The Great Bustard(Otis tarda) world population is estimated to be 44100–57000 individuals in 2010,of which about 57–70% occur in Spain,15–25% in European Russia,4–10% in China,Mongolia and south-eastern Russia,3–...The Great Bustard(Otis tarda) world population is estimated to be 44100–57000 individuals in 2010,of which about 57–70% occur in Spain,15–25% in European Russia,4–10% in China,Mongolia and south-eastern Russia,3–4% in Portugal,3% in Hungary,1–2% in Turkey,and smaller numbers in ten other countries.The reliability of current censuses and estimates may be described as high for a large fraction of the world population(67–75%),and low for the remain-ing 25–33%(including Russia,Mongolia,China,Turkey,Ukraine,Iran and Kazakhstan).In spite of continued declines reported for some countries(e.g.,Turkey,Iran,China) ,the present survey suggests that total numbers have not significantly decreased worldwide during the last decade,as opposed to the globally declining trend currently assumed.This is due to a large fraction of the world total living in countries whose overall surveys are apparently stable(e.g.,Spain,Portugal),after a noticeable recovery during the last few decades once the hunting ban was established.Only 6–10% of the world total is apparently still decreasing,mostly due to agricultural intensification,other causes of habitat degradation,and locally,also illegal hunting and collision with power lines.A small fraction of the world population(3–4%),is clearly(Germany,Austria) or apparently(Hungary) increasing,due to management and conservation measures.Finally,19–22% of the world total has an uncertain status,due to inaccurate current or past censuses which prevent establishing reliable population trends.We recommend 1)keeping conservation efforts and the species’protection status worldwide,and 2)carrying out urgently nation-wide surveys in countries with low quality estimates,in order to confirm world numbers and trends.展开更多
A trial of artificial incubation to great bustard (Otis tarda ) egg was conducted from 1995 to 1997.Among the 45 collected eggs, 28 eggs were fertilized and 26 hatched, with fertilizing rate 62.2% and incubation rate ...A trial of artificial incubation to great bustard (Otis tarda ) egg was conducted from 1995 to 1997.Among the 45 collected eggs, 28 eggs were fertilized and 26 hatched, with fertilizing rate 62.2% and incubation rate 92.85%. The mean Incubation-days for great bustard egg was confirmed as 24.4(21-28 days) with the formula for caculating fresh egg weight (W=KwLB2) and that for counting the incubated days by parents birds in field (ld=24(w-y)/0.144y). The proper incubation temperature and relative humidity were 36-37.8℃ and 50-65%.respectively. The egg weights and egg size average 130.45 g and 77.411.42 × 55.5 ± 0.65-mm respectively. The total weight loss of egg was 18.38±0.646 g, daily weight loss 0.748±0.071g in the incubation time. with a weight loss rate of 13.6±1 .02%. A linear regression equation to discribe the relationship between the egg weight and incubation days, was built, y=130.73-0.619± (x--incubation day, y--egg weight). r=-0.978. Twenty-eight hours were nassassary for great bustard embryo to complete the fledging when the were put in gas room. The mean weight of fledglings was 86.3±3.29 g(n=26).展开更多
Ultra-micro structure of eggshell was observed and compositions of eggshell and feather were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of eggshell has special characters besides common structure. The content of ...Ultra-micro structure of eggshell was observed and compositions of eggshell and feather were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of eggshell has special characters besides common structure. The content of poisonous elements in wild great bustard(Otis talda) eggshell and feather is significant lower than that in eggshell of crested foes(Nipponis nippon) and in feather of red crown crane(Grus japonesis) because of less disturbance by people. The contents of 14 elements of female’s feather all are higher than those of male’s.展开更多
This article presents the distribution and status of bustards,which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China.The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybow...This article presents the distribution and status of bustards,which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China.The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province,western Jilin Province,east and middle Inner Mongolia,north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,and Gansu Province.A few can winter in the south breeding-range.Its winterrange lies from the south to the Yellow River,as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province.Its population number is about 200–300 or 500–800.The Chinese populations of O.t.tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang.It is unclear about its winter-range,which is presumed to be in south Asia.Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang.The population number is about 2000–3000.The habitat in breeding range includes steppe,grassland,desert grassland,and farmland.The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes,meadows,meadow-grassland,and wheatland.The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin,the banks of the Ulungur River,Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang,west Inner Mongolia,and west Gansu.Northeast Mulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world.The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat.Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia.Its population number is about 2000.The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang,and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range.Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert,and its winter-range lies in south Asia.Its population in China is very scarce.In addition,we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards.展开更多
基金provided by project CGL2008-02567 of the Dirección General de Investigación
文摘The Great Bustard(Otis tarda) world population is estimated to be 44100–57000 individuals in 2010,of which about 57–70% occur in Spain,15–25% in European Russia,4–10% in China,Mongolia and south-eastern Russia,3–4% in Portugal,3% in Hungary,1–2% in Turkey,and smaller numbers in ten other countries.The reliability of current censuses and estimates may be described as high for a large fraction of the world population(67–75%),and low for the remain-ing 25–33%(including Russia,Mongolia,China,Turkey,Ukraine,Iran and Kazakhstan).In spite of continued declines reported for some countries(e.g.,Turkey,Iran,China) ,the present survey suggests that total numbers have not significantly decreased worldwide during the last decade,as opposed to the globally declining trend currently assumed.This is due to a large fraction of the world total living in countries whose overall surveys are apparently stable(e.g.,Spain,Portugal),after a noticeable recovery during the last few decades once the hunting ban was established.Only 6–10% of the world total is apparently still decreasing,mostly due to agricultural intensification,other causes of habitat degradation,and locally,also illegal hunting and collision with power lines.A small fraction of the world population(3–4%),is clearly(Germany,Austria) or apparently(Hungary) increasing,due to management and conservation measures.Finally,19–22% of the world total has an uncertain status,due to inaccurate current or past censuses which prevent establishing reliable population trends.We recommend 1)keeping conservation efforts and the species’protection status worldwide,and 2)carrying out urgently nation-wide surveys in countries with low quality estimates,in order to confirm world numbers and trends.
文摘A trial of artificial incubation to great bustard (Otis tarda ) egg was conducted from 1995 to 1997.Among the 45 collected eggs, 28 eggs were fertilized and 26 hatched, with fertilizing rate 62.2% and incubation rate 92.85%. The mean Incubation-days for great bustard egg was confirmed as 24.4(21-28 days) with the formula for caculating fresh egg weight (W=KwLB2) and that for counting the incubated days by parents birds in field (ld=24(w-y)/0.144y). The proper incubation temperature and relative humidity were 36-37.8℃ and 50-65%.respectively. The egg weights and egg size average 130.45 g and 77.411.42 × 55.5 ± 0.65-mm respectively. The total weight loss of egg was 18.38±0.646 g, daily weight loss 0.748±0.071g in the incubation time. with a weight loss rate of 13.6±1 .02%. A linear regression equation to discribe the relationship between the egg weight and incubation days, was built, y=130.73-0.619± (x--incubation day, y--egg weight). r=-0.978. Twenty-eight hours were nassassary for great bustard embryo to complete the fledging when the were put in gas room. The mean weight of fledglings was 86.3±3.29 g(n=26).
文摘Ultra-micro structure of eggshell was observed and compositions of eggshell and feather were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of eggshell has special characters besides common structure. The content of poisonous elements in wild great bustard(Otis talda) eggshell and feather is significant lower than that in eggshell of crested foes(Nipponis nippon) and in feather of red crown crane(Grus japonesis) because of less disturbance by people. The contents of 14 elements of female’s feather all are higher than those of male’s.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.39370103)Key Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.K952-JI-114)Wildlife Development Agency of Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates.
文摘This article presents the distribution and status of bustards,which are listed as first-category protected animals according to the survey results during 1990–2002 in China.The Chinese populations of Otis tarda dybowskii are breeding in south-west of Heilongjiang Province,western Jilin Province,east and middle Inner Mongolia,north Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,and Gansu Province.A few can winter in the south breeding-range.Its winterrange lies from the south to the Yellow River,as far as to Guizhou Province and Jiangxi Province.Its population number is about 200–300 or 500–800.The Chinese populations of O.t.tarda are breeding in the north and west of Xinjiang.It is unclear about its winter-range,which is presumed to be in south Asia.Recently we found individuals wintering in Chabuchaer and west Xinjiang.The population number is about 2000–3000.The habitat in breeding range includes steppe,grassland,desert grassland,and farmland.The habitat in winter range is the beach of rivers and lakes,meadows,meadow-grassland,and wheatland.The Chinese populations of Chlamydotis undulata macqueeni are breeding in the fringe of the Jungar Basin,the banks of the Ulungur River,Balikun and south Turpan Basin in Xinjiang,west Inner Mongolia,and west Gansu.Northeast Mulei in eastern Jungar Basin of Xinjiang is the main breeding-range in the world.The bird uses desert and desert grassland as its habitat.Its winter-range is west Asia and south Asia.Its population number is about 2000.The Chinese populations of Tetrax tetrax are breeding in north Xinjiang,and China is located on the east border of its breeding-range.Its habitat is grassland and semi-desert,and its winter-range lies in south Asia.Its population in China is very scarce.In addition,we analyzed the causes of their endangerment and put forward protection tactics of Chinese Bustards.
