivalent to a curved space-time. The precession of the perihelion of planets and binary pulsars may be interpreted as due to the spin of the orbiting planet (m) about the Sun (M). The spin (S) of planets is found to be related to their orbital angular momentum (L) by a simple formula, viz., S (m/M)L.

Fundamental Physical Basis for Maxwell-Heaviside Gravitomagnetism

Gravitomagnetism is universally and formally recognised in contemporary physics as being the linear first-order approximation of Einstein’s field equations emerging from the General Theory of Relativity (GTR). Herein, we argue that, as has been done by others in the past, gravitomagnetism can be viewed as a fully-fledged independent theory of gravitomagnetism that can be divorced from Professor Einstein’s GTR. The gravitomagnetic theory whose exposition we give herein is exactly envisioned by Professor Maxwell and Dr. Heaviside. The once speculative Maxwell-Heaviside Gravitomagnetic theory now finds full justification as a fully fledged theory from Professor José Hera’s Existence Theorem which states that all that is needed for there to exist the four Max-well-type field equations is that a mass-current conservation law be obeyed. Our contribution in the present work, if any, is that we demonstrate conclusively that like electromagnetism, the gravitomagnetic phenomenon leads to the prediction of gravitomagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light. Further, we argue that for the gravitational phenomenon, apart from the Newtonian gravitational potential, there are four more potentials and these operate concurrently with the Newtonian potential. At the end of it, it is seen that the present work sets the stage for a very interesting investigation of several gravitational anomalies such as the ponderous Pioneer Anomaly, the vexing Flyby Anomalies, the mysterious Anomalous Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies and as well, the possibility of the generation of stellar magnetic fields by rotating gravitational masses.

A Xon Signature in the Electron Spin

The elementary particles listed in the Standard Model of particle physics have all in common a quantum mechanical attribute which has the dimension of the xon, suggesting that the xon might be a structural ingredient of matter. The xon should therefore be included as a full-fledged member in the SM catalog of elementary particles.