An Assessment of Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces Based on i-Tree

Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Karst Area of China Driven by Grain-for-Green Program

As an important means regulating the relationship between human and natural ecosystem,ecological restoration program plays a key role in restoring ecosystem functions.The Grain-for-Green Program(GFGP,One of the world’s most ambitious ecosystem conservation set-aside programs aims to transfer farmland on steep slopes to forestland or grassland to increase vegetation coverage)has been widely implemented from 1999 to 2015 and exerted significant influence on land use and ecosystem services(ESs).In this study,three ecological models(In VEST,RUSLE,and CASA)were used to accurately calculate the three key types of ESs,water yield(WY),soil conservation(SC),and net primary production(NPP)in Karst area of southwestern China from 1982 to 2015.The impact of GFGP on ESs and trade-offs was analyzed.It provides practical guidance in carrying out ecological regulation in Karst area of China under global climate change.Results showed that ESs and trade-offs had changed dramatically driven by GFGP.In detail,temporally,SC and NPP exhibited an increasing trend,while WY exhibited a decreasing trend.Spatially,SC basically decreased from west to east;NPP basically increased from north to south;WY basically increased from west to east;NPP and SC,SC and WY developed in the direction of trade-offs driven by the GFGP,while NPP and WY developed in the direction of synergy.Therefore,future ecosystem management and restoration policy-making should consider trade-offs of ESs so as to achieve sustainable provision of ESs.

促进绿色经济的城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务——欧盟GREEN SURGE研究项目解析

从整体到分项,对基于欧盟城市可持续与绿色发展的GREEN SURGE项目进行深入分析与总结。GREEN SURGE是第7个欧盟研究与技术发展框架计划中的一个研究项目。研究从整体、理念到实践的创新对GREEN SURGE项目进行了解读。其目的主要是促进绿色基础设施和城市生物多样性对城市可持续发展和绿色经济建设的积极作用。理念上,创新性地提出城市生物文化多样性的概念,并对城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务进行评估,对绿色经济提出新的认识与理解;实践上,通过对欧洲城市地区的研究调查,凝练出5大绿色基础设施战略规划方法以及6大绿色基础设施创新治理安排。这些经验对于我国绿色空间研究、规划及治理均具有较为重要的启示作用。

游客感知视角下城市绿地空间社会价值评估与影响因素研究

城市绿地空间生态系统服务社会价值最容易被人类感知和利用,对其量化评估与影响因素探究可为城市绿地空间优化提供科学依据。现有研究较少考虑服务设施对游客感知城市绿地社会价值的影响。因此,以武汉市东湖风景区为例,利用SolVES模型将6类游客社会价值感知数据进行空间量化,并探究自然资源环境要素和服务设施兴趣点密度对社会价值指数与空间分布的影响。结果表明:游客对东湖风景区社会价值偏好为文化价值>娱乐价值>美学价值>生物多样性价值>康体价值>可持续价值;社会价值热点区域集中在听涛景区和磨山景区,且大多分布在高程20~40m、坡度2°~6°、距离水体100m范围内;在影响因素上,旅游景点设施和植被覆盖度对各类社会价值影响的贡献值最大,且与社会价值呈正相关关系。

Balanced Consideration of Urban Park Green Space to Provide Services and Disservices

Ecosystem services(ES),the benefits of ecosystem function and structure to human well⁃being,have been receiving continued attention from international community since the publication of the millennium ecosystem assessment(MA).While humans enjoy all kinds of services provided by the ecosystem,they are also adversely affected by the services provided by the ecosystem,which are called ecosystem disservices(EDS).Based on EDS related research,this paper expounds the EDS concept and connotation to urban park green space as the research object,defines the concept and classification of urban park green space ecosystem disservices(PEDS),and introduces the influencing factors of the listed examples of urban PEDSs.It also discusses equilibrium relationship of the urban park green space service and disservice,and summarizes the research on urban PEDS to improve the meaning of human well⁃being.Finally,it points out the factors that should be considered in the planning,design,management,and maintenance of future urban park green space.

生态系统服务对绿色创新的资源诅咒效应研究——来自中国城市的经验证据

本研究利用遥感数据评估了中国的生态系统服务价值,结合2003—2019年中国142个高生态系统服务价值城市的绿色专利数据,参照资源诅咒假说,探讨了生态系统服务对城市绿色创新的资源诅咒效应。主要发现有:(1)生态系统服务对城市绿色创新呈现出资源诅咒效应;(2)进一步的路径分析揭示,挤出研发投入、抑制产业结构高级化和推动制度弱化是生态系统服务价值对绿色创新产生资源诅咒效用的关键途径。

城市空地更新为绿色基础设施的潜力评估

【目的】绿色基础设施(green infrastructure, GI)更新是解决收缩城市空地问题的有效手段,对城市生态系统有功能融合与结构调整的作用。【方法】从功能与结构视角,评估黑龙江省鹤岗市中心城区空地的生态系统服务供给能力和景观连通性,通过多因子叠加分析法评估城市空地更新为GI的潜力。【结果】鹤岗市中心城区生态系统服务供给能力较强的空地占比26.47%,景观连通性较强的空地占比16.26%,整体更新潜力不高,具有较高更新潜力的空地仅占22.19%,主要为面积较大的空地。【结论】通过构建城市空地更新为GI的潜力评估体系,提出了增加式、合并式、插入式与预留式空地更新模式,以及收缩城市空置用地更新的针对性规划策略,可为收缩城市空地再利用的规划实践与GI格局优化提供依据。

Hallmark of a Resilient City: Adoption of Green Infrastructure in African Cities

Dynamic urbanization of African cities has created development trajectories that face systemic challenges in the provision of sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. The specific challenges include extensive unregulated growth with informal settlements reflecting poor service levels and high poverty indices, inadequacy in provision of basic services in health, water, housing, transport and communication infrastructure, high reliance on biomass fuels, exposure to environmental stress and implausible climate change coping and mitigation mechanisms among others. Review of extensive literature and synthesis of existing bodies of knowledge on the ecological and management perspectives of urban environments revealed many gaps and understanding of urban transformation processes. The purpose of this review was to contextualize credible pathways for optimization of both ecosystem goods and services from green urban landscapes (Green infrastructure) and non-green infrastructure to ensure sustainable and ecologically resilient urban environments. Attempts were made to rationalize and validate through discussions the benefits of managed urban ecosystems for African cities. On the basis of the evidence from the literature, it is concluded that urban development trajectories that do not embrace multifaceted approaches that deliberately retain and maintain green infrastructure in the urban environment may not be cost-effective. It is recommended that systematic integration of urban forestry concepts in urban planning that involves communities, local and national governments, business entrepreneurs and public and private research institutions provides tenable frameworks for addressing current and future challenges of urbanization in Africa.

基于ES景观美学服务制图的城市绿色开敞空间系统构建--以富顺县新湾片区为例

在城市绿色开敞空间系统网络化构建的探讨中,针对从自然生态系统本身出发、以绿地廊道连接绿地斑块的生态网络化构建方法容易出现预期结果远离人口集聚地、不易为人所用的空间不匹配问题,靶向构建自然生态保护利用与人类社会需求相互匹配的绿色开敞空间系统目标,引入生态系统服务概念,遵循其提供的以“服务流”链接自然生态供给与人类社会需求的级联框架,运用网络科学的中心度量方法,创新性建立由“挖掘城市绿色开敞空间系统自然生态系统服务潜能的景观美学服务供给制图-评估城市绿色开敞空间系统社会需求的景观美学服务需求制图-权衡城市绿色开敞空间系统的景观美学服务流制图”三部分组成的城市绿色开敞空间系统构建景观美学服务“供需流级联”网络制图方法,促成城市绿色开敞空间系统网络不仅将破碎的生态环境恢复为一个连续整体自然生态系统,还具有匹配自然生态供给与人类社会需求的内在联系,推动人居环境绿化“从自然生态内在保护到价值外显利用”的积极生态保护转向。

Green Infrastructure Practice and a Sustainability Key Performance Indicators Framework for Neighbourhood-Level Construction of Sponge City Programme

In recent years, the Sponge City program (SCP) of China, as a sustainable stormwater management approach, has been strengthened as a national strategic level program. The Green Infrastructure (GI), due to its multi-objective and multi-benefits, has been adopted as an important measure of this new nationwide initiative. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive quantitative evaluation system for neighbourhood scale SCP. Hence, in the process of GI plan optimization, selection of implementation methods to balance its multi-benefits has become one of the key obstacles in the practice of SCP. To support robust decision making on multi-objective GI planning and comprehensive assessment, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used as a structural and systematic technique. In addition, a set of sustainability key performance indicators (KPIs) including requisite dimensions is the foundation for neighbourhood scale sustainability. Hence, AHP-based evaluation system including selection, weighting and ranking of the KPIs, is defined as a key performance indicator framework (KPIF), which is still in need for further development. Taking the GI planning for the Liangnong, Siming Lake sponge node restoration as an example, this paper develops KPIF with a comprehensive evaluation system for high-quality “Sponge Node” transitional construction. This KPIF consists of three basic criteria: “Environmental Performance”, “Economic and Adaptability Performance”, and “Social-cultural Performance and Wellbeing Performance”. In addition, 15 weighted KPIs are concluded and amongst them, the followings were relatively high: weight of the ATRCR, the promotion of biodiversity, the construction cost saving, the maintenance cost saving, and the level of recreational and wellbeing improvements for all people. In addition, the developed KPIF provides a reference for similar program’s decision-making, not only for the Jiangnan area of China, but also for quantitatively comprehensive evaluations of SCP in other regions.

基于多源数据的重庆中心城区绿地生态系统文化服务供需关系研究

快速城市化及城市扩张过程中,城市绿地生态系统文化服务(CES)供给与公众需求空间失衡问题日益凸显。如何有效识别城市绿地文化服务供需空间匹配特征是优化绿地空间布局、提升绿地服务效率的关键所在。本研究以重庆市中心城区为研究范围,基于地理空间数据等多源数据,运用GIS分析技术、空间相关性分析等方法,构建了城市绿地文化服务供需评价指标体系和分析框架,识别了山地城市绿地文化服务供给与居民需求的空间匹配类型。研究发现CES供给具明显的空间聚集性,全局莫兰指数为0.720,呈现为“大核—次核—小核”的分布形态,CES需求全局莫兰指数为0.834,呈现中心高外围低、西高东低的空间格局,双变量自相关分析显示供给与需求之间存在空间结构相似性,CES供需关系整体上较好,但一些关键区域匹配失衡压力较大。根据供需平衡关系特征,将研究区识别为六类空间类型,并对每种类型提出了CES优化提升路径。研究结果可为山地城市绿地生态系统文化服务优化路径提供理论支撑与实践借鉴。

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的绿色基础设施多目标空间优化

【目的】绿色基础设施(green infrastructure,GI)是提供多种生态系统服务、保护区域生态系统安全和稳定的重要载体,而GI所能供给的各项生态系统服务之间的权衡关系导致GI的规划决策难以同时最大化多项服务供给。旨在以多项生态系统服务供给协同增益为目标构建一个辅助GI规划决策的多目标空间优化模型。【方法】基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法,以InVEST模型构建目标函数,在Python开发了协同生境质量服务、作物生产服务、雨洪削减服务3项主导生态系统服务的GI布局优化模型,并在安徽省芜湖市中心城区进行了应用。【结果】优化模型共获取50个末代帕累托最优GI布局,据此遴选出不同服务偏好下的GI布局方案,各方案相应服务供给能力得到显著提升:生境质量目标偏好方案的全局平均生境质量指数从现状方案的0.2988提升至0.3115;雨洪削减服务目标偏好方案的径流滞蓄量从70189.34 mm/a提升至71673.20 mm/a;作物生产目标偏好方案将作物生产总价值量从464169.51万元提升至464582.90万元;折衷方案的雨洪削减服务供给能力和生境质量服务供给能力优于现状方案,其径流滞蓄量和生境质量指数分别达到71658.67 mm/a和0.2993,而在作物生产服务供给能力上并没有实现对现状方案的提升。根据优化结果分析了GI供给的各项服务间的权衡与协同关系,归纳了在各种服务偏好下和协同多项服务时的GI空间布局特征。【结论】多目标优化算法为辅助协同多项生态系统服务的GI布局决策、探索生态系统服务间权衡与协同关系、明确不同服务目标导向下的GI空间规划策略提供了重要参考,为国土空间规划视角下采用模型算法辅助生态空间及GI规划的实践提供了有力工具。

北京市中关村绿色创业生态系统的服务功能评价研究

绿色创业生态系统作为绿色低碳循环利用的重要载体,对促进我国绿色低碳循环发展具有重要意义。为探究绿色创业生态系统的服务功能发展水平,本文选取了2016—2020年北京市中关村示范区的数据为研究样本,以“支持功能、调节功能、文化功能、供给功能”4个功能为核心维度构建北京市中关村绿色创业生态系统的服务功能评价指标体系,建立熵权—TOPSIS模型和耦合协调度模型,对其进行实证分析。结果表明:服务功能整体发展态势向好,其中供给功能更为突出;形成了“政策支持—支持功能—服务功能”的明显链式影响结构;服务功能整体以及两两之间的功能耦合协调度呈非线性波动上升状。最后,本文提出了针对性政策建议,为北京市中关村绿色创业生态系统的服务功能的水平提升提供了有益启示。

The Practice Strategy of Construction of Ecological Garden City in China: A Case Study of Action of “Xuchang Being Full of Green” in Xuchang City

Starting from the purpose and current situation of the implementation of action of "Xuchang being full of green",this study analyzed the problems existing in the implementation of action of "Xuchang being full of green" and discussed the implementation plan of action of "Xuchang being full of green" from two aspects of macro strategy and node promotion strategy,hoping to promote the construction of ecological garden cities in Xuchang and other cities in China.

绿色创新生态系统共生演化与培育机制

构建绿色创新生态系统是应对全球生态问题最有效的方法之一,准确把握绿色创新生态系统共生演化规律和培育机制,对绿色创新水平提升、经济社会可持续发展具有重大意义。因此基于生态系统理论、共生理论和演化博弈理论,对绿色创新生态系统共生演化模式、过程、稳定性及运行机制进行研究,旨在为企业和相关部门制定促进绿色创新发展战略和政策提供理论支撑和决策参考。研究结果表明:绿色创新生态系统两种群共生演化模式和稳定性,受两种群相互作用的共生系数和各自种群规模上限影响。绿色创新生态系统共生演化达到均衡状态时会形成不同的共生模式,其中互惠共生模式是系统共生演化最理想的状态。绿色创新生态系统共生发展以信任机制为基础,在共享机制、竞合机制、伙伴选择机制和价值分配机制的作用下,实现共生循环。

区域绿色创新能力的驱动模式及其内在机制:基于绿色创新生态系统视角

以中国30个省份为研究样本,采用组态思维和模糊集定性比较分析方法,基于绿色创新生态系统视角,探讨环境、资源、主体对区域绿色创新能力的联动效应以及互动匹配模式所蕴含的运行机制。研究发现:绿色创新主体是促进区域高水平绿色创新能力提升的必要条件;区域高绿色创新能力的背后逻辑是由多重因素并发且协同匹配形成的多种不同路径,主要包括政府支持下的主体双轮驱动型、金融环境缺失下的技术主体弥补型、环境规制下的产学研促进型三种驱动模式。促进区域绿色创新均衡化稳步发展,应持续推进企业主体、市场导向、政府支持的绿色创新体系建设,大力培育以绿色技术、绿色项目、绿色产业为目标的政产研学战略联盟,加大绿色创新体制机制的精准化创设和协同化推进力度。

城市绿色基础设施政策工具的系统综述和研究前沿分析

【目的】城市绿色基础设施政策工具是由政府主导实施的促进城市绿色基础设施建设的重要手段。【方法】以绿色基础设施政策工具为研究对象,借助Bibliometrix R Package软件和CiteSpace软件,以文本检索、计量分析、编码分类为研究线索,深入剖析了12项代表性城市绿色基础设施政策工具的发展历程,对比其发展历程、指标体系、绩效评估方式和政策管控路径的优势和劣势,探究绿色基础设施建设管理与生态系统服务目标有机结合的途径和方式。【结果】1)城市绿色基础设施政策工具的目标定位从解决单一雨水问题转向评估生态系统服务多重效益。2)政策指标初期包括植物、水系和土壤元素,后期逐步形成包括地表复层植被、地表蓝绿设施、建筑垂直绿化、建筑绿色屋顶项目元素,以及直接干预、动物介入管理元素的层级体系。3)城市绿色基础设施政策工具有强制约束土地利用的“一致性”和间接鼓励的“描述性”2种模式,结合了标准权重和绩效阈值2种互补的城市开发项目筛选机制,工具应用于规划、建设、管控、监测全周期过程。4)结合生态系统服务需求,校准城市绿色基础设施政策工具的绩效评估权重已成为迫切需求。【结论】城市绿色基础设施政策工具将成为应对全球问题和城市挑战的有力手段,揭示其管控落实过程的多元思路,可为城市绿色基础设施优化与完善提供政策指引和技术支持。

不同城市绿地类型碳源/汇的城乡梯度格局--以杭州市为例

探究城市化对绿地空间碳源/汇的空间分布格局的影响,对评估城市生态系统的碳足迹和制定相应的碳收支管理措施具有重要意义。以净生态系统生产力(NEP)做为碳源/汇的反映指标,基于净初级生产力和土壤呼吸估算杭州市主城区绿地碳源/汇的空间分布格局,关注城乡梯度对不同绿地类型碳源/汇水平的作用。基于净初级生产力和土壤呼吸数据综合获得绿地空间NEP,通过土地利用数据和Fragstats软件进行景观格局分析,采用多元线性回归模型和逐步回归模型筛选影响NEP的景观、植被和气象因子,最后利用广义加性模型探讨NEP与各因子之间的关系。此外,分别比较了相同统计过程在不同城乡梯度和不同绿地类型之间的模型差异。结果表明:杭州市绿地空间NEP分布及其影响因子存在显著的城乡梯度与绿地类型差异。2019—2022年杭州市主城区绿地空间,整体表现为碳源,年均NEP为-0.277 kg C m^(-2) a^(-1);其中表现为碳汇的绿地主要分布在杭州市主城区的西部,而碳源绿地主要分布在中部和东部。整体绿地空间的NEP大小与绿地斑块面积、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与灌木物种丰富度和气温呈负相关。NEP随城区、城郊结合部、郊区的城乡梯度逐步增强;城区NEP与乔木盖度呈正相关,与景观多样性和气温呈负相关;城郊结合部NEP与乔木物种丰富度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与绿地斑块密度和气温呈负相关;郊区NEP则与聚集度指数、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关。公园、农田、自然植被的NEP依次增大并受到不同因素的调控。公园NEP与聚集度指数、乔木盖度和灌木盖度呈正相关,与景观分割指数、灌木物种丰富度和气温呈负相关;农田NEP与聚集度指数和灌木盖度呈正相关,与气温呈负相关;而自然植被NEP则与乔木盖度呈正相关,与景观多样性指数和气温呈负相关。研究进一步揭示了城市化对绿地空间碳源/汇的影响,为城乡碳收支的差异化管理提供了一定的理论和数据支持。

发展天津市制造业绿色供应链金融研究

文章基于对天津市制造业和天津市规模以上工业经济数据的检索和分类,通过对天津市制造业的发展规模、结构、特点和经营指标的分析,发现天津市制造业注册企业中注册资本小于500万的小微企业占比达74%,且约90%的规模以上工业企业为小微企业,它们是天津市制造业发展的核心动力之一,具有强大的发展潜力,研究发现融资能力是制约天津市小微企业发展的瓶颈,天津市供应链金融服务分散,需提升其规范性、体系性,研究结合对供应链金融模式及案例的分析,提出了天津市制造业绿色供应链金融生态系统的概念及其O2O平台设计理念,论证了打造天津市制造业绿色供应链金融生态系统的意义与价值。

协同生态系统服务与公平性的城市绿色空间配置优化----以武汉市中心城区为例

能提供多种生态系统服务的城市绿色空间对于改善城市环境、增进居民健康及福祉具有重要作用。在高密度城市建成环境中合理配置绿色空间,同时满足生态效益、社会公平及用地限制等多种目标,是实现城市可持续发展的重要途径之一。文章以武汉市中心城区为例,选择空气净化、热岛效应缓解和雨洪调节3项生态系统服务作为生态效益优化目标,使用绿色空间配置基尼系数表征公平性,基于多目标线性规划方法构建以生态系统服务最大化和公平性最大化为目标的城市绿色空间配置优化模型。研究结果表明:基于多目标线性规划的城市绿色空间配置优化模型能够综合考虑多种社会和环境制约因素,同时集成多种生态系统服务,以及权衡生态效益与公平性之间的矛盾。该模型具有足够的灵活性与扩展性,可为武汉以及其他城市区域的绿色空间配置优化提供新的方法与思路。