Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet ex...Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.展开更多
The acidity and basicity of the solvents can influence the reaction outcome notably,and hence the precise measurement of pH is important for reaction.However,not all the pH values of organic solvents can be determined...The acidity and basicity of the solvents can influence the reaction outcome notably,and hence the precise measurement of pH is important for reaction.However,not all the pH values of organic solvents can be determined with a classic pH meter straightly.In this research,the acidity and basicity of environmentally friendly green solvents,such as ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate,ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs),were characterized by 31P and 1 H NMR spectroscopy using trimethylphosphine oxide(TMPO)and pyrrole as probe molecules at 298 K.For the ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate,the acidic strength of the ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate increased with the concentration of ZnCl_(2).By using the ^(1)H-pyrrole NMR approach,it was found that the base strength of amino acid-based ILs follows the order:[Ch][Lys]>[Ch][His].展开更多
Sustainable energy is the key issue for the environment protection,human activity and economic development.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are dogmatically regarded as green and sustainable electroly...Sustainable energy is the key issue for the environment protection,human activity and economic development.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are dogmatically regarded as green and sustainable electrolytes in lithium-ion,lithium-metal(e.g.,lithium-sulphur,lithium-oxygen)and post-lithium-ion(e.g.,sodium-ion,magnesium-ion,and aluminum-ion)batteries.High electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs is one of the prerequisites for green,sustainable and safe energy;while easy electrochemical decomposition of ILs/DESs would be contradictory to the concept of green chemistry by adding the cost,releasing volatile/hazardous by-products and hindering the recyclability.However,(1)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable when they are not used in batteries?(2)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable in real batteries?(3)how to design ILs/DESs-based electrolytes with high electrochemical stability for batteries to achieve sustainability and green development?Up to now,there is no summary on this topic,to the best of our knowledge.Here,we review the effect of chemical structure and non-structural factors on the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in simulated conditions.More importantly,electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in real lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries is concluded and compared.Finally,the strategies to improve the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries are proposed.This review would provide a guide to design ILs/DESs with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion,lithium-metal and postlithium-ion batteries to achieve sustainable and green energy.展开更多
In this review,the recent development about using DESs as green solvents in transition metal catalyzed organic reactions was highlighted.Firstly,the development of DESs was simply introduced.After presenting the advan...In this review,the recent development about using DESs as green solvents in transition metal catalyzed organic reactions was highlighted.Firstly,the development of DESs was simply introduced.After presenting the advantages of DESs,transition metals catalyzed organic reactions using DESs as green solvents were classified and introduced in detail.Different transition metals such as Au,metal impregnated on magnetite,Pd and Ru catalyzed organic reactions proceeded smoothly in DESs and gave corresponding products in good yields.And in some cases,the catalytic systems could be recycled up to several times without any decrease in activity.展开更多
Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE dr...Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.展开更多
In the past decade,the surging demand for portable electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary energy storage grids has triggered a noticeable rise in the production of Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this swift rise ...In the past decade,the surging demand for portable electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary energy storage grids has triggered a noticeable rise in the production of Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this swift rise is now hindered by relying on the use of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP),a repro-toxic solvent,in the current cathode processing of LIBs.To overcome this challenge,here we have investigated triethyl phosphate(TEP) as a greener alternative to NMP.The compatibility with polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)binder,the slurry rheology,the electrode morphology and cell performance with Ni-rich cathodes are characterized.The results show that TEP-based samples possess indistinguishable characteristics in all as pects studied when compared with NMP,revealing that TEP is a promising substitute for NMP in processing Ni-rich cathodes.It is anticipated that this green solvent,TEP,will draw attention from industry in the real-world LIB application in the future.展开更多
In this work,we report an innovative route for the synthesis of rare-earth doped calcium molybdate(CaMoO4)nanophosphors by using high gravity rotating packed bed(RPB)technology and paraffin liquid as the solvent.The s...In this work,we report an innovative route for the synthesis of rare-earth doped calcium molybdate(CaMoO4)nanophosphors by using high gravity rotating packed bed(RPB)technology and paraffin liquid as the solvent.The significant intensified mass transfer and micromixing of reactants in the RPB reactor are benefiting for homogeneous doping of rare-earth ions in the host materials,leading to nanophosphors with high quantum efficiency.The use of liquid paraffin as the solvent eliminates the safety risks associated with volatile organic compounds,increasing the potential for clean production of nanophosphors.Under excitation of deep ultraviolet(DUV)light,the CaMoO4:Na+,Eu3+nanophosphors exhibit red emission at peak wavelength of 615 nm and quantum yield of up to 35.01%.The CaMoO4:Na+,Tb3+nanophosphors exhibit green emission at peak wavelength of543 nm with quantum yield of up to 30.66%.The morphologies of the nanophosphors are tunable from nanofibers through nanorods to nanodots and the possible mechanism of controlling the formation of different nanostructures is proposed on the basis of experimental results and theoretical analysis of mesoscience.These nanophosphors are highly dispersible in organic solvents and utilized for fabricating fabrication of flexible,freestanding luminescent films based on silicone resin.We also demonstrate the red LEDs consisting of the hybrid films of CaMoO4:Na+,Eu3+nanoparticles as color-converting phosphors and DUV LEDs as illuminators,offering strong potential for future nanophosphors-basedsolid-state lighting systems.展开更多
Macroscopic SiO2 spheres with a homogeneous amine distribution were synthesized by a one-step emulsion based synthesis approach in a flow column reactor. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the nanostructured amine-functio...Macroscopic SiO2 spheres with a homogeneous amine distribution were synthesized by a one-step emulsion based synthesis approach in a flow column reactor. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the nanostructured amine-functionalized silica spheres was studied in absence and presence of H2O. The structural properties were adjusted by varying solvents and surfactants during the synthesis and, at constant amine loadings, were found to be the main factor for influencing the CO2 sorption capacities. Under water-free conditions CO2 is bound to the amino groups via the formation of carbamates, which require two neighboring amino groups to adsorb one CO2 molecule. At constant amine concentrations sorbents with lower surface area allow to establish a higher amine density on the surface, which enhances the CO2 uptake capacities under dry conditions. In presence of H2O the CO2 adsorption changes to 1:1 stoichiometry due to stabilization of carbamates by protonation of H2O and formation of further species such as bicarbonates, which should in principle double the adsorption capacities. Low concentrations of physisorbed H2O(0.3 mmol/g) did not impair the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents for CO2, while at higher water uptakes(0.6 and 1.1 mmol/g) the CO2 uptake is reduced, which could be attributed to capillary condensation of H2O or formation of bulky reaction products blocking inner pores and access to active sites.展开更多
Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),as a traditional organic hole-transporting material(HTM),is widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its high charge mobility and good thermal stability.However,the P3HT films obtained ...Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),as a traditional organic hole-transporting material(HTM),is widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its high charge mobility and good thermal stability.However,the P3HT films obtained by the traditional method are amorphous,which is unfavorable to hole extraction and transport.Here,a low-toxicity solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene(TMB)was used as the solvent instead of the commonly used halogen solvent chlorobenzene(CB)to dissolve P3HT.Thus,the self-assembled nanofibrous P3HT film was prepared and applied as HTM in the newly emerged Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cells.According to the density functional theory calculations,the interface contact between TMB-P3HT and Sb_(2)S_(3)was enhanced via the bonding interaction of S in P3HT and Sb in Sb_(2)S_(3).Through transient absorption spectroscopy characterization,the enhanced interface contact improves the charge extraction ability of TMB-P3HT when compared to the CB-P3HT film.Thus,the TMB-P3HT-based Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cell delivers a power conversion efficiency of 6.21%,which is 9.7%higher than that of the CB-P3HT-based device.Furthermore,the dopant-free TMB-P3HT-based Sb_(2)S_(3)devices exhibit excellent environmental stability compared with Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices.This work demonstrates that the application of P3HT and the solvent engineering of HTM are applicable strategies for developing Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cells with high efficiency and stability.展开更多
Green solvents are one of the hot topics of green chemistry.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are deemed as green solvents to a certain extent,and they have been applied in many areas,such as dissoluti...Green solvents are one of the hot topics of green chemistry.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are deemed as green solvents to a certain extent,and they have been applied in many areas,such as dissolution,separation,catalysis,electrochemistry and material synthesis.However,the greenness of ILs and DESs should be revisited because more and more evidences have shown that they are not always green.In this perspective,besides the reported merits,the disadvantages and problems of some ILs and DESs,such as instability,volatility,hygroscopicity,toxicity,flammability,regenerability,cost,energy consumption and impurities are discussed.Moreover,13 strategies to avoid the disadvantages of ILs and DESs and to increase the greenness are proposed.Comparison of the greenness of ILs and DESs is further conducted.This perspective provides some new viewpoints on the greenness of ILs and DESs.展开更多
Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic sol...Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic solvents,and high temperature,or shows low efficiency.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are potential green solvents to dissolve LCO.Here,DESs with polyethylene glycol(PEG)as hydrogen bond acceptor and ascorbic acid(AA)as hydrogen bond donor are found to dissolve LCO with 84.2%Co leaching efficiency at 80℃ and 72 h,which is higher than that from the reported references by common DESs.Furthermore,both DESs components(i.e.,PEG and AA)are cheap,biodegradable,and biocompatible.AA could be easily and abundantly extracted from natural fruits or vegetables.It provides a new guide for the green,mild,and efficient dissolution of LCO aiming at sustainable recovery of spent LIBs.展开更多
There is an urgent need to use green non-halogenated solvents to prepare polymer solar cells(PSCs) for industrialization.It is time-consuming but necessary to find a suitable non-halogenated solvent/additive combinati...There is an urgent need to use green non-halogenated solvents to prepare polymer solar cells(PSCs) for industrialization.It is time-consuming but necessary to find a suitable non-halogenated solvent/additive combination for a given donor:acceptor materials system.In this research,we report a non-halogenated binary solvent system toluene/diphenyl ether(DPE) for the PBDTT-DTffBT:PC_(71)BM and PM6:Y6 blending systems that exhibit comparable power conversion efficiency(PCE) to that of devices prepared with halogenated solvents.The nano scale morphology indicates that blending film processed solely with toluene has poor phase segregation and a rough surface,which hinders charge separation and interfacial contact.Besides,the total absorption spectra revealed significant light-trapping losses in the toluene-processed solar cells,resulting in low photocurrent generation.DPE incorporation addresses these issues and significantly improves the short-circuit current density and fill factor.Moreover,non-halogen solvent-processed devices exhibit high hole mobility and low transporting impedance properties.The present study enriches the families of eco-friendly,high-efficiency PSCs fabricated using nonhalogenated solvents.展开更多
Using the ionic liquid[emim][Tf2N]as a physical solvent,it was found by Aspen Plus simulation that it was possible to attempt to capture CO2 from the flue gas discharged from the coal-fired unit of the power plant.Usi...Using the ionic liquid[emim][Tf2N]as a physical solvent,it was found by Aspen Plus simulation that it was possible to attempt to capture CO2 from the flue gas discharged from the coal-fired unit of the power plant.Using the combination of model calculation and experimental determination,the density,isostatic heat capacity,viscosity,vapor pressure,thermal conductivity,surface tension and solubility of[emim][Tf2N]were obtained.Based on the NRTL model,the Henry coefficient and NRTL binary interaction parameters of CO2 dissolved in[emim][Tf2N]were obtained by correlating[emim][Tf2N]with the gas–liquid equilibrium data of CO2.Firstly,the calculated relevant data is imported into Aspen Plus,and the whole process model of the ionic liquid absorption process is established.Then the absorption process is optimized according to the temperature distribution in the absorption tower to obtain a new absorption process.Finally,the density,constant pressure heat capacity,surface tension,thermal conductivity,and viscosity of[emim][Tf2N]were changed to investigate the effect of ionic liquid properties on process energy consumption,solvent circulation and heat exchanger design.The results showed that based on the composition of the inlet gas stream to the absorbers,CO2 with a capture rate of 90%and a mass purity higher than 99.5%was captured.These results indicate that the[emim][Tf2N]could be used as a physical solvent for CO2 capture from coal-fired units.In addition,the results will provide a theoretical basis for the design of new ionic liquids for CO2 capture.展开更多
As deep eutectic solvents(DESs)became a prevalent category of materials,reporting their physical and chemical properties turned to be urgent.In this work,a database of the thermal conductivity of 39 DESs was experimen...As deep eutectic solvents(DESs)became a prevalent category of materials,reporting their physical and chemical properties turned to be urgent.In this work,a database of the thermal conductivity of 39 DESs was experimentally investigated in a temperature range of 25℃to 60℃,since this property was not broadly reported yet.Knowing the thermal conductivity is a significant approach to obtain the fluids'heat transfer coefficients,which are essential for fluid heat transfer applications and equipment design.The selection of the reported DESs was based on their liquid phase status at room temperature and commonness.Herein,the thermal conductivity was studied as a function of temperature and compositions.Also,the data were fit with the conventional equations to predict the thermal conductivity value at a certain temperature.The highest R^(2) was selected to identify the best behavior with the common types of equations.It was found that the thermal conductivity reduced by raising the temperature,which was attributed to the enhancement that occurred in electrons'randomness and reduction in electrons'free motion.Furthermore,as the temperature rises up,the density decreases,and molecular distance increases.DESs contained choline chloride showed higher thermal conductivity stability than other DESs.While an opposite scenario was noticed for glycerol and ethylene glycol DESs due to the possibility of generating water.展开更多
Bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells(PSCs)have attracted considerable attention owning to their potential for fabricating flexible,light-weight and large area solar cell panels via high-throughput roll-to-roll tech...Bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells(PSCs)have attracted considerable attention owning to their potential for fabricating flexible,light-weight and large area solar cell panels via high-throughput roll-to-roll technologies.Compared with conventional PSCs comprising small molecule acceptors,such as fullerenes,all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)containing blends of p-type/n-type polymers in the photoactive layer provide advantages including展开更多
Recent advances in non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)like Y6 have pushed the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)above 19%.However,the harsh fabrication conditions,such as the use of the highly v...Recent advances in non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)like Y6 have pushed the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)above 19%.However,the harsh fabrication conditions,such as the use of the highly volatile chloroform(CF)solvent and the thermal annealing process,are not suitable for large-area printing technologies and environmental standards.Here,a series of guest molecules,BT2O,BTO,and BT4O,are designed and synthesized with different numbers of oligo ethylene glycol(OEG)repeating units in side chains.All these guest molecules could tune the crystallization kinetics of the annealing-free host-guest active layers by inducing the self-assembly of Y6 in non-halogenated paraxylene(PX)solution.The increasing number of OEG repeating units in guest molecules could enhance the molecular assembly ability but molecular stacking steric hindrance simultaneously.Therefore,BTO with three OEG repeating units blended with PM6:PM7:Y6 delivers the highest PCE of 17.78%.Our results demonstrate controlling the crystallization kinetics via delicate side-chain engineering of guest molecules is an effective way to achieve efficient OSCs in non-halogenated solution.展开更多
All-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)have significantly improved long-term stability and mechanical stretchability.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of all-PSCs has been rapidly improved from∼1%to now over∼17%,driven ...All-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)have significantly improved long-term stability and mechanical stretchability.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of all-PSCs has been rapidly improved from∼1%to now over∼17%,driven by rational molecular design,blend morphology optimization,and device engineering.However,most all-PSCs are generally processed with halogenated solvents,hazardous for human health and the global environment.Achieving high-performance all-PSCs with halogen-free solvent processing remains a challenge.This feature article presents recent advances in green-solvent-processable all-PSCs from the material design and morphological control perspective,and further reviews progress in using more environmentally friendly solvents(i.e.,water or alcohol)to achieve genuinely sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing all-PSCs.Finally,we provide an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for large-scale manufacturing of green-solvent-processable all-PSCs.展开更多
Electrochemical oxidation of 4-methyl catechol(1a) is investigated in the presence of 1,3-indandione(3)as nucleophile in phosphate buffer solution(0.2 mol/L,pH 6) mixed with ethanol as organic green solvent(50...Electrochemical oxidation of 4-methyl catechol(1a) is investigated in the presence of 1,3-indandione(3)as nucleophile in phosphate buffer solution(0.2 mol/L,pH 6) mixed with ethanol as organic green solvent(50/50) using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry.The results indicated thatquinones derived from electro-oxidation of 1a,participated in a 1,4-Michael addition reaction with1,3-indandione(3) under ECCE mechanism.In this direction,a new bis-quinone was synthesized in high yield and good purity using a facile and convenient electrochemical pathway by carbon anode electrodes in an undivided cell.展开更多
The use of green solvents (including supercritical fluids and ionic liquids) in the synthesis of nanomaterials is highlighted. The methods described can not only reduce or eliminate the use or generation of substances...The use of green solvents (including supercritical fluids and ionic liquids) in the synthesis of nanomaterials is highlighted. The methods described can not only reduce or eliminate the use or generation of substances hazardous to health and the environment, but can also be used to efficiently prepare nanomaterials with high performances. The unique characteristics of green solvents are responsible for the green features and unusual advantages of these approaches.展开更多
Clothing and textiles are very challenging to recycle due to the fact that they are nearly always a blend of fibres from different types of polymers.There are some promising early indications that new green solvents i...Clothing and textiles are very challenging to recycle due to the fact that they are nearly always a blend of fibres from different types of polymers.There are some promising early indications that new green solvents including CyreneTM and TMO as well as some simple ionic liquids can be used to aid recycling of complex fabrics by selective dissolution of one of the component polymers.A viable process for the future valorisation of many waste fabrics should be designed to maximise the creation of valuable product streams while also minimising any waste.展开更多
文摘Extraction of castor oil from castor seeds was investigated using different green solvents which include d-limonene, p-cymene, α-pinene, ethanol, and furfural at the temperature range of (323 - 413) K. The Soxhlet extraction method was employed to investigate the effect of temperature at atmospheric pressure. The focus of the study was to investigate a potential green solvent that can produce the high yields compared to the traditional solvent (hexane). The results show that at the average time of 3 hours and 30 minutes, the castor oil yield for green solvents were ranked as furfural (47.13%) > ethanol (45.37%) > p-cymene (39.15%) > d-limonene (39.13%) > α-pinene (38.11%). These castor oil yields were obtained at optimum temperatures for each green solvent. The castor oil yields were compared to the yield of hexane (31.36%) at same average time. The green solvents were recovered by using simple distillation, except furfural which was difficult to be recovered.
基金The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.U1710106,U1810111)the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(international cooperation)(grant no.201703D421041)the CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative(grant no.2015VMB052).
文摘The acidity and basicity of the solvents can influence the reaction outcome notably,and hence the precise measurement of pH is important for reaction.However,not all the pH values of organic solvents can be determined with a classic pH meter straightly.In this research,the acidity and basicity of environmentally friendly green solvents,such as ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate,ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs),were characterized by 31P and 1 H NMR spectroscopy using trimethylphosphine oxide(TMPO)and pyrrole as probe molecules at 298 K.For the ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate,the acidic strength of the ZnCl_(2) molten salt hydrate increased with the concentration of ZnCl_(2).By using the ^(1)H-pyrrole NMR approach,it was found that the base strength of amino acid-based ILs follows the order:[Ch][Lys]>[Ch][His].
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(22103030,22073112)Youth Topnotch Talent Program of Hebei Institution of Higher Learning(BJ2021057)for financial support.
文摘Sustainable energy is the key issue for the environment protection,human activity and economic development.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are dogmatically regarded as green and sustainable electrolytes in lithium-ion,lithium-metal(e.g.,lithium-sulphur,lithium-oxygen)and post-lithium-ion(e.g.,sodium-ion,magnesium-ion,and aluminum-ion)batteries.High electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs is one of the prerequisites for green,sustainable and safe energy;while easy electrochemical decomposition of ILs/DESs would be contradictory to the concept of green chemistry by adding the cost,releasing volatile/hazardous by-products and hindering the recyclability.However,(1)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable when they are not used in batteries?(2)are ILs/DESs-based electrolytes really electrochemically stable in real batteries?(3)how to design ILs/DESs-based electrolytes with high electrochemical stability for batteries to achieve sustainability and green development?Up to now,there is no summary on this topic,to the best of our knowledge.Here,we review the effect of chemical structure and non-structural factors on the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in simulated conditions.More importantly,electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in real lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries is concluded and compared.Finally,the strategies to improve the electrochemical stability of ILs/DESs in lithium-ion,lithium-metal and post-lithium-ion batteries are proposed.This review would provide a guide to design ILs/DESs with high electrochemical stability for lithium-ion,lithium-metal and postlithium-ion batteries to achieve sustainable and green energy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21802040,21877034)the Natural Science Fund Youth Project of Hunan Province (No.2018JJ3145)+1 种基金the General project of Hunan Education Department(No. 17C0629)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education,Hunan University of Science and Technology(No. E21843) for financial support
文摘In this review,the recent development about using DESs as green solvents in transition metal catalyzed organic reactions was highlighted.Firstly,the development of DESs was simply introduced.After presenting the advantages of DESs,transition metals catalyzed organic reactions using DESs as green solvents were classified and introduced in detail.Different transition metals such as Au,metal impregnated on magnetite,Pd and Ru catalyzed organic reactions proceeded smoothly in DESs and gave corresponding products in good yields.And in some cases,the catalytic systems could be recycled up to several times without any decrease in activity.
基金the support from the NSFC (22209131, 22005121, 21875182, and 52173023)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0132400)+4 种基金Key Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Project of Shaanxi Province (2020TD-002)111 project 2.0 (BP0618008)Open Fund of Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Light-Electricity-Heat Energy-Converting Materials and Applications (Changzhou University, GDRGCS2022002)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education (Jiangxi Normal University, KFSEMC-202201)acquired at beamlines 7.3.3 and 11.0.1.2 at the Advanced Light Source, which is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC0205CH11231
文摘Power-conversion-efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)in laboratory,normally processed by spin-coating technology with toxic halogenated solvents,have reached over 19%.However,there is usually a marked PCE drop when the bladecoating and/or green-solvents toward large-scale printing are used instead,which hampers the practical development of OSCs.Here,a new series of N-alkyl-tailored small molecule acceptors named YR-SeNF with a same molecular main backbone are developed by combining selenium-fused central-core and naphthalene-fused endgroup.Thanks to the N-alkyl engineering,NIR-absorbing YR-SeNF series show different crystallinity,packing patterns,and miscibility with polymeric donor.The studies exhibit that the molecular packing,crystallinity,and vertical distribution of active layer morphologies are well optimized by introducing newly designed guest acceptor associated with tailored N-alkyl chains,providing the improved charge transfer dynamics and stability for the PM6:L8-BO:YRSeNF-based OSCs.As a result,a record-high PCE approaching 19%is achieved in the blade-coating OSCs fabricated from a greensolvent o-xylene with high-boiling point.Notably,ternary OSCs offer robust operating stability under maximum-power-point tracking and well-keep>80%of the initial PCEs for even over 400 h.Our alkyl-tailored guest acceptor strategy provides a unique approach to develop green-solvent and blade-coating processed high-efficiency and operating stable OSCs,which paves a way for industrial development.
文摘In the past decade,the surging demand for portable electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary energy storage grids has triggered a noticeable rise in the production of Li-ion batteries(LIBs).However,this swift rise is now hindered by relying on the use of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP),a repro-toxic solvent,in the current cathode processing of LIBs.To overcome this challenge,here we have investigated triethyl phosphate(TEP) as a greener alternative to NMP.The compatibility with polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)binder,the slurry rheology,the electrode morphology and cell performance with Ni-rich cathodes are characterized.The results show that TEP-based samples possess indistinguishable characteristics in all as pects studied when compared with NMP,revealing that TEP is a promising substitute for NMP in processing Ni-rich cathodes.It is anticipated that this green solvent,TEP,will draw attention from industry in the real-world LIB application in the future.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFB0404302/2017YFB0404300)National Natural Science Foundation of China(21808009,91934303)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2182051)。
文摘In this work,we report an innovative route for the synthesis of rare-earth doped calcium molybdate(CaMoO4)nanophosphors by using high gravity rotating packed bed(RPB)technology and paraffin liquid as the solvent.The significant intensified mass transfer and micromixing of reactants in the RPB reactor are benefiting for homogeneous doping of rare-earth ions in the host materials,leading to nanophosphors with high quantum efficiency.The use of liquid paraffin as the solvent eliminates the safety risks associated with volatile organic compounds,increasing the potential for clean production of nanophosphors.Under excitation of deep ultraviolet(DUV)light,the CaMoO4:Na+,Eu3+nanophosphors exhibit red emission at peak wavelength of 615 nm and quantum yield of up to 35.01%.The CaMoO4:Na+,Tb3+nanophosphors exhibit green emission at peak wavelength of543 nm with quantum yield of up to 30.66%.The morphologies of the nanophosphors are tunable from nanofibers through nanorods to nanodots and the possible mechanism of controlling the formation of different nanostructures is proposed on the basis of experimental results and theoretical analysis of mesoscience.These nanophosphors are highly dispersible in organic solvents and utilized for fabricating fabrication of flexible,freestanding luminescent films based on silicone resin.We also demonstrate the red LEDs consisting of the hybrid films of CaMoO4:Na+,Eu3+nanoparticles as color-converting phosphors and DUV LEDs as illuminators,offering strong potential for future nanophosphors-basedsolid-state lighting systems.
基金supported by the German Research Council(DFG)within the priority program(Schwerpunktprogramm),“Poröse Medien mit definierter Porenstruktur in der Verfahrenstechnik–Modellierung,Anwendngen,Synthese”(SPP 1570)under the projects LE 1187/10 and SP 648/4the framework of the DFG Excellence Initiative the Cluster of Excellence“Engineering of Advanced Materials”(DFG EXC 415)funding via the DFG research training group GRK 1896
文摘Macroscopic SiO2 spheres with a homogeneous amine distribution were synthesized by a one-step emulsion based synthesis approach in a flow column reactor. The CO2 adsorption capacity of the nanostructured amine-functionalized silica spheres was studied in absence and presence of H2O. The structural properties were adjusted by varying solvents and surfactants during the synthesis and, at constant amine loadings, were found to be the main factor for influencing the CO2 sorption capacities. Under water-free conditions CO2 is bound to the amino groups via the formation of carbamates, which require two neighboring amino groups to adsorb one CO2 molecule. At constant amine concentrations sorbents with lower surface area allow to establish a higher amine density on the surface, which enhances the CO2 uptake capacities under dry conditions. In presence of H2O the CO2 adsorption changes to 1:1 stoichiometry due to stabilization of carbamates by protonation of H2O and formation of further species such as bicarbonates, which should in principle double the adsorption capacities. Low concentrations of physisorbed H2O(0.3 mmol/g) did not impair the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents for CO2, while at higher water uptakes(0.6 and 1.1 mmol/g) the CO2 uptake is reduced, which could be attributed to capillary condensation of H2O or formation of bulky reaction products blocking inner pores and access to active sites.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFA0405600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U19A2092 and 22005293)+1 种基金Institute of Energy,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(Grant no.21KZS212)Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS.
文摘Poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),as a traditional organic hole-transporting material(HTM),is widely used in thin-film solar cells due to its high charge mobility and good thermal stability.However,the P3HT films obtained by the traditional method are amorphous,which is unfavorable to hole extraction and transport.Here,a low-toxicity solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene(TMB)was used as the solvent instead of the commonly used halogen solvent chlorobenzene(CB)to dissolve P3HT.Thus,the self-assembled nanofibrous P3HT film was prepared and applied as HTM in the newly emerged Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cells.According to the density functional theory calculations,the interface contact between TMB-P3HT and Sb_(2)S_(3)was enhanced via the bonding interaction of S in P3HT and Sb in Sb_(2)S_(3).Through transient absorption spectroscopy characterization,the enhanced interface contact improves the charge extraction ability of TMB-P3HT when compared to the CB-P3HT film.Thus,the TMB-P3HT-based Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cell delivers a power conversion efficiency of 6.21%,which is 9.7%higher than that of the CB-P3HT-based device.Furthermore,the dopant-free TMB-P3HT-based Sb_(2)S_(3)devices exhibit excellent environmental stability compared with Spiro-OMeTAD-based devices.This work demonstrates that the application of P3HT and the solvent engineering of HTM are applicable strategies for developing Sb_(2)S_(3)solar cells with high efficiency and stability.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2019408018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22073112)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities in Hebei Province(JYQ201902)College Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project Fund of Langfang Normal University(202010100001)Program for the Top Young Talents of Higher Learning Institutions of Hebei Province(BJ2020047)for financial support.
文摘Green solvents are one of the hot topics of green chemistry.Ionic liquids(ILs)and deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are deemed as green solvents to a certain extent,and they have been applied in many areas,such as dissolution,separation,catalysis,electrochemistry and material synthesis.However,the greenness of ILs and DESs should be revisited because more and more evidences have shown that they are not always green.In this perspective,besides the reported merits,the disadvantages and problems of some ILs and DESs,such as instability,volatility,hygroscopicity,toxicity,flammability,regenerability,cost,energy consumption and impurities are discussed.Moreover,13 strategies to avoid the disadvantages of ILs and DESs and to increase the greenness are proposed.Comparison of the greenness of ILs and DESs is further conducted.This perspective provides some new viewpoints on the greenness of ILs and DESs.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22103030)Open Fund of Hebei Biomass Carbon Materials and Application Technology Innovation Center(SG2021003)Special Project for the Cultivation of Scientific and Technological Innovation Ability of College and Middle School Students in Hebei Province(22E50480D).
文摘Dissolution of lithium cobalt oxide(LCO)is the key step for the recovery of valuable metals(e.g.,Co and Li)from spent LCO-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the dissolution process of LCO either needs toxic solvents,and high temperature,or shows low efficiency.Deep eutectic solvents(DESs)are potential green solvents to dissolve LCO.Here,DESs with polyethylene glycol(PEG)as hydrogen bond acceptor and ascorbic acid(AA)as hydrogen bond donor are found to dissolve LCO with 84.2%Co leaching efficiency at 80℃ and 72 h,which is higher than that from the reported references by common DESs.Furthermore,both DESs components(i.e.,PEG and AA)are cheap,biodegradable,and biocompatible.AA could be easily and abundantly extracted from natural fruits or vegetables.It provides a new guide for the green,mild,and efficient dissolution of LCO aiming at sustainable recovery of spent LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073115)the Project of Science and Technology Development Plan of Jilin Province(No.20200201085JC)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M661208)。
文摘There is an urgent need to use green non-halogenated solvents to prepare polymer solar cells(PSCs) for industrialization.It is time-consuming but necessary to find a suitable non-halogenated solvent/additive combination for a given donor:acceptor materials system.In this research,we report a non-halogenated binary solvent system toluene/diphenyl ether(DPE) for the PBDTT-DTffBT:PC_(71)BM and PM6:Y6 blending systems that exhibit comparable power conversion efficiency(PCE) to that of devices prepared with halogenated solvents.The nano scale morphology indicates that blending film processed solely with toluene has poor phase segregation and a rough surface,which hinders charge separation and interfacial contact.Besides,the total absorption spectra revealed significant light-trapping losses in the toluene-processed solar cells,resulting in low photocurrent generation.DPE incorporation addresses these issues and significantly improves the short-circuit current density and fill factor.Moreover,non-halogen solvent-processed devices exhibit high hole mobility and low transporting impedance properties.The present study enriches the families of eco-friendly,high-efficiency PSCs fabricated using nonhalogenated solvents.
基金financially supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY16B060014)State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering(No.SKL-ChE-08A01)the Innovation and Development of Marine Economy Demonstration。
文摘Using the ionic liquid[emim][Tf2N]as a physical solvent,it was found by Aspen Plus simulation that it was possible to attempt to capture CO2 from the flue gas discharged from the coal-fired unit of the power plant.Using the combination of model calculation and experimental determination,the density,isostatic heat capacity,viscosity,vapor pressure,thermal conductivity,surface tension and solubility of[emim][Tf2N]were obtained.Based on the NRTL model,the Henry coefficient and NRTL binary interaction parameters of CO2 dissolved in[emim][Tf2N]were obtained by correlating[emim][Tf2N]with the gas–liquid equilibrium data of CO2.Firstly,the calculated relevant data is imported into Aspen Plus,and the whole process model of the ionic liquid absorption process is established.Then the absorption process is optimized according to the temperature distribution in the absorption tower to obtain a new absorption process.Finally,the density,constant pressure heat capacity,surface tension,thermal conductivity,and viscosity of[emim][Tf2N]were changed to investigate the effect of ionic liquid properties on process energy consumption,solvent circulation and heat exchanger design.The results showed that based on the composition of the inlet gas stream to the absorbers,CO2 with a capture rate of 90%and a mass purity higher than 99.5%was captured.These results indicate that the[emim][Tf2N]could be used as a physical solvent for CO2 capture from coal-fired units.In addition,the results will provide a theoretical basis for the design of new ionic liquids for CO2 capture.
文摘As deep eutectic solvents(DESs)became a prevalent category of materials,reporting their physical and chemical properties turned to be urgent.In this work,a database of the thermal conductivity of 39 DESs was experimentally investigated in a temperature range of 25℃to 60℃,since this property was not broadly reported yet.Knowing the thermal conductivity is a significant approach to obtain the fluids'heat transfer coefficients,which are essential for fluid heat transfer applications and equipment design.The selection of the reported DESs was based on their liquid phase status at room temperature and commonness.Herein,the thermal conductivity was studied as a function of temperature and compositions.Also,the data were fit with the conventional equations to predict the thermal conductivity value at a certain temperature.The highest R^(2) was selected to identify the best behavior with the common types of equations.It was found that the thermal conductivity reduced by raising the temperature,which was attributed to the enhancement that occurred in electrons'randomness and reduction in electrons'free motion.Furthermore,as the temperature rises up,the density decreases,and molecular distance increases.DESs contained choline chloride showed higher thermal conductivity stability than other DESs.While an opposite scenario was noticed for glycerol and ethylene glycol DESs due to the possibility of generating water.
文摘Bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells(PSCs)have attracted considerable attention owning to their potential for fabricating flexible,light-weight and large area solar cell panels via high-throughput roll-to-roll technologies.Compared with conventional PSCs comprising small molecule acceptors,such as fullerenes,all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)containing blends of p-type/n-type polymers in the photoactive layer provide advantages including
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51922074,22075194,51820105003,and 52203233)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB1506400)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Insti-tutions of China(Grant No.20KJA430010)the Tang Scholar,the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Educa-tion Institutions(PAPD)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(Grant Nos.BX2021205 and BX20220221)project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M710102)Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology.
文摘Recent advances in non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)like Y6 have pushed the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of organic solar cells(OSCs)above 19%.However,the harsh fabrication conditions,such as the use of the highly volatile chloroform(CF)solvent and the thermal annealing process,are not suitable for large-area printing technologies and environmental standards.Here,a series of guest molecules,BT2O,BTO,and BT4O,are designed and synthesized with different numbers of oligo ethylene glycol(OEG)repeating units in side chains.All these guest molecules could tune the crystallization kinetics of the annealing-free host-guest active layers by inducing the self-assembly of Y6 in non-halogenated paraxylene(PX)solution.The increasing number of OEG repeating units in guest molecules could enhance the molecular assembly ability but molecular stacking steric hindrance simultaneously.Therefore,BTO with three OEG repeating units blended with PM6:PM7:Y6 delivers the highest PCE of 17.78%.Our results demonstrate controlling the crystallization kinetics via delicate side-chain engineering of guest molecules is an effective way to achieve efficient OSCs in non-halogenated solution.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52173172,52173171 and 21801124)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Guangdong Province(No.2021B1515020027)+3 种基金GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515110892)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M700062)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(Nos.JCYJ202103243104813035 and JCYJ20180504165709042)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices(South China University of Technology).X.G.is thankful for the financial support from the Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory(No.2021SLABFK03).Our work was also supported by the Center for Computational Science and Engineering of SUSTech.
文摘All-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)have significantly improved long-term stability and mechanical stretchability.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of all-PSCs has been rapidly improved from∼1%to now over∼17%,driven by rational molecular design,blend morphology optimization,and device engineering.However,most all-PSCs are generally processed with halogenated solvents,hazardous for human health and the global environment.Achieving high-performance all-PSCs with halogen-free solvent processing remains a challenge.This feature article presents recent advances in green-solvent-processable all-PSCs from the material design and morphological control perspective,and further reviews progress in using more environmentally friendly solvents(i.e.,water or alcohol)to achieve genuinely sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing all-PSCs.Finally,we provide an outlook on the challenges and opportunities for large-scale manufacturing of green-solvent-processable all-PSCs.
基金Semnan University Research Council,Semnan,Iran for financial supports to this work
文摘Electrochemical oxidation of 4-methyl catechol(1a) is investigated in the presence of 1,3-indandione(3)as nucleophile in phosphate buffer solution(0.2 mol/L,pH 6) mixed with ethanol as organic green solvent(50/50) using cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential coulometry.The results indicated thatquinones derived from electro-oxidation of 1a,participated in a 1,4-Michael addition reaction with1,3-indandione(3) under ECCE mechanism.In this direction,a new bis-quinone was synthesized in high yield and good purity using a facile and convenient electrochemical pathway by carbon anode electrodes in an undivided cell.
基金supported by National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 20773138)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (973 project, 2009CB930802)the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences (KJCX2.YW.H16)
文摘The use of green solvents (including supercritical fluids and ionic liquids) in the synthesis of nanomaterials is highlighted. The methods described can not only reduce or eliminate the use or generation of substances hazardous to health and the environment, but can also be used to efficiently prepare nanomaterials with high performances. The unique characteristics of green solvents are responsible for the green features and unusual advantages of these approaches.
文摘Clothing and textiles are very challenging to recycle due to the fact that they are nearly always a blend of fibres from different types of polymers.There are some promising early indications that new green solvents including CyreneTM and TMO as well as some simple ionic liquids can be used to aid recycling of complex fabrics by selective dissolution of one of the component polymers.A viable process for the future valorisation of many waste fabrics should be designed to maximise the creation of valuable product streams while also minimising any waste.