Interference Mitigation in D2D Communication Underlying Cellular Networks:Towards Green Energy

Device to Device(D2D)communication is emerging as a new participant promising technology in 5G cellular networks to promote green energy networks.D2D communication can improve communication delays,spectral efficiency,system capacity,data off-loading,and many other fruitful scenarios where D2D can be implemented.Nevertheless,induction of D2D communication in reuse mode with the conventional cellular network can cause severe interference issues,which can significantly degrade network performance.To reap all the benefits of induction of D2D communication with conventional cellular communication,it is imperative to minimize interference’s detrimental effects.Efficient power control can minimize the negative effects of interference and get benefits promised by D2D communication.In this work,we propose two power control schemes,Power Control Scheme 1(PCS 1)and Power Control Scheme 2(PCS 2),to minimize the interference and provide performance analysis.Simulation results observe improvements with PCS 1 and PCS 2 as compared to without using any power control scheme in terms of data rate in both uplink and downlink communication modes of Cellular User Equipment(CUE).

5G Green Mobile Communication Networks

With the popularization of wireless multimedia communications,the wireless traffic is predicated to be increased more than 1000time in the next decade.Some new technologies,e.g.,massive multi.input multi.output antennas,millimeter wave and small

Project of “Three Networks Greening” based on optimal allocation in the Yellow River Delta,China (Dongying section)

We have used the Yellow River Delta （Dongying section） as our study area to address the project of ＂Three Networks Greening＂ （TNG）. With the use of GIS technology and from an ecological point of view, an optimal allocation scheme of land resources is constructed and applied to guide the adjustment of land resources. Given this scheme, we have calculated that the area of land suitable for forest and shrubs without greening is 2256 km^2. Simultaneously, acting on the layout of the TNG project, afforestation site types are prepared and improved. Soil types, microrelief, salinity and underwater levels are combined as major classification factors and irrigation conditions as a reference to classify sites into eight types. In this way, land suitable for forest and grass is afforested given particular planting patterns. Finally, by overlaying this forestry site type map with the TNG plan map, some suggestions and strategies are proposed and used to direct the TNG project. An ecological oasis of the Yellow River Delta should be the result.

Construction of Ecological Network for Urban Green Space System from the Perspective of Landscape Ecology:A Case Study of Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality

Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.

Optimal Cost-Aware Paradigm for Off-Grid Green Cellular Networks in Oman

Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators.The specific power supply requirements for the cellular base station,such as cost-effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing the technological advances in renewable energy.There are numerous drivers for the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition towards green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.Accordingly,this work proposes a novel framework for energy-efficient solar-powered base stations for the Oman site,specifically for off-grid locations where fuel transportation for diesel generator(DG)is a serious concern.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for off-grid sites,the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables optimization software is adapted by considering real-time conditions and its technical feasibility.Different cost factors such as capital cost,salvage cost,replacement cost,operational,and maintenance cost of PV panels,inverters,and batteries also undergo extensive analysis.From the observed results,the total net present cost(NPC)of the proposed system is$27,887,while the net NPC of the DG is estimated at$32,900.Remarkably,the proposed scheme can potentially achieve considerable savings in the operational expenditure at approximately 15.24%.Indeed,these outcomes can provide profound economic,technical,and ecological benefits to the cellular operators of Oman.It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network deployment in remote areas.

Powering Mobile Networks with Optimal Green Energy for Sustainable Development

Green wireless networking is an emerging area for many societies,especially academia and industry,in light of economic and ecological perspectives.Empowering wireless infrastructures exploiting green power sources can enhance sustainability due to the adverse effects of conventional power sources and atmospheric circumstances.Moreover,the specific power supply requirements for a base station(BS),such as cost effectiveness,efficiency,sustainability,and reliability,can be met by utilizing technological advances in renewable energy.Numerous drivers and motivators are involved in the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition toward green energy.Renewable energy is free,clean,and abundant in most locations throughout the year.In this work,a sustainable optimal stand-alone solarpowered model envisioning green cellular BSs for urban locations in Oman is proposed.This model can extend 24 h uninterrupted power supply support to a cellular BS that fully utilizes an integrated storage device.The system analysis is conducted using a hybrid optimization model for electric renewables(HOMER)based on actual prevailing conditions of the regions and their technical feasibility.The results showed can be achieved operational expenditure savings up to 16%.These outcomes provide a huge benefit to the cellular operators of Oman economically,technically,and ecologically.

Green Multicast Grooming Based on Cross-Shared Protection in Optical WDM Networks

Currently,multicast survivability in optical network obtains more attention.This paper focuses on the field of multicast grooming shared protection in green optical network and designs a novel auxiliary graph and a shared matrix to address the survivable multicast resource consumption.This paper also proposes a new heuristic called Green Multicast Grooming algorithm based on spanning path Cross-Shared protection(GMGCSP),in which network reliability,energy efficiency and resource utilization are jointly considered.Simulation results testify that,compared to other algorithms,the proposed GMG-CSP not only has lower blocking probability and higher bandwidth utilization ratio,but also saves more energy.

Green Architecture for Dense Home Area Networks Based on Radio-over-Fiber with Data Aggregation Approach

The high-density population leads to crowded cities. The future city is envisaged to encompass a large-scale network with diverse applications and a massive number of interconnected heterogeneous wireless-enabled devices. Hence, green technology elements are crucial to design sustainable and future-proof network architectures. They are the solutions for spectrum scarcity, high latency, interference, energy efficiency, and scalability that occur in dense and heterogeneous wireless networks especially in the home area network （HAN）. Radio-over-fiber （ROF） is a technology candidate to provide a global view of HAN＇s activities that can be leveraged to allocate orthogonal channel communications for enabling wireless-enabled HAN devices transmission, with considering the clustered-frequency-reuse approach. Our proposed network architecture design is mainly focused on enhancing the network throughput and reducing the average network communications latency by proposing a data aggregation unit （DAU）. The performance shows that with the DAU, the average network communications latency reduces significantly while the network throughput is enhanced, compared with the existing ROF architecture without the DAU.

Optimization of the Conceptual Model of Green-Ampt Using Artificial Neural Network Model (ANN) and WMS to Estimate Infiltration Rate of Soil (Case Study: Kakasharaf Watershed, Khorram Abad, Iran)

Determination of the infiltration rate in a watershed is not easy and in empirical and theoretical point of view, it is important to access average value of infiltration. Infiltration models has main role in managing water sources. Therefore different types of models with various degrees of complexity were developed to reach this aim. Most of the estimating methods of soil infiltration are expensive and time consuming and these methods estimate infiltration with hypothesis of zero slope. One of the conceptual and physical models for estimating soil infiltration is Green-Ampt model which is similar to Richard model. This model uses slope factor in estimating infiltration and this is the power point of Green-Ampt model. In this research the empirical model of Green-Ampt was optimized with integrating artificial neural network model (ANN) and a model of geographical information system WMS to estimate the infiltration in Kakasharaf watershed. Results of the comparison between the output of this method and real value of infiltration in region (through multiple cylinders) showed that this method can estimate the infiltration rate of Kakasharaf watershed with low error and acceptable accuracy (Nash-Sutcliff performance coefficient 0.821, square error 0.216, correlation coefficient 0.905 and model error 0.024).

区域旅游业绿色创新发展网络优势匹配与组态提升路径——以山东半岛城市群为例

人与自然和谐共生背景下,绿色创新作为旅游业绿色化转型的重要引擎,是对旅游发展方式转变和生态环境问题改善的积极回应,直接关系到旅游业经济增长与资源环境的协调发展。频繁的要素流动推动城市间绿色创新联系增强,探究区域旅游业绿色创新网络优势匹配的路径有助于因地施策推进区域旅游业可持续发展。探索构建区域旅游业绿色创新发展分析框架,综合运用超效率SBM模型、社会网络分析法、哈肯模型和核密度估计等方法,选择山东半岛城市群为研究案例地,测度和分析其旅游业绿色创新效率及其网络优势度和二者协同特征,进一步基于非对称创新理论和模糊集定性比较分析法识别区域旅游业绿色创新发展网络优势匹配的组态路径。研究发现:旅游业绿色创新效率在空间上具有“沿海沿边”的集聚分布规律;旅游业绿色创新效率网络优势度“马太效应”显著,形成以济南、东营为主的点状格局;二者协同度区域差异明显,可分为高度协同型、中度协同型和低度协同型3大类;旅游业绿色创新效率、网络优势度及二者匹配的提升路径可归纳为政府支撑的外向型市场拓展模式、政府扶持的内源型动力驱动模式和内外部环境双元驱动下的动态优化调整模式等7种。

Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks

To meet the ever-increasing traffic demand and enhance the coverage of cellular networks,network densification is one of the crucial paradigms of 5G and beyond mobile networks,which can improve system capacity by deploying a large number of Access Points(APs)in the service area.However,since the energy consumption of APs generally accounts for a substantial part of the communication system,how to deal with the consequent energy issue is a challenging task for a mobile network with densely deployed APs.In this paper,we propose an intelligent AP switching on/off scheme to reduce the system energy consumption with the prerequisite of guaranteeing the quality of service,where the signaling overhead is also taken into consideration to ensure the stability of the network.First,based on historical traffic data,a long short-term memory method is introduced to predict the future traffic distribution,by which we can roughly determine when the AP switching operation should be triggered;second,we present an efficient three-step AP selection strategy to determine which of the APs would be switched on or off;third,an AP switching scheme with a threshold is proposed to adjust the switching frequency so as to improve the stability of the system.Experiment results indicate that our proposed traffic forecasting method performs well in practical scenarios,where the normalized root mean square error is within 10%.Furthermore,the achieved energy-saving is more than 28% on average with a reasonable outage probability and switching frequency for an area served by 40 APs in a commercial mobile network.

Design and implementation of Ad-Hoc collaborative proxying scheme for reducing network energy waste

Network devices are equipped with low power states but they are rarely activated due to their inability of maintaining network connectivity. Recently, Network Connectivity Proxy （NCP） concept has been proposed in literature as an effective mechanism to exploit full potential of low power features on network devices by impersonating their virtual presence. However, the NCP concept faces several open issues and challenges especially related to proxying of TCP connections and majority of daily used proprietary dosed-source applications. This paper presents a new approach for reducing network energy waste through intelligent collaboration among daily used devices （e.g., desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc）. It guarantees to run applications on only and only one user device that is under active use at that specific moment. To reduce energy waste and allow idle devices to sleep, our approach also takes benefit from a light- weight home gateway proxy with very basic practically realizable functionalities. The proposed system not just reduces energy waste of fixed devices but also enables mobile devices to significantly improve their battery life. Our developed software prototypes allow devices to autonomously and seamlessly collaborate with each other without requiring any configuration or user input. Further, this paper also presents the basic performance evaluation of developed prototypes in real networking environments.

基于电路理论的苏南水网地区绿色基础设施网络构建——以苏州南星湖片区为例

随着新型城镇化的推进,建设用地扩张迅速,苏南水网地区面临生境破碎与生态退化等问题,构建绿色基础设施网络是整合破碎生境斑块、提升生态系统稳定性和整体性的有效措施。本研究以苏州吴江区东北部南星湖片区为例,基于“网络中心-连接廊道-战略点”的构建模式,运用MSPA、InVEST模型与景观连通性提取网络中心,结合电路理论提取连接廊道、战略点,构建水网地区绿色基础设施网络,共识别网络中心18处,以湖泊、林地生态用地为主,呈现东部密集西部稀疏的分布特征;提取连接廊道35条,空间分布呈现北部较为密集、南部相对稀疏的特征;选取夹点和障碍点2种战略点共16处,包括湿地、耕地等用地类型,在同里湖、石头潭附近分布较多。研究综合考虑景观要素的生态服务重要性和生态功能连通性构建水网地区绿色基础设施网络,对于改善区域生态环境质量与促进生态系统稳定与可持续发展具有积极意义。

因情施策:如何激活制造企业多元绿色转型路径——基于模糊集定性比较分析方法的研究

服务“双碳”发展目标,探究差异化情境下制造企业多元绿色转型路径日益重要。为明晰制造企业绿色转型驱动因素的多重并发作用机制,以制造企业为研究对象,以跨层次网络嵌入、绿色动态能力等为前因变量,以绿色绩效为结果变量,运用模糊集定性比较分析方法挖掘制造企业绿色转型多组态实现路径。基于研究结果归纳出“主动变革”“能力支撑”和“积极模仿”3类高水平绿色转型路径,以及“有心无力”和“有力无意”两类警示性非高水平绿色转型路径。通过剖析复杂动态网络中制造企业绿色转型各关联因素的交互作用,凸显转型过程与路径的复杂性和主动性,进一步揭示路径差异化构型,为差异化情境下企业绿色转型决策制定、叠代螺旋式阶段路径甄别与匹配提供可行方案。

The Practice Strategy of Construction of Ecological Garden City in China: A Case Study of Action of “Xuchang Being Full of Green” in Xuchang City

Starting from the purpose and current situation of the implementation of action of "Xuchang being full of green",this study analyzed the problems existing in the implementation of action of "Xuchang being full of green" and discussed the implementation plan of action of "Xuchang being full of green" from two aspects of macro strategy and node promotion strategy,hoping to promote the construction of ecological garden cities in Xuchang and other cities in China.

交旅融合背景下城市快进慢游体系的规划与研讨

交旅融合是交通运输和旅游服务结合形成的一种新型产业模式,推动传统交通由单一通达功能向游憩、文化、经济、生态和社会等多功能转型突破。以南京市主城区为研究对象,在分析研究区交旅融合发展的基础上,构建域外快进、域内慢游的“快进慢游”城市交旅融合发展体系,对促进城市旅游业和交通业高质量发展均具有重要的理论与现实意义。

面向“双千兆”固移融合的新型承载网络重构研究

为了促进“双千兆”网络高质量发展,积极构建绿色低碳建设环境,更高效发挥“双千兆”网络基础支撑和融合赋能作用。重点分析了当前双千兆承载的现状及存在的问题,提出了打造端到端扁平化的智能新型承载网络,并给出了网络架构搭建的建议和模拟仿真结果。采用新型架构的承载网凭借其在绿色低碳、集约管理方面的优化,可以有效节约社会资源,为网络强国、数字中国建设奠定坚实基础。

自由贸易试验区建设能提升城市绿色创新效率吗?——基于创新价值链视角的经验证据

自由贸易试验区建设以绿色为底色,以创新为驱动,是促进经济高质量发展的催化剂。选取2006—2022年中国284个地级市的面板数据,基于创新价值链视角研究自由贸易试验区建设对城市绿色创新效率以及子阶段效率的直接影响、影响机制和影响的空间溢出效应,得出以下研究结论:(1)自由贸易试验区建设能够提高城市绿色创新效率以及绿色科技研发和绿色成果转化两个子阶段效率,这一结论经过双重机器学习再检验和内生性分析等一系列检验依旧稳健;(2)这一高水平制度性开放举措在沿海城市、高营商环境城市和低环境规制城市的政策效应更显著;(3)提高城市创业活跃度、促进创新人才流动和加强战略新兴产业集聚是自由贸易试验区建设提高城市绿色创新效率以及子阶段效率的作用机制;(4)自由贸易试验区建设对周围城市绿色创新效率和绿色科技研发效率产生显著的正向影响,且正向空间溢出的衰减边界分别为350千米和200千米,而自由贸易试验区建设对周围城市绿色成果转化效率的影响不显著。在此基础上,为中国推进自由贸易试验区战略分层次、多维度和分阶段地提升城市绿色创新效率提供政策建议。

An Approach to the Construction of Green Infrastructure and Green Spatial Governance for a City

There is a substantial significance to construct city green spaces for improvement of the city environment and ecological function. The conservation of city green space includes a sound plan of green space and the non-statutory parks and green open space, which are open spaces of both public and private land to be greened, they both become the basis for constructing an ecological green network of great city environment. To manipulate cross-sectoral integration, the city greening practice performs effective implementation. The main objective of an approach is to perform the governance indices of green spaces by expert questionnaire and then draft the greening strategies for Taipei city to improve the green landscape and the quality of city environment. The research draws on the green infrastructure and green ecological network system, analyzes the green ecological resources and the characteristic and structure of city spaces in Taipei city, in the meanwhile, learns the domestic and international experiences of greening development. By means of city green space of activation transformation and program of action under greening performance, Taipei city promotes the green image and the quality of city environment and green city landscape.