Exploring the spatiotemporal relationship between green infrastructure and urban heat island under multi‐source remote sensing imagery:A case study of Fuzhou City

Green Infrastructure(GI)has garnered increasing attention from various regions due to its potential to mitigate urban heat island(UHI),which has been exacerbated by global climate change.This study focuses on the central area of Fuzhou city,one of the“furnace”cities,and aims to explore the correlation between the GI pattern and land surface temperature(LST)in the spring and autumn seasons.The research adopts a multiscale approach,starting from the urban scale and using urban geographic spatial characteristics,multispectral remote sensing data,and morphological spatial pattern analysis(MSPA).Significant MSPA elements were tested and combined with LST to conduct a geographic weighted regression(GWR)experiment.The findings reveal that the UHI in the central area of Fuzhou city has a spatial characteristic of“high temperature in the middle and low temperature around,”which is coupled with a“central scattered and peripheral concentrated”distribution of GI.This suggests that remote sensing data can effectively be utilised for UHI inversion.Additionally,the study finds that the complexity of GI,whether from the perspective of the overall GI pattern or the classification study based on the proportion of the core area,has an impact on the alleviation of UHI in both seasons.In conclusion,this study underscores the importance of a reasonable layout of urban green infrastructure for mitigating UHI.

The Value of Green Infrastructure in Crafting Sustainability

Sustainability is one of the most-mentioned words from the UN seminars to local community meetings, it is the issue of the world. The emerging science of landscape ecology, is learning more and more about the importance of the "linkage" that green infrastructure(GI) provides in maintaining and restoring ecological processes and the health of nature. The world has moved from the industrialization period to sustainability as a growing issue and answering the question of sustainability in different sectors and green infrastructure is trying to answer the request for sustainable infrastructure. Applying the concept and characteristics of green infrastructure is the infrastructural solution in design. This paper tries to see the origins and concepts of green infrastructure and the strong role of green infrastructure as a part of sustainable development.

Green Infrastructure and Its Inspiration for Urban Green Space System in China

Currently, urban Green Space Systems in China show fragile ecological conditions, the overseas Green Infrastructure is a new idea to construct urban green ecological spaces. Typical Green Infrastructure construction cases in the U. K., such as London greenbelt, park system, green corridor, green chain and Green Grid were studied to analyze problems of China urban Green Space System planning, construction, and management, so as to propose suggestions for improving ecological functions of the urban Green Space System.

Research Progress and Review of Green Infrastructure:Visual Analysis of CiteSpace Based on WOS Database

In recent years,global ecological and environmental problems have gradually become prominent,and green infrastructure(GI),as one of the effective measures to deal with environmental problems,has gradually attracted attention from various fields.In this paper,green infrastructure is taken as the research object,and a total of 1950 related documents in the core database of"web of science"from 1995 to 2021 are taken as the basic data source.By using CiteSpace visualization software,the network of scholars,the distribution characteristics of journals,highly cited articles,prominent keywords,research hotspots and future research trends of related documents are analyzed.The analysis results show that the research on green infrastructure at home and abroad continues to increase;the research on green infrastructure mainly focuses on urban planning,ecosystem services,ecological environment and other issues;the research field of green infrastructure has gradually changed from traditional research fields such as urban planning,architectural engineering and ecology to land use management,urban healthy development,urban sustainable development,physical heat radiation and other fields;at present,research on green infrastructure mainly involves urban planning,ecology and other fields;the future research on green infrastructure will involve the field of physical heat radiation.The purpose is to provide valuable scientific basis and theoretical basis for the future green infrastructure construction in China.

Hallmark of a Resilient City: Adoption of Green Infrastructure in African Cities

Dynamic urbanization of African cities has created development trajectories that face systemic challenges in the provision of sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. The specific challenges include extensive unregulated growth with informal settlements reflecting poor service levels and high poverty indices, inadequacy in provision of basic services in health, water, housing, transport and communication infrastructure, high reliance on biomass fuels, exposure to environmental stress and implausible climate change coping and mitigation mechanisms among others. Review of extensive literature and synthesis of existing bodies of knowledge on the ecological and management perspectives of urban environments revealed many gaps and understanding of urban transformation processes. The purpose of this review was to contextualize credible pathways for optimization of both ecosystem goods and services from green urban landscapes (Green infrastructure) and non-green infrastructure to ensure sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. Attempts were made to rationalize and validate through discussions the benefits of managed urban ecosystems for African cities. On the basis of the evidence from the literature, it is concluded that urban development trajectories that do not embrace multifaceted approaches that deliberately retain and maintain green infrastructure in the urban environment may not be cost-effective. It is recommended that systematic integration of urban forestry concepts in urban planning that involves communities, local and national governments, business entrepreneurs and public and private research institutions provides tenable frameworks for addressing current and future challenges of urbanization in Africa.

Public Perception on the Role of Urban Green Infrastructure Development and Land Use Management in Rapidly Urbanized Countries:The Case of Hawassa City,Ethiopia

Urban green areas are essential elements of cities and contribute to the quality of life in numerous ways by maintaining and regulating the environment.However,increased urbanization and development have placed urban green areas under extreme pressure,while unplanned urban growth has resulted in the loss of urban landscape and ecosystem.This study’s objective was the public perception on the role of urban green infrastructure and land use management.The 385 sample households were selected by using random sampling method.Descriptive and econometric analyses were used for analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data by using SPSS version 25.Among the major factors influencing the urban green infrastructure by respondents perception were education,income,family size,sex of respondent,marital status,type of employment,ownership of house,participation on public involvement,and frequency of visit to nearer planning which are significant variables in the model.Individuals visited the given green structure at least twice a week,and those not done it were 47.9% and 52.1%.The amount of individuals who visited it twice a week in positive perceivers was 64%,and the amount of those who have not done it was 36%.The Chi-square value of 10.9 was very big and telling us that the frequency of visit was determinant factor of perception.It is vital to keep in mind that while the built-up area and the agricultural areas are rising due to urbanization,the core-ecosystem land is being“eaten”as a result of the past and present land uses inside the administrative limits,as well as the services they provide.In the last 6 years,the rate at which the most precious ecosystems are disappearing has tripled.The population,which reflects the demand for these services and benefits,is still growing,putting more strain on the environment.The recommendations include:Public involvement in urban green space planning and development was determinant and core variable of the study.The government of the town administration should prepare the meeting.The result showed a high correlation between urban green planning and land use changes.

Numerical evaluation of enhanced green infrastructures for mitigating urban heat in a desert urban setting

The cities of desert climates are anticipated to recognize a synergy of urban heat island(UHI)and severe heat waves during summertime.To improve the urban thermal environment,the present study aims quantitatively explore a strategically designed network of vegetation patches called green infrastructure(GI)in subtropical desert cities such as Dubai.To achieve a more comfortable temperature environment,we built and simulated four GI situations with higher GI fractions,GI25,GI50,GI75,and GI100.Using a mesoscale urban model,the mosaic approach is utilized to test potential thermal improvement and urban climate impact,and a portion of each urban grid cell in the model domain is altered with various species of urban vegetation patches by 25%,50%,75%,and 100%.The daily peak reduction in ambient temperature at 17:00LT is similar to 0.0168℃ per unit of GI increase when compared to the untreated scenario;however,the maximum anticipated daytime summer temperature decline for GI25,GI50,GI75,and GI100 is 0.6℃,1.1℃,1.4℃,and 1.7℃,respectively.The associated reduction in nighttime ambient temperature per unit increase in the GI is 0.0432℃,with a maximum temperature drop of around 2.4℃ for the GI100 scenario.Increased GI reduces the height of the planetary boundary layer(PBL)by up to 468 m,which might lead to greater pollution concentrations.While GI-based cooling has a significant influence on delayed sea breeze and humidity,it may raise the risk of heat discomfort in the indoor building environment.This study adds to our understanding of the potential for GI mitigation as well as the seasonal impact of developing GIs on the desert urban boundary layer.

Ecosystem service of green infrastructure for adaptation to urban growth:function and configuration

Objectives:(1)to explore what kind of green infrastructure(GI)meets the demand for urban ecological security of rapid urbanization areas;(2)to figure out how to determine the specific function and configuration of GI from ecosystem service requirements of urban ecological security.Methods:(1)Through the literature review,this article summarizes the function and structure evolution of GI in order to adapt to urban growth.(2)Standing on the imperfect ecological functions and unreasonable spatial configurations,this article builds up a conceptual model for the optimization of green infrastructure ecosystem services to meet the demand for the green infrastructure pattern needed by urban growth.Results:The optimization framework consists of four central function modules and its regulating and controlling mechanisms,incuding:(1)Balancing supply and demand of GI's ecosystem service;(2)Measuring and evaluating GI's ecosystem services;(3)Elevating and optimizing GI's ecosystem service;(4)Building urban ecological security patterm with high efficiency of GI's ecosystem services.Moreover,this framework provides guidance for the planning and design of GI and the urban ecological security pattern building in rapid urbanization areas based on ba lancing supply and demand of GI's ecosystem services.Conclusion:The conceptual model of Gl's ecosystem service optimization based on balan-cing supply and demand shows a new path to meet the needs of urban growth and build a city's ecological security pattern through upgrading and optimizing GI.

Research strategy for constructing a green infrastructure network based on spatial prioritization

The destruction of the ecological system caused by urban expansion has led to the environmental deterioration,cities have become increasingly vulnerable.In this study,six districts and counties along the Yellow River in Zhengzhou were selected as the study area.First,green infrastructure elements were extracted by morphological spatial pattern analysis.Then,outside the urban areas,we used connectivity analysis to evaluate the importance of core areas,adopted minimum cumulative resistance model to extract potential corridors,and identified the important corridors by using the gravity model.Finally,in the urban areas,we set up an evaluation system to assess the demands for ecosystem services.The results showed that:(1)Seven landscape types of green infrastructure be identified in study area.(2)There are 17 vital cores,136 potential corridors,and 24 vital corridors outside the urban areas.(3)The blocks with high demand for ecosystem services are mostly concentrated in the old blocks with dense populations and poor infrastructure,and there are 5 blocks with comprehensive high-demand.Based on identified importance for green infrastructure land space,and high-demand level for ecosystem services areas in this study,a green infrastructure net plan was proposed based on spatial conservation prioritisation.

Potential advantages in combining smart and green infrastructure over silo approaches for future cities

Cities are incorporating smart and green infrastructure components in their urban design policies,adapting existing and new infrastructure systems to integrate technological advances to mitigate extreme weather due to climate change.Research has illustrated that smart green infrastructure(SGI)provides not only climate change resilience but also many health and wellbeing benefits that improve the quality of life of citizens.With the growing demand for smart technology,a series of problems and challenges,including governance,privacy,and security,must be addressed.This paper explores the potential to transition from grey,green,or smart silos to work with nature-based solutions and smart technology to help change cities to achieve considerable environmental and socio-economic benefits.The concepts of grey,green,and smart infrastructure are presented,and the needs,benefits,and applications are investigated.Moreover,the advantages of using integrated smart,green nature-based solutions are discussed.A comprehensive literature review is undertaken with keyword searches,including journal papers,stakeholder and case study reports,and local authority action plans.The methodology adopts multimethod qualitative information review,including literature,case studies,expert interviews,and documentary analysis.Published data and information are analysed to capture the key concepts in implementing SGI systems,such as storm-water control,flood and coastal defense,urban waste management,transportation,recreation,and asset management.The paper investigates the elimination of silo approaches and the alleviation of the destructions caused by extreme weather events using these interdependent SGI systems supported by novel datadriven platforms to provide nature-based solutions to boost the health and wellbeing of the residents.

Application of Urban Green Stormwater Infrastructure in Wetland Park Construction

The positive role of urban green stormwater infrastructure(GIS)and wetland park construction in the process of“sponge city”construction is analyzed by expounding the connotation and problems of“sponge city”construction.Through the analysis of relevant cases,the realization approaches of combing different types of GIS with wetland park landscape design are interpreted,and it is pointed out that different types of GIS can guide the further practice of“sponge city”construction.

Experiencing urban forests for mitigation of negative emotions of people exposed to seasonal PM_(2.5)in Northeast China

Experiencing urban green and blue spaces(GBSs)can be a nature-based solution to improve mental well-being and cope with negative moods for people exposed to PM2.5 pollution.In this study,a total of 1257 photos were collected to recognize their posted emotions of Sina Weibo users from 38 parks in 22 cities in Northeast China in 2021,when atmospheric PM_(2.5)and landscape metrics were evaluated for GBSs of each park.Autumn and winter had heavy atmospheric PM_(2.5)pollutions in resource-dependent cities of Liaoning.Net positive emotions(happy minus sad scores)decreased in larger green spaces.The perception of blue space countered the presentation of sadness only for a limited period over four seasons.High elevation decreased the level of happiness presented in winter.Overall,this study confirms that visiting large urban green spaces at low elevations can benefit the perception of positive sentiments for people exposed to PM_(2.5)in autumn.For planning urban forests in Northeast China,more green spaces should be constructed in cities in southern Jilin province to alleviate air PM_(2.5)pollution and gain better well-being of local people.

Botanic gardens should lead the way to create a "Garden Earth" in the Anthropocene

The strength and expertise that botanic gardens bring to conservation are based on their detailed knowledge and understanding of the care. management, and biology of a diversity of plant species. This emphasis on the organism has led to many ex-situ and in-situ conservation programs aimed at protecting endangered species, restoring threatened populations, and establishing living plant and seed collections of endangered species. In China, the scale and pace of change in land and resource use, often leading to environmental degradation, has created a strong emphasis on improving environmental conditions. If done properly, being "green" can be a surprisingly complex issue, because it should encompass and exploit the whole of plant diversity and function. Unfortunately, 'green' often includes a small portion of this whole. Earth's rich plant diversity presents considerable opportunity but requires expertise and knowledge for stable and beneficial management. With the dawning of the Anthropocene, we should strive to live on a "Garden Earth", where we design and manage our environments, both built and natural, to create a healthy, beneficial living landscape for people and other organisms. The staff of botanic gardens worldwide and the living collections they maintain embody the best examples of sustainable, beautiful, and beneficial environments that thrive on plant diversity. This expertise should be a fundamental resource for agencies in all sectors responsible for managing and designing "green" infrastructure. Botanic gardens should actively engage and contribute to these opportunities, from large public infrastructure projects to small private conservation efforts. Here, we discuss several ongoing conservation efforts, primarily in China, and attempt to identify areas where botanic gardens could make a significant and meaningful difference.

Methodological Issues for a Landscape-Changing Analysis in Adaptive Excess Water Management

Hungary is located in the deepest part of the Pannonian Basin,which is affected by floodwaters.Lowland areas are particularly vulnerable to floods.Many natural and anthropogenic processes have contributed to the formation of these flood patches,after river regulation(decisively from the middle of 18th century)and continue to affect them.The objective of this research is to reveal the processes of landscape-change in areas of waterlogging,or areas threatened by excess water inundation in order to establish methods of adaptive excess water management.The analysis focuses on examining the previously prevalent land-use structure and linear infrastructure elements(green,blue infrastructures)of the past 200-250 years that can be identified using historical,military maps and aerial photos.Historical maps compare different periods of 50-60 years prevalence.As a result of this analysis,the role of watercourses in shaping landscapes and human intervention process can be monitored and supported with maps including data.The processing consisted of geographic information system(GIS)methods:georeference the historical maps and digitalize the well-separable land-uses of the sample area.The results confirmed the process of landscape-change and the trend of green areas:cultivated areas and the spread of settlements.In conclusion,landscape-changing analyses of landscape-changes provide valuable data onto identifying changes in land-use,which are complemented by hydrological databases,especially those related to waterlogging areas,as they adequately support adaptive excess water management methods in areas with specific characteristics.The results show which land-uses can be considered as permanent,stable land-uses in the given sample area and broach whether changes within the green and blue infrastructure network contribute to the increase or decrease of excess water formation.

Operation and Maintenance Challenges in China“Sponge City”Program

China started a Sponge City program to offset the adverse impacts of urban developments and to tackle many water-related problems.By emphasizing stormwater management practices with“natural solutions”,many positive results have been achieved.The operation and maintenance(O&M)of Sponge City to support long-term success gained considerable focus.China is facing challenges many developed countries have encountered,as well as unique ones due to specific social,economic,and environmental conditions.This study identified and discussed Sponge City O&M challenges:(1)scheduling challenges,(2)technical challenges,(3)in short of local regulation/ordnance,(4)inadequate O&M assessment standard,(5)underprovided training,(6)PPP related concerns,(7)inter-agency coordination needs,(8)ownership and responsible party issues,(9)substandard documentation,and(10)funding and financial concerns.Selected cases and progress in pilot cities are introduced in the discussions.

Effects of green roof damping and configuration on structural seismic response

Sustainable structures are critical for addressing global climate change.Hence,their structural resilience or ability to recover from natural events must be considered comprehensively.Green roofs are a widely used sustainable feature that improve the environment while providing excellent occupant amenity.To expand their usage,their inherent damping and layout sensitivity to seismic performance are investigated in this study.The soil of a green roof can serve as a damper to dissipate the energy generated by earthquakes or other dynamic events.Results of preliminary analysis show that a green roof soil can increase localized damping by 2.5%under both dry and saturated conditions.Based on these findings,nonlinear time-history analyses are conducted on a three-story building in SAP2000 to monitor the structural behavior with and without a green roof.The increased damping in the green roof soil is beneficial to the structural performance,i.e.,it reduces the building displacement and acceleration by 10%and 12%,respectively.Additionally,certain configurations are more effective and beneficial to the structural response than others,which suggests the possibility of design optimization.Based on the findings of this study,new methods of modeling and considering green roofs in structural design are established.

Enhancing urban resilience in hot humid climates:A conceptual framework for exploring the environmental performance of vertical greening systems(VGS)

Vertical greening systems(VGS)are promising green infrastructure(GI)techniques for addressing urban resilience issues,like mitigating high temperatures and air pollution.This research aims to develop a conceptual framework to help designers better understand the VGS’effects on buildings and urban areas,focusing on thermal performance and air quality improvement in hot,humid climates.The framework consists of three steps:(1)Identifying climate problems that hinder the improvement of built environment resilience in hot climates;(2)Selecting VGS as a type of GI that can enhance urban resilience;(3)Identifying the common key factors that impact both thermal performance and air quality while developing VGS at the urban and building scales.The results show that the framework can be customized to suit hot climate conditions.However,when applying VGS in built environment with specified climate conditions,the construction of VGS,greenery coverage ratio,plant species,facade orientation,and VGS formation have the most significant influences on their environmental performance.Additionally,the air gap between VGS and the facade has optimal performance in hot,humid climates.The paper concludes with some recommendations for future research and practice on VGSs in hot and humid climates.

Biochar granulation reduces substrate erosion on green roofs

Green roofs are exposed to high winds and harsh environmental conditions that can degrade vegetation and erode substrate material,with negative consequences to ecosystem services.Biochar has been promoted as an effective substrate additive to enhance plant performance,but unprocessed biochars are susceptible to wind and water erosion.Applications of granulated biochars or chemical dust suppressants are suggested as a means to mitigate biochar and substrate erosion;however,research on biochar type and chemical dust suppressant use on biochar and substrate erosion is lacking.Vegetation is a crucial factor that influences substrate erosion,yet plant responses may vary with biochar type and chemical dust suppressant;thus,the effects of possible mitigation measures on biochar and substrate erosion are unclear.We investigated the effects of surface-applied granulated and unprocessed biochars and an organic dust suppressant(Entac™)on biochar and substrate erosion on green roofs with Sedum album L.and a native plant mix.Our results show that 94%of unprocessed biochars were lost from green roofs after 2 years regardless of the Entac™amendment,likely due to the lightweight nature and fragmentation of biochar particles.In contrast,granulation of biochars reduced the biochar erosion and total substrate erosion by 74%and 39%,respec-tively,possibly due to enhanced biochar bulk density and particle size and improved moisture retention of biochar-amended substrates.Additionally,Sedum album better reduced biochar and substrate erosion than the native plant mix,likely due to rapid development of high vegetation cover that reduced wind exposure and enhanced substrate moisture retention.We conclude that applications of granulated biochars can substantially reduce biochar and sub-strate erosion on green roofs,improving green roof sustainability.