The Green Climate Fund （GCF） has been one of the core issues of the world climate summits under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） in recent years. However, the GCF has not progress...The Green Climate Fund （GCF） has been one of the core issues of the world climate summits under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） in recent years. However, the GCF has not progressed smoothly, and currently there are no satisfactory schemes for raising and distributing the fund. This paper first discusses how to finance the GCF among Annex II countries. It introduces the ＇preference score compromises＇ （PSC） approach which is based on environmental responsibility and economic capacity, with historical emissions as an indicator for environmental responsibility and GDP as indicator for economic capacity. The results show that the United States and the European Union are the two largest contributors to the GCF, sponsoring more than 80% of the funds. Second, we discuss how to allocate the funds among non-Annex II parties. The ＇adaptation needs＇ （AN） approach, which takes account of economic strength and climate damages, is proposed to achieve the adaptation purpose of the GCF, and the results reveal that African countries with high levels of climate vulnerability could get most funds, with a share of almost 30%. Regarding the mitigation purpose of the GCF, this research introduces two approaches： the ＇carbon reduction contribution＇ （CC） approach and the ＇incremental cost＇ （IC） approach. Both approaches could achieve significant reductions in carbon emissions in non-Annex II parties, whereas the latter may provide limited adaptation finance but result in more mitigation effects. This paper also develops a method to combine abatement efficiency and adaptation fairness of the GCF, and we find that with an equal split between the AN and CC （or AN and IC） approaches, the amount of USD 100 billion could finance an emissions reduction of 1613 MtCO2 （2477 MtCO2）, while allocating USD 16 （or USD 9） per capita for adaptation in non-Annex II parties. The schemes proposed may be useful for promoting the development of the GCF in the future.展开更多
气候融资是促进发展中国家获得减排资金的重要途径之一。基于发达国家成立专项资金用于国际气候融资且发展中国家将其所获得的转移资金完全用于碳减排的经济机制下,在MRICES(Multi-regional integrated model of climate and economy wi...气候融资是促进发展中国家获得减排资金的重要途径之一。基于发达国家成立专项资金用于国际气候融资且发展中国家将其所获得的转移资金完全用于碳减排的经济机制下,在MRICES(Multi-regional integrated model of climate and economy with GDP spillovers,GDP溢出作用下的多区域气候经济综合模型)模型的基础上,扩展了模拟国际气候融资的模块。实验分析了气候融资在全球减排中的气候保护效益和对全球各国产生的经济效益。研究发现,持续的气候融资能有效抑制全球升温,但《坎昆协议》中提出的资金额度仅能使2100年全球升温比无资金转移时降低0.01℃,全球气候保护需要制定更长期的转移计划;气候融资能使发展中国家的经济受益,而发达国家虽然在转移初期会遭受轻微的GDP损失,但从长期看资金转移将促进发达国家的经济增长,最终出现资金转移输出方和输入方双赢的局面;同时,国际气候资金适量转移至中国有助于实现资金的优化高效使用,中国在全球减排中的贡献不容小觑。气候融资是一项气候保护有效、经济效益显著的减排机制。展开更多
基金Supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.71210005 and No.71273253
文摘The Green Climate Fund （GCF） has been one of the core issues of the world climate summits under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） in recent years. However, the GCF has not progressed smoothly, and currently there are no satisfactory schemes for raising and distributing the fund. This paper first discusses how to finance the GCF among Annex II countries. It introduces the ＇preference score compromises＇ （PSC） approach which is based on environmental responsibility and economic capacity, with historical emissions as an indicator for environmental responsibility and GDP as indicator for economic capacity. The results show that the United States and the European Union are the two largest contributors to the GCF, sponsoring more than 80% of the funds. Second, we discuss how to allocate the funds among non-Annex II parties. The ＇adaptation needs＇ （AN） approach, which takes account of economic strength and climate damages, is proposed to achieve the adaptation purpose of the GCF, and the results reveal that African countries with high levels of climate vulnerability could get most funds, with a share of almost 30%. Regarding the mitigation purpose of the GCF, this research introduces two approaches： the ＇carbon reduction contribution＇ （CC） approach and the ＇incremental cost＇ （IC） approach. Both approaches could achieve significant reductions in carbon emissions in non-Annex II parties, whereas the latter may provide limited adaptation finance but result in more mitigation effects. This paper also develops a method to combine abatement efficiency and adaptation fairness of the GCF, and we find that with an equal split between the AN and CC （or AN and IC） approaches, the amount of USD 100 billion could finance an emissions reduction of 1613 MtCO2 （2477 MtCO2）, while allocating USD 16 （or USD 9） per capita for adaptation in non-Annex II parties. The schemes proposed may be useful for promoting the development of the GCF in the future.
文摘气候融资是促进发展中国家获得减排资金的重要途径之一。基于发达国家成立专项资金用于国际气候融资且发展中国家将其所获得的转移资金完全用于碳减排的经济机制下,在MRICES(Multi-regional integrated model of climate and economy with GDP spillovers,GDP溢出作用下的多区域气候经济综合模型)模型的基础上,扩展了模拟国际气候融资的模块。实验分析了气候融资在全球减排中的气候保护效益和对全球各国产生的经济效益。研究发现,持续的气候融资能有效抑制全球升温,但《坎昆协议》中提出的资金额度仅能使2100年全球升温比无资金转移时降低0.01℃,全球气候保护需要制定更长期的转移计划;气候融资能使发展中国家的经济受益,而发达国家虽然在转移初期会遭受轻微的GDP损失,但从长期看资金转移将促进发达国家的经济增长,最终出现资金转移输出方和输入方双赢的局面;同时,国际气候资金适量转移至中国有助于实现资金的优化高效使用,中国在全球减排中的贡献不容小觑。气候融资是一项气候保护有效、经济效益显著的减排机制。
