Fodder Value of Populus euramericana Green Biomass

The study of green mass nutritional value of the black poplars euramerican hybrids--Populus euramericana （Dode） Guinier was conducted. The content of fodder units, digestible and crude protein, crude fat, fiber, ash, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, carotene and others was studied. The study showed that the leaves had greater nutritional value than stems and branches. The fresh leaves collected from the annual shoots of trees were more nutritious than annual coppice shoots of reproductive plantations but after drying the nutritional value of the materials became similar. Indicators of stems nutritional value were similar to those of wheat straw and those of leaves that were close to the nutritional value of alfalfa. Nutritional value of leafy shoots was intermediate between that of stems and leaves. Young coppice plant material is much easier to harvest than that of mature trees. Minirotation cultivation of poplars allows obtaining significant reserves of both wood and leafing biomass in a short period of time per unit area. The ＂old clones＂ of euramerican hybrids of black poplars are more winter resistant than some southern poplars of Italian breeding. This allows cultivating them not only in places of habitual areas of poplars, but also in more Northern regions.

Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

Dynamic Diurnal Changes in Green Algae Biomass in the Southern Yellow Sea Based on GOCI Images

Macroalgae blooms of Ulva prolifera have occurred every summer in the southern Yellow Sea since 2007,inducing severe ecological problems and huge economic losses.Genesis and secular movement of green algae blooms have been well monitored by using remote sensing and other methods.In this study,green algae were detected and traced by using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI),and a novel biomass estimation model was developed from the relationship between biomass measurements and previously published satellite-derived biomass indexes.The results show that the green algae biomass can be determined most accurately with the biomass index of green algae for GOCI(BIGAG),which is calculated from the Rsurf data that had been atmospherically corrected by ENVI/QUAC method.For the first time,dynamic changes in green algae biomass were studied over an hourly scale.Short-term biomass changes were highly influenced by Photosynthetically Available Radiation(PAR)and tidal phases,but less by sea surface temperature variations on a daily timescale.A new parameter of biomass changes(PBC),calculated by the ratio of the biomass growth rate to movement velocity,could provide an effective way to assess and forecast green tide in the southern Yellow Sea and similar areas.

Assessing the Biomass Potential of Major Industrial Tree Plantation Species for Green Energy Production

Energy requirements in both urban and rural areas are increasing giving added stress to the power generators and energy sources, thus blackouts are becoming common scenarios. Renewable energy from tree biomass is being eyed to provide solution to insufficient energy supply. A component of the green energy generation project is to assess the biomass potential of major industrial tree plantation species in the region at various ages, to determine the sustainability of a biomass-based green energy generation. Actual field measurements of biomass in selected plantations were conducted. In the field inventory, a plot measuring 10 × 50 meters was laid out randomly on the sampling site. For all trees inside the plot, the basal diameter and diameter at breast height for ages 1 to 2 years old and 3 to 5 years old, respectively were recorded. The results revealed that the biomass of major industrial tree species in Year 1 followed the order: Mangium (Acacia mangium) > Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) > Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) > Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta). However, as the trees mature, the biomass generation changed with Falcata overtaking Mangium. The order then was: Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) > Mangium (Acacia mangium) > Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) > Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta). Of the major industrial tree species, Falcata (Paraserianthes falcataria) and Mangium (Acacia mangium) are noted to have the biggest potential in supplying the biomass requirement of the green energy plant.

Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Biomass, Solar and Wind in Togo

Potential of green hydrogen producing from biomass, solar and wind in Togo has been performed. The availability of these three resources has been depicted with maps showing them per cantons in Togo, thus, by using the datasets from ESA Biomass Climate Change Initiative, the global solar atlas and the global wind atlas. The conversions rates used were: for solar resource, 3% of land was allocated for the analysis after removing the exclusions with a conversion rate of 52.5 kWh/kg of hydrogen;for biomass hydrogen, the conversion rate of 13.4 kg BS/kg H2 was assumed. Wind resources at 50 m above ground were not sufficient to evaluate the potential as it is lower than class 3 winds. QGIS version 3.6.4 and R version 4.0.4 were used. Results showed that biomass is the leading resource for producing green hydrogen from renewable energy resources;with good impact in these two cantons: Bassar, Gobe/ Eketo/Gbadi N’Kugna. However, this resource is still decreasing and in some cantons it is null.

广西不同绿肥油菜品种的养分累积差异及富硒品种筛选

【目的】探明不同绿肥油菜品种的养分差异及对土壤硒富集效应,为丰富绿肥油菜品种及广西富硒土壤资源应用提供理论依据。【方法】以川油36(CY36)、丰油823(FY823)和沣油919(FY919)等19个绿肥油菜品种为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究不同品种生物量,氮、磷、钾和钙养分累积差异及对土壤硒吸收、富集的响应。【结果】不同绿肥油菜品种之间的地上部生物量、地下部生物量和总生物量均存在一定差异。地上部干生物量为4.49~6.62 g/盆,地下部为0.14~0.84 g/盆;总干生物量为4.82~7.14 g/盆。总生物量前3位的中双9号、沣油958和南油12显著高于生物量最低的3个品种(花油8号、川油36和华湘油12号);地上部氮、磷、钾和钙养分含量分别为8.86~19.64 g/kg、 0.69~2.24 g/kg、 13.07~37.68 g/kg和11.82~34.23 g/kg。浙油51号和花油6号地上部和地下部的养分含量均较高。氮、磷、钾和钙含量综合评分排序前3位的油菜品种为浙油51、中双10号和花油6号。硒含量地上部为0.095~0.369 mg/kg,地下部为0.160~0.579 mg/kg;全株硒含量为0.111~0.382 mg/kg;沣油919、绵油88和圣光86的地上部、地下部和全株硒含量较高,均显著高于其他油菜品种;硒总累积量在0.552~2.286μg/盆,沣油919和绵油88显著高于其他油菜品种。【结论】综合各品种的养分累积量和硒素吸收特性,沣油919、绵油88和圣光86的富硒能力较强,可作为广西富硒土壤资源高效利用的绿肥油菜品种。

An Overview of Hydropower and Biomass Use in Mozambique

Mozambique is doing well in its implementation of renewable energies (green energies), and this is a positive move as it sees to the protection of the environment, reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, and the reduction of the country’s reliance on foreign fuels which are expensive and an economic burden on a country with an extremely high poverty index in Africa. Green energies like hydropower, solar energy and biomass are already in use with biomass leading, followed by hydropower. This paper explores and analyses the use of hydropower and biomass in Mozambique with the focus being on the extent of their use in the country and the impacts associated with their use. It also aims to look at policies that have been implemented to promote the use of these renewable sources of energy, and it discusses the success of the implementation of these policies and if they have helped in making the use of biomass and hydropower sustainable. The environmental impact of the use of green energies is minimum if compared to fossil fuels but this paper aims to show that there is concern in their use, especially the use of Biomass as there is little consideration being given to its environmental footprint. Mozambique has great potential for hydropower and bioenergy, but potential does not depict the reality as there are several issues to consider before the implementation of such in a developing country like Mozambique and this work explores the existence of issues that affect or hinder the growth and the sustainability of the use Biomass and Hydropower, and this is crucial in policy revision and implementation.

城市绿地乔木固碳能力及碳抵消效果评估

定量测算城市绿地乔木固碳能力及抵消碳排放,可为森林城市建设的树种选择和配置提供决策支持。基于高清卫星遥感影像数据和有关经济社会统计数据,结合实地调查,利用生物量模型法测算南充市主城区绿地乔木的固碳能力,探讨群落结构与固碳能力的影响;分析抵消城市能源CO_(2)排放的成效。结果表明:1)南充市主城区绿化植被中木本植物共269种,分属76科163属。出现频度最高的为桂花、银杏、黄葛树、天竺桂、樟木、樱花等10个树种。2)各类绿地林分平均密度677±425株·hm^(-2),平均胸径21.01±7.15 cm,平均树高8.52±2.06 m。3)各类绿地碳密度按大小为广场用地>附属绿地>公园绿地>防护绿地;固碳速率最大的是附属绿地(2.54 t·hm^(-2)·a^(-1)),最小的是公园绿地(1.64 t·hm^(-2)·a^(-1))。4)南充市主城区绿地乔木2020年碳固定量为9 347 t,能源CO_(2)总排放量为1 016.55万t,绿地乔木大约抵消城市能源0.09%CO_(2)的排放量。最后,建议南充市在城市森林营建过程中,应优先考虑多树种混合使用,并适时调整群落密度以优化林分结构、改善生境条件,促进林木整体水平的生长,进而提高群落的固碳能力;同时尽量采用近自然、较为粗放的经营方式,以减少碳排放。

生物质混煤制备冶金焦炭研究进展

冶金焦炭是高炉炼铁的重要原料,在“双碳”目标背景下,生物质作为一种清洁的可再生能源,利用生物质混煤制备冶金焦炭是钢铁工业绿色低碳发展的途径之一。首先,分析了我国生物质资源利用现状与开发潜力、生物质理化性质以及生物质混煤制备冶金焦炭的可行性,对比了热解炭化和水热炭化两种生物质炭化技术。之后,综述了国内外生物质混煤制备冶金焦炭的研究进展。最后,对生物质混煤制备冶金焦炭的进一步实际应用进行了展望。

计及阶梯式碳-绿证联合交易和需求响应的生物质能综合能源系统优化

在“30·60”“双碳”目标背景下,生物质能因其储量大、污染小、可再生等优势愈发受到重视。为促进生物质能的有效应用、减少综合能源系统的碳排放量,提出一种考虑阶梯式碳-绿证联合交易机制和综合需求响应下的生物质能综合能源系统优化模型。首先,基于有机朗肯循环技术,对生物质热电联产的关键机理进行研究,构建生物质热电联产模块,同时对系统中其他设备建立数学模型;其次,将多种负荷的综合需求响应机制引入系统,实现电-热-气灵活响应;然后,在阶梯式碳交易机制与绿色证书交易机制的基础上,根据国家可再生能源政策,构建阶梯式碳-绿证联合交易机制;最后,针对6个不同场景的实际算例,从多个角度对比研究生物质成本、阶梯式碳-绿证联合交易机制和综合需求响应分别对系统规划产生的影响。算例结果表明,以生物质热电联产为核心,并考虑阶梯式碳-绿证联合交易机制和综合需求响应的综合能源系统具有良好的经济性和碳减排效果。

开放性实验设计:Co/SiO_(2)和Cu-Co/SiO_(2)催化剂的表征及在γ-丁内酯加氢反应中的性能评价

开放性实验教学能够较好的提升学生综合实践能力和创新思维能力,是本科实验教学中非常重要的课程。本文以Co/SiO_(2)和Cu-Co/SiO_(2)催化剂的制备、表征、及在生物质基γ-丁内酯加氢反应中的性能为主要内容设计了一个化学工程与工艺专业本科教学的开放性综合实验。该实验可以强化学生的绿色化学思想和环保意识,培养学生分析问题和解决问题的综合能力,提升学生的自主能动性,培养学生创新思维能力。

绿化废弃物定向转化产酵母油脂的技术研究

城市公园建设过程中产生大量的绿化废弃物,是潜在的绿色生物质资源。利用预处理技术破坏绿化废弃物复杂致密的木质纤维素结构并将液体部分直接发酵生产微生物油脂,能够有效实现绿化废弃物的高值化利用。结果表明,圆红冬孢酵母在350 W反应6 min的微波预处理液中长势更佳,累积生物量达1536.67 mg/L,总糖利用率为85.16%,酵母中油脂质量分数最终稳定在21.44%,其基本性质参数符合大多数生物柴油的标准。该联产模式实现了绿化废弃物向酵母油脂的定向转化,整体流程短、操作简便,为进一步开发利用绿化废弃物生产生物油脂的工艺路线和进行绿色生物制造提供了有力的支撑。

深圳建成区城市绿地乔木层碳密度估算及分布特征

为揭示深圳建成区城市绿地乔木层碳密度的空间分布特征及影响因素,基于树木异速生长模型对深圳各行政区不同城市绿地类型及不同龄林碳密度进行估算与分析。结果表明:1)深圳城市绿地乔木层平均碳密度为(4.494±0.345)kg·m^(-2);不同乔木林龄组碳密度存在较大差异,其中成熟林碳密度最高,近熟林、中龄林次之,幼龄林最低。2)不同类型的绿地乔木层碳密度差异较大,公园绿地乔木层平均碳密度最高(5.436±0.498 kg·m^(-2)),附属绿地次之(2.866±0.323 kg·m^(-2)),广场绿地最低(2.230±0.405 kg·m^(-2))。3)不同行政区绿地乔木层碳密度也存在较大差异,福田区、宝安区、罗湖区城市绿地乔木层的平均碳密度较高,光明区、龙岗区及龙华区相对较低。4)平均胸径、平均树高、林分密度、郁闭度和平均冠幅对城市绿地的乔木层碳密度影响显著(P<0.01),而材积密度与乔木层碳密度之间影响较弱。因此,通过在碳密度较低的绿地内适度增加乔木种植密度和大冠幅乔木,将会有效促进深圳市城市绿地固碳能力的提升。

绿肥还田对土壤有机碳组分及碳转化酶活性的影响

【目的】探究绿肥还田对旱作麦田土壤有机碳组分和碳转化酶活性的影响,为土壤质量提升及“碳中和”目标的实现提供数据支撑。【方法】在甘肃陇东旱塬典型黑垆土上开展毛苕子(Vicia villosa Roth)-冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)和饲用油菜(Brassica napus L.)-冬小麦5年轮作系统绿肥还田试验,分析毛苕子、饲用油菜覆盖和翻压还田后冬小麦不同生育时期4个土层(0—5、5—10、10—20、20—25 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)含量和β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-木糖苷酶(βX)、几何平均酶(GMEA)活性的变化特征。【结果】绿肥还田方式对土壤有机碳组分含量及CBH和βX活性有显著影响。与覆盖还田相比,毛苕子和饲用油菜翻压还田能够使0—25 cm土层土壤SOC、EOC和MBC含量提高12.9%、12.1%、53.8%,βG和CBH活性提高了3.2%、10.2%,且对20—25 cm土层的影响最显著。冬小麦不同生育时期的土壤活性有机碳含量及土壤酶活性有显著差异,其中土壤EOC和MBC含量分别在冬小麦成熟期和返青期达到最高,βG、CBH、βX和GMEA活性在冬小麦孕穗期达到最高。βG在不同覆盖方式下变化最显著,活性最高,是绿肥还田后参与土壤碳转化过程的主要酶。不同土层土壤碳组分含量和碳转化酶活性存在显著差异,均随着土层深度的增加而降低。绿肥类型也显著影响土壤碳组分及酶活性,其中饲用油菜还田土壤SOC、MBC含量和βG、CBH、βX、GMEA活性是毛苕子还田的1.08、1.21、1.15、1.23、1.19、1.18倍。结构方程模型表明,绿肥还田方式通过调控其累积分解速率影响SOC的积累,通过影响土壤pH、SOC的累积及绿肥累积分解速率影响GMEA活性。土壤有机碳累积受绿肥还田量影响的效应大于还田方式,而碳转化酶活性反之。【结论】黄土高原夏闲期种植饲用油菜并翻压还田能提高0—25 cm土层中有机碳组分含量和碳转化酶活性,是黄土高原夏闲期资源高效利用的有效措施。

城市公园绿地植被群落郁闭度与三维绿量对夏季降温增湿效应的影响

为充分利用城市公园绿地的降温增湿效应缓解城市热岛,文章基于苏州市典型城市公园绿地植被群落样方的实测,分析植被群落郁闭度和三维绿量等结构指标对夏季降温增湿效应的影响,得到植被群落结构配置的最优阈值。研究表明:不同群落结构的降温效应为乔-草型>乔-灌型或乔-灌-草型>灌-草型>草地型,增湿效应为乔-草型>乔-灌-草>乔-灌型>灌-草型>草地型;郁闭度和三维绿量对降温增湿效应均有明显影响,但郁闭度影响高于三维绿量。建议优先选择乔-草型绿地并合理控制植被群落的郁闭度和三维绿量在一定区间内,即郁闭度为0.4~0.77,三维绿量大于9 m^(3)·m^(-2)。

绿色氢能技术发展现状及应用展望

绿氢技术在可再生能源生产中具有广泛的应用前景,尤其是在炼油化工、冶金、建材制造和交通运输等高碳排放行业,可显著减少碳排放。生物质热解制备氢气、生物质气化制备氢气和电解水制氢技术的工艺经济性水平正在不断提高,投资和运行管理成本也在逐步降低,这为绿氢技术的应用提供了更广阔的前景。这些技术的发展将推动石化工业实现可持续发展,并积极助力全球碳减排目标的实现。

不同绿肥和酵素菌肥对水稻生物量及产量的影响

为筛选出适合太湖平原地区的绿肥和施肥模式,选取3种绿肥(苜蓿、油菜、紫云英)和3种酵素菌肥,分析绿肥、酵素菌肥及其交互作用对后茬水稻地上生物量、地下生物量、千粒重和产量的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压能够促进水稻干物质积累,其中苜蓿—水稻轮作处理的水稻地上生物量提高10.07%,油菜—水稻轮作处理的水稻地下生物量提高7.80%。油菜—水稻轮作和紫云英—水稻轮作处理的水稻产量相较冬闲—水稻轮作分别增加了11.03%和4.89%。施用酵素菌肥处理显著增加了水稻生物量和产量,其中以施用接种光合细菌的酵素菌肥B综合效果最佳。绿肥和酵素菌肥对水稻干物质积累具有交互作用。综上所述,绿肥翻压和施用酵素菌肥可以提高水稻生物量和产量,油菜—水稻轮作同时施用酵素菌肥B处理是适合太湖平原地区的种植和施肥模式。

生物质基木竹材改性剂研究进展及存在问题

随着环境和资源问题的加剧,木竹材改性的环保性和安全性得到了越来越广泛的关注。传统木竹材改性技术大多以化石资源为原料,普遍存在高能耗、高污染、改性材不可降解等问题。因此,需要探索高效、低能耗、绿色环保的木竹材改性技术。生物质基木竹材改性剂源于生物质资源,不仅能改善木材和竹材性能,还能降低原材料的化石资源依赖性,最大限度保持木质材料的可降解性能,这为木竹材改性的发展提供了新思路。本文以糠醇树脂改性、松香改性、聚酯类聚合物改性等改性方法为主,对近年来以生物质及其衍生物作为木竹材改性剂的相关研究进行了总结,并对其存在的问题进行了分析,以期为木竹材改性技术的研究与发展提供借鉴。

绿色化学案例库建设-以生物基对二甲苯的制备为例

为加强高校与公司的产学研合作,根据绿色化学课程建设现状,及时更新完善教学内容,建设生物质资源开发与利用知识点案例。利用可再生资源直接合成生物基对二甲苯,对促进可再生生物质资源的高效利用和高价值生物基化学品的开发具有重要的科学意义和潜在的应用价值。这项工作旨在证明对二甲苯(石化工业中一种重要的高附加值化学品)可以由生物基衍生物选择性合成。这种新的可控转化过程是通过甲基呋喃的选择性催化热解制备对二甲苯实现的。在优化的反应温度下,对二甲苯的选择性最高(PX/X=94.5%),收率最高(18.4%)。同时,提出了一种生物基衍生物可控催化转化为生物基对二甲苯的可能反应路线。