Forest succession trajectories after fi res in valleys and on slopes in the Greater Khingan Mountains,China

Accurate assessment of postfire vegetation recovery is important for forest management and the conservation of species diversity.Topography is an important factor aff ecting vegetation recovery but whether species composition varies with diff erent recovery stages and between valleys and slopes is unclear.Using fi eld data and a space-for-time substitution method,we quantifi ed species richness and diversity to obtain the successional trajectories of valleys and slopes.We surveyed the species of 10 burned areas from 1986 to 2010 in the Greater Khingan Mountains in northeastern China,and found that with increasing postfi re recovery time,species richness in both valleys and slopes gradually decreased.However,species richness in valleys was relatively higher.Shrubs recovered rapidly in the valleys,and species diversity maximized approximately 11 years after fi re.However,it maximized 17–18 years after fi re on the slopes.Numerous shade-tolerant species were present in the valleys 11 years after fi re but not until after 18 years on slopes.Larch appeared earlier than 11 years after fi re and its recovery was slow in the valleys but appeared quickly on slopes and established dominance early.Our study provides some new insights into vegetation succession after fi re at local scales.After fi re,the vegetation recovery processes diff er with topography and it aff ects the initial rate of recovery and species composition at diff erent successional stages.

Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting Direction of the Hongwei-Xiongguan-Songheyi Dongshan Area in the Greater Xing’an Mountains, Heilongjiang Province

The Daxinganling area collided during the Late Paleozoic.The study area Hongwei-Xiongguan-Songheyi Dongshan area is located at the superimposed transition site of the Paleozoic paleo-Asian tectonic-metallogenic domain and the Mesozoic-Cenozoic Pacific Ocean tectonic-mineralization area.It is a good ore-forming fluid channel and has very good ore metallogenic geological conditions.The comprehensive research and metallogenic prediction of the geological background and geochemical characteristics of this area are carried out.It is believed that this area has good prospecting potential,and the prospecting area is circled.Suggestions for further prospecting work in this area are put forward.

Analysis on Natural Regeneration Characteristics and Growth Factors of Two Cut-over Lands of Larix gmelini Forests in Greater Khingan Mountains

[Objective] This study aims to analyze the natural regeneration characteristics and growth factors of two cut-over lands of Larix gmelini forests in Greater Khingan Mountains. [Method] A database was established based on the information of natural regeneration cut-over sample plots of Larix gmelini forests in Greater Khingan Mountains. Natural regeneration characteristics of clear-cutting sample plot and shelterwood-cutting sample plot of Larix gmelini in the northern regions of Greater Khingan Mountains were investigated by programming analysis. [Result] The natural regeneration of two principal felling systems was both good, and that of shelterwood-cutting sample plot was better. There were significant linear regression relationships among various growth factors of naturally regenerated plants. [Conclusion] This study provided scientific theoretical guidance for subsequent deforestation and regeneration in Greater Khingan Mountains.

Study of seasonal snow cover influencing the ground thermal regime on western flank of Da Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China

Although many studies relevant to snow cover and permafrost have focused on alpine, arctic, and subarctic areas, there is still a lack of understanding of the influences of seasonal snow cover on the thermal regime of the soils in permafrost regions in the mid-latitudes and boreal regions, such as that on the westem flank of the Da Xing＇anling （Hinggan） Mountains, northeastern China. This paper gives a detailed analysis on meteorological data series from 2001 to 2010 provided by the Gen＇he Weather Station, which is located in a talik of discontinuous permafrost zone and with sparse meadow on the observation field. It is inferred that snow cover is important for the ground thermal regime in the middle Da Xing＇anling Mountains. Snow cover of 10-cm in thickness and five to six months in duration （generally November to next March） can reduce the heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere by 28%, and by 71% if the snow depth increases to 36 cm. Moreover, the occurrence of snow cover resulted in mean annual ground surface temperatures 4.7-8.2℃ higher than the mean annual air temperatures recorded at the Gen＇he Weather Station, The beginning date for stable snow cover establishment （SE date） and the initial snow depth （SDi） also had a great influences on the ground freezing process. Heavy snowfall before ground surface freeze-up could postpone and retard the freezing process in Gen＇he. As a result, the duration of ground freezing was shortened by at least 20 days and the maximum depth of frost penetration was as much as 90 cm shallower.

Vegetation impact on the thermal regimes of the active layer and near-surface permafrost in the Greater Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China

The ground temperature and active layer are greatly influenced by vegetation in the Greater Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China.However,vegetation,as a complex system,is difficult to separate the influence of its different components on the ground thermal regime.In this paper,four vegetation types,including a Larix dahurica-Ledum palustre var.dilatatum-Bryum forest（P1）,a L.dahurica-Betula fruticosa forest（P2）,a L.dahurica-Carex tato forest（P3） in the China Forest Ecological Research Network Station in Genhe,and a Carex tato swamp（P4） at the permafrost observation site in Yitulihe,have been selected to study and compare their seasonal and annual influence on the ground thermal regime.Results show that the vegetation insulates the ground resulting in a relatively high ground temperature variability in the Carex tato swamp where there are no tree stands and shrubs when compared with three forested vegetation types present in the area.Vegetation thickness,structure,and coverage are the most important factors that determine the insulating properties of the vegetation.In particular,the growth of ground cover,its water-holding capacity and ability to intercept snow exert a significant effect on the degree of insulation of the soil under the same vegetation.

Climatic response of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width and precipitation reconstruction for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, since 1720

August-June precipitation has been reconstructed back to AD 1720 for the northern Greater Higgnan Mountains, China, by use ofPinus sylvestris var. mongolica tree-ring width. The reconstruction explains the variance of 39% in observed precipitation from 1973 to 2008. Some extremely dry/wet signals in historical documents and other precipitation reconstructions in previous studies are precisely captured in our reconstruction. Wet periods occurred during the periods of 1730 to 1746, 1789 to 1812, 1844 to 1903, 1920 to 1930, 1942 to 1961, and 1985 to 1998; while periods of 1747 to 1788, 1813 to 1843, 1904 to 1919, 1931 to 1941, and 1962 to 1984 were relatively dry. Power spectral and wavelet analyses demon- strated the existence of significant 24-year, 12-year, and 2-year cycles of variability.

The driving factors and their interactions of fire occurrence in Greater Khingan Mountains, China

Fire is an important disturbance in terms of forest management.A comprehensive understanding of the relationships between the spatial distribution of fire occurrence and its driving factors are critical for effective forest fire management.To reveal biogeoclimatic and anthropogenic influences,this study introduced a geographical detector model to quantitatively examine the effects of multiple individual factors and their combinations on spatial patterns of fire occurrence in the Greater Khingan Mountains between 1980 and 2009.The geographical detector computes the explanatory power(q value)to measure the connection between driving factors and spatial distributions of fire occurrence.Kernel density estimation revealed the spatial variability of fire occurrence which was impacted by bandwidth.30 km might be the optimal bandwidth in this study.The biogeoclimatic and anthropogenic effects were explored using topography,climate,vegetation,and human activity factors as proxies.Our results indicated that solar radiation had the most influence on the spatial pattern of fire occurrence in the study area.Meanwhile,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,temperature,wind speed,and vegetation type were determined as the major driving factors.For various groups of driving factors,climate variables were the dominant factors for the density of fire occurrence,while vegetation exerted a strong influence.The interactions between the driving factors had a more significant impact than a single factor.Individually,the factors in the topography and human activity groups exhibited weaker influences.However,their effects were enhanced when combined with climate and vegetation factors.This study improves our understanding of various driving factors and their combined influences on fire occurrences of the study area in a spatial context.The findings of this study verify that the geographical detector is applicable in revealing the driving factors of fire occurrence.

Six new chrysophycean stomatocysts ornamented with reticulum from the Great Xing'an Mountains, China

Six new chrysophycean stomatocysts ornamented with reticulum were illustrated based on SEM observation. They were described following the guidelines of the International Statospore Working Group (ISWG). All samples were collected from the Great Xing'an Mountains, China. Their taxonomic characteristics and habitats were described to provide new information on the biodiversity of chrysophycean stomatocysts. As is common with many morphotypes, their biological affinities remain unknown.

The Discovery of the Bivalve Fossil Arguniella from the Lower Cretaceous Shangkuli Formation in Northern Greater Khingan Mountains, China: Implications for Stratigraphic Correlation

Objective Typical Early Cretaceous non-marine bivalve fossils from Eastern Asia are represented by the Arguniella-Sphaerium assemblage,and they were important members of the Jehol Biota.Historically,the genus Arguniella in western Liaoning had been mistakenly identified as the Jurassic Ferganoconcha,re-identified as Arguniella with。

论“卷阿”形胜观的内涵与嬗递

最早记载于《诗经》的“卷阿”有着独特的“飘风自南”自然山水景观。在考辨“有卷者阿”历史源流的基础上分析其发轫、形成及“形胜”特征,认为“卷阿”形胜观历经“自然景观空间-建筑空间-精神空间”的发展过程,由物质空间升华到精神空间的文化意象。在皇权观念中,以高大广阔的建筑景观空间寓于“有卷者阿”形态,体现君王礼贤下士、君子纳才的宽广胸怀;对于贤臣来说,彰显其所追求修身治国之抱负和聿修厥德的情操。诠释“卷阿”山水格局并传承其文化内涵,构建蕴含人文精神的风景游赏地,形成物质与精神交融的山水景观空间,以达育人、化人的目的。

内蒙古大兴安岭东部林下植物生物多样性海拔差异

海拔影响生物多样性分异,为探究寒温带山岭地区海拔对林下植物多样性分布影响,选择内蒙古大兴安岭东部地区,采用样地调研法,设置E1(200—350 m),E2(350—500 m),E3(500—650 m),E4(650—800 m),E5(800—950 m),E6(950—1100 m)6个不同海拔梯度,调研165个林地样点以了解不同海拔森林群落物种组成,研究林下植物生物多样性海拔差异性、地形因素、乔木层优势物种与林下植物生物多样性的相关性。研究得出:(1)调研区林下植物共277种隶属于53科135属,灌木32种、草本245种;(2)森林乔灌群落随海拔依次为蒙古栎-黑桦-榛-胡枝子群落(E1—E2)、落叶松-白桦-榛-胡枝子群落(E3)、落叶松-白桦-欧亚绣线菊-绣线菊群落(E4)、落叶松-白桦-兴安杜鹃-越橘群落(E5)、落叶松-白桦-越橘-偃松群落(E6);(3)林下植物群落生物多样性随海拔上升呈现明显的单峰格局。生物多样性草本层>灌木层,灌木层随海拔升高呈上升趋势,草本层呈先下降后升高再下降的波动下降趋势;(4)草本层物种替换速率远高于灌木层,E3—E4与E2—E3梯度内灌木层与草本层物种替换速率分别达到峰值;灌木层与草本层相邻海拔梯度间相似度指数均呈先下降后升高再下降的波动形式;(5)地理因素及优势乔木种不同能够显著影响林下植物α多样性,灌木层α多样性与海拔、纬度呈正相关,与经度、坡度呈负相关。草本层与海拔呈负相关,与纬度、坡向呈正相关,海拔对草本层α多样性影响高于灌木层。郁闭度与灌木层α多样性呈正相关,与草本层α多样性呈负相关;落叶松增多可提升灌木层生物多样性,黑桦会降低灌木层物种丰富度,而山杨会降低草本层物种分布的均匀度。研究结果为保护与利用内蒙古大兴安岭林下植物,丰富寒温带山岭地区林下植物多样性海拔分布理论提供科学依据。

大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同林龄落叶松人工林土壤团聚体养分特征

[目的]为探寻大兴安岭重度火烧迹地植被恢复后不同林龄落叶松人工林下土壤团聚体养分含量与分布的变化。[方法]以大兴安岭1987年发生特大森林火灾形成的重度火烧迹地上分别在1989年、2000年、2010年种植的落叶松人工林(11,21,32年)作为研究对象,通过测定土壤团聚体各粒级有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,开展土壤团聚体养分分布特征研究。[结果](1)在重度火烧迹地上不同林龄的落叶松人工林中,土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效钾的含量均随着粒径的减小逐渐上升,<0.5 mm粒级含量最大。(2)随着落叶松人工林林龄的增长,土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量均逐渐上升。32年落叶松人工林土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷含量相较于11年落叶松人工林分别显著增加77.35%~130.24%,77.61%~143.36%,105.84%~147.98%,94.58%~155.96%,206.98%~537.09%(p<0.05)。21年落叶松人工林土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量高于11年落叶松人工林,但二者无明显差异。(3)土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳与全氮和碱解氮极显著相关(p<0.01),土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量与<0.25 mm粒级含量相关性最强,全氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾与>0.25 mm粒级含量极显著相关(p<0.01)。[结论]落叶松人工林土壤团聚体养分呈表聚现象。大兴安岭重度火烧迹地上种植的落叶松人工林,随着林龄的增大土壤团聚体养分含量增加,种植32年的落叶松人工林显著提升土壤团聚体的养分含量,研究结果可为大兴安岭重度火烧迹地人工植被恢复工作提供科学依据。

大高加索山脉冰川反照率时空分布及与物质平衡的关系

利用MOD10A1和MYD10A1冰雪反照率数据,分析了大高加索山脉地区加拉巴西冰川和德扬库特冰川的反照率时空分布特征,并使用五种反照率聚合方法,对这两条冰川2002—2019年夏季反照率与物质平衡关系开展相关性研究.结果表明,加拉巴西冰川和德扬库特冰川反照率随年份增加而明显减小,两条冰川在夏季都出现了最低反照率,加拉巴西冰川在冬季出现最高反照率,而德扬库特冰川则出现在春季;加拉巴西冰川夏季高海拔和低海拔区域的反照率差异较德扬库特冰川更为明显;两条冰川夏季反照率均与夏季物质平衡表现出一定的正相关性,其中加拉巴西冰川的相关性更加显著,使用平均最小反照率方法时两者相关系数最大可达0.874(p<0.05),德扬库特冰川使用加权平均反照率方法时两者相关系数最大为0.765(p<0.05).德扬库特冰川反照率与物质平衡相关性较低的原因可能是坡向和低海拔导致了其更易受暖湿气流影响,冰川消融中短波辐射能占比较低,反照率对其消融的影响小.

孢粉记录的晚全新世以来大兴安岭北部多年冻土泥炭地演化及其影响因素

当前泥炭所揭示的区域古植被、古气候与环境变化相关工作已广泛开展,然而对于泥炭地本身演化的研究却很少涉及,尤其是对于大兴安岭北部多年冻土泥炭地演化及其影响因素仍不清晰,阻碍了人们对这一特殊类型泥炭地历史动态和未来发展趋势的认知。为此基于大兴安岭北部多年冻土泥炭岩芯孢粉证据,利用AMS14C测年技术,重建了区域3500 cal a BP以来植被与气候历史,并与其他古气候指标进行对比,从而揭示区域泥炭地演化及其影响因素。结果表明:3500—2900 cal a BP植被以松属、喜暖乔木及水龙骨科为主,气候温暖湿润成为泥炭孕育期;2900—2250 cal a BP植被以松属、喜暖乔木及蒿属为主,气候温暖潮湿成为泥炭发育启动期;2250—1650 cal a BP植被以松属、桦属及水龙骨科为主,气候寒冷湿润成为泥炭发育旺盛期;1650—1150 cal a BP植被以松属和蒿属为主,气候寒冷干燥成为泥炭发育减缓和停滞期;1150—750 cal a BP阔叶林和湿地植被扩张,气候温暖湿润成为泥炭发育再次启动期,完成由富营养沼泽到中营养沼泽类型的转变;750 cal a BP至今植被以松属、桤木属及莎草科为主,气候寒冷湿润成为泥炭发育再次旺盛期,中营养沼泽开始向贫营养沼泽类型过渡。造成多年冻土泥炭地演化的主导因素并不是地质地貌变动和人类活动,而是来自气候变化及其驱动下多年冻土环境的改变,因此气候变化才是影响多年冻土泥炭地演化的主动力,未来多年冻土泥炭地变化取决于全球气候的发展。

蒙古—鄂霍次克洋俯冲的火成岩记录:来自大兴安岭花岗岩类的证据

大兴安岭地区出露大规模的中生代花岗岩类岩石,它们的形成与蒙古—鄂霍次克洋或古太平洋的关系仍具有争论(杨华本等,2020;王亚东等,2023)。本研究通过野外调查采样,对大兴安岭北部黑河—白石砬子一带附近出露的18个花岗岩类岩石样品进行了岩石学、地质年代学和地球化学研究。

呼伦贝尔巴彦塔拉砂砾石剖面沉积物组成和锆石U⁃Pb年龄——对沉积环境和区域岩浆构造事件的指示

【目的】砂砾石沉积物的沉积学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代研究对于地层划分、水系演化以及揭示山体的构造隆升历史和区域构造岩浆事件等具有重要意义。然而,呼伦贝尔巴彦塔拉砂砾石剖面薄弱的认知限制了其地层划分以及区域地表过程的深入理解。【方法】为此,对该剖面进行了沉积学、重矿物、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学分析。【结果】(1)沉积学、重矿物、地球化学特征和地貌证据以及锆石U-Pb年龄综合分析显示,巴彦塔拉砂砾石剖面沉积物主要是来自大兴安岭北段的中—酸性岩浆母岩,是初次循环的结果,沉积物堆积后经历了中等程度的化学风化;(2)结合宏观和微观角度(重矿物和地球化学指标等),并与大兴安岭东麓白土山组标准剖面对比,认为巴彦塔拉砂砾石剖面沉积物是在温暖偏干的氧化环境下形成的冲—洪积物堆积,其地层单位可以划分为白土山组;(3)构造背景判别图解表明构造背景为被动大陆边缘,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄在100~200 Ma和250~350 Ma的年龄峰值记录了大兴安岭北段在古亚洲洋的闭合和古太平洋的俯冲、回退的区域构造背景下触发的多期岩浆构造事件。【结论】该研究为大兴安岭地区第四纪地层的划分和早更新世区域地表过程的重建提供了新的证据。

大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松树轮宽度对气候因子的响应

海拔梯度作为一个重要的环境因素,对植物的分布、种类、生长速度和生理特征具有深远的影响。为探究大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)树轮宽度对气候因子的响应差异,利用大兴安岭北部满归地区5个海拔樟子松的树芯样本,建立树轮宽度年表,并分析5个海拔樟子松树木径向生长特征与气候要素的相关关系,进而探讨了不同海拔间的树木生长气候响应异同及响应关系的稳定性。研究结果表明,与其他海拔相比,中高海拔(1150m)樟子松树轮宽度年表可能包含更多的气候信息。树轮宽度年表与气候因子的相关分析表明,高海拔(1200 m)樟子松对温度的响应并不明显,仅与上年10月和当年9月的气温呈显著正相关,中高海拔和中海拔(900 m)的樟子松分别对生长季4—9月和5—8月的温度表现出较好的显著正相关,中低海拔(800 m)和低海拔(700 m)的樟子松均受到了干旱胁迫的抑制,均与当年6月的降水量呈显著正相关,与4月和6月的温度呈显著负相关,与上年10月到当年9月的帕默尔干旱指数均呈极显著正相关。气温发生突变后,高海拔、中高海拔和中海拔樟子松的生长趋势显著上升,而中低海拔和低海拔樟子松的生长趋势下降。相关结果显示,当年5月的平均最低气温是高海拔、中高海拔和中海拔树轮宽度增加的主要原因。滑动相关分析结果显示,高海拔和低海拔的樟子松对气候因子的敏感性均减弱,中高海拔和中海拔樟子松对温度的敏感性增强,但中海拔樟子松对帕默尔干旱指数的敏感性减弱,中低海拔樟子松对降水和帕默尔干旱指数的敏感性均减弱。研究揭示了大兴安岭北部不同海拔樟子松树木年轮宽度与气候因子之间的复杂关系,并为评估大兴安岭樟子松对未来气候变化的适应能力提供了科学依据。

基于InVEST模型的大兴安岭天保工程区碳储量时空变化研究

为给大兴安岭天保工程区生态系统保护和土地利用规划提供科学依据,以大兴安岭天保工程区为研究区,基于研究区2000—2020年土地利用数据和各地类碳密度数据,运用InVEST模型碳储量模块对大兴安岭天保工程区2000—2020年生态系统的碳储量进行估算,并通过土地利用转移矩阵分析土地利用类型之间的相互转化对碳储量的影响。结果显示:(1)研究区2000、2005、2010、2015、2020年碳储量分别为569.87×10^(7)、573.22×10^(7)、573.69×10^(7)、572.42×10^(7)、573.14×10^(7) t,呈增加趋势,累计增加3.27×10^(7) t;(2)碳储量较高的地区主要分布在北部和中部,较低的区域主要分布西部、南部、东南角和东部小区域;(3)林地是研究区最重要的碳库,其碳储量占研究区固碳总量的93.31%,林地和耕地面积的增加是大兴安岭天保工程区碳储量增加的主要原因。研究结果表明:天保工程促使大兴安岭林地面积保持稳定并且呈现出一定增长趋势,提高了大兴安岭的整体固碳能力。在未来,大兴安岭应当继续实施和巩固天然林保护工程,继续坚持退耕还林还草政策,通过合理的行政规划,调控草地和耕地向建设性用地转换;此外,通过人工种植、草畜平衡的政策,围栏封育和优化种苗的方式来缓解草地退化,修复草地生态系统;而耕地则通过间作套作、改良品种、合理使用肥料等方法提高产量。

凋落物真菌Neocucurbitaria salicis-albae及其代谢产物的抗细菌活性

研究旨在森林凋落物中获得具有抗菌活性的真菌资源,筛选并鉴定具有抗菌活性的真菌,纯化及鉴定其产生的抗菌化合物。以大兴安岭森林凋落物为试材,用颗粒法从中分离真菌,用基因序列比对分析测得分类学数据,用打孔药剂扩散法测得抗菌活性,采用柱层析法分离单体化合物,通过波谱分析法测得化学结构。分离得到真菌SGSF801,经多序列分析将其鉴定为Neocucurbitaria salicis-albae新株系。抗菌试验结果表明大米发酵产物对植物病原菌青枯劳尔氏菌、丁香假单胞杆菌及立枯丝核菌的抗菌活性较强。将真菌大米发酵产物分离纯化,得到一个单体化合物,通过1 H-NMR和13C-NMR将其鉴定为尾孢酰胺,分子式为C_(16)H_(13)NO_(7)。其对青枯劳尔氏菌的MIC值为31.25~62.5μg/mL,对丁香假单胞菌的MIC值为125~250μg/mL。本研究首次在Neocucurbitaria属真菌中分离得到尾孢酰胺,并且发现其具有抗植物病原细菌的活性,为凋落物真菌资源的进一步利用提供依据。

基于结构方程模型的大兴安岭北部天然林林下草本物种多样性驱动力分析

林下草本层植物在森林群落结构稳定性的调节和生态功能的发挥上具有非常重要的作用,是森林生态系统不可或缺的组成部分。以大兴安岭北部天然林为研究对象,运用结构方程模型探究气候、土壤和林分空间结构等环境因子对林下草本物种多样性的相对重要性,并探讨影响因子之间存在的复杂关系对林下草本物种多样性的影响机理。结果表明,从整体上来看,气候、土壤和林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性均有较强的影响作用,其中气候的影响强度最大,土壤次之,林分空间结构的影响作用最小。从中介效应上来看,气候变化会导致土壤和林分空间结构发生变化,进而影响林下草本物种多样性,除此之外,还发现林分空间结构的改变,也会导致土壤性质发生变化,进而影响林下草本物种多样性。从影响系数上来看,影响林下草本物种多样性的驱动因子因各影响因素的不同而存在差异,年均降水、有机碳含量、混交度是分别表征气候因子、土壤因子、林分空间结构影响林下草本物种多样性的主导因子。在大兴安岭林区开展林下草本物种多样性保护及修复工作时,可适当调整混交度,维持合理的林分结构,并综合考虑改善土壤养分的森林经营方案。