Analysis on the Green Space System Planning of Small Cities in Mountainous Areas

With the urban green space system planning of small cities in mountainous areas as the study object,the planning practices are analyzed and studied to summarize the common characteristics of urban green space system planning in those small cities.Being combined with relevant national standards and regulations,the problems that those small cities are faced with in their urban green space system planning are analyzed,then corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to resolve problems in the practical planning.

Study on the Planning of Urban Green Space System in the Precinct Area of Dali City

This paper elaborated natural conditions of Dali City,jurisdictions which included 2 offices,2 towns,89 village offices and 429 natural villages,and planning scope which contained the precinct area of Dali City and covers a total area of 1 815 km2.In accordance with the urban development space and functional layout of "one lake,two lines and two slices"("one lake" refers to Erhai Lake;"two lines" stands for the area in the east and west of Erhai Lake;"two slices" indicates the area in the north and south of Erhai Lake),based on the construction of provincial and national garden city and of large landscape city,green spatial network system with the combination of "spot","line" and "surface" was put forward,so as to manifest "largeness","wideness","harmony" and "linkage".And finally,the planning structure of green space system of "two circles,two slices,four belts,seven spots and eighteen waterfronts area"("two circles" refers to the area around the lake and the area around the mountain,"two slices" stands for the area in the north and south of Erhai Lake,"four belts" means four landscape belts of the garden city,"seven spots" indicates the seven green landscape spots in villages and towns,"eighteen waterfronts area" is colored green belt in eighteen stream's basin) was proposed.

Construction of green infrastructure in coal-resource based city： a case study in Xuzhou urban area

As an important coal-resource based city in eastern China, coal mining activities have greatly promoted economic development to Xuzhou while resulted in kinds of blocks for sustainable development. Subsidence areas caused by coal mining activities and rapid urbanization process led to the losing of ecological function and decreasing of landscape connectivity in the city. As the important life-support system, urban green infrastructure （GI as short） has great significance in improving human well-beings. Taking Xuzhou urban area as the study object, this paper proposed a green infrastructure construction method based on the principle of ecological priority. Firstly, key ecological patches were identified by GIS and RS methods. Secondly, we established corridors by minimum cost path model. Then, we built GI network and evaluated the ecological importance of different patches. Finally, by comparing the status of patches and coal mining subsidence areas, we proposed a framework for constructing GI network in Xuzhou urban area.

The Scale-Effects of Different Land Use Types on the Distribution Pattern of Park Green Space at Multiple Grid Scales-A Case Study on the Main Urban Area of Nanjing,China

Exploring the scale-effect of different land use types on the distribution pattern of urban park green space(PGS)at multiple grid scales would inform rational allocation and efficient collaborative construction of urban development land at different scales.Selecting 300-m,500-m,1,000-m,and 2,000-m grid scales,the research employed Create Fishnet tool in ArcGIS and Geodetector to construct a scale-effect analysis framework that revealed the scale-effects of different land use types on the distribution pattern of PGS at multiple grid scales in the main urban area of Nanjing,China in 2006,2012,and 2017.Main research results are:1)the overall distribution pattern of PGS showed the evolution characteristics from polarization to advancing quality and efficiency,while the trend gradually weakened with the increase of grid scale;2)the scale-effect of other land use types on PGS increasingly enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more obvious the synergistic or compressive effect;3)the interactive scaleeffects of different land use types gradually enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more significant the overall factor interaction;and 4)at the 300-m grid scale,the major interaction factors were residential,transportation,industrial/manufacturing,water area,and administration/public services,which gradually changed to residential,water area,and administration/public services up to the 2,000-m grid scale.The findings of this paper are expected to deepen the theory of the coupling between PGS and other land use types,as well as provide scientific support and a basis for efficient allocation,spatial layout optimization,and sustainable development of urban spaces.

Designing Urban Roadside Green Area

The main functions and features of roadside green area are outlined in this paper, and some points about the correlative design are summarized.

Ecological Planning for Urban Green Space System——A Case Study of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Based on overview of development history and research advances of do- mestic and foreign urban green space system planning, this paper made clear rele- vant concepts of the urban green space system. Urban green space system is a key region for protecting ecological resources. Taking Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone as an example, on the basis of in-depth survey, it made a systematic study on green space system planning combining current situa- tions of green space and regional spatial characteristics of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone. It discussed how to restore and build urban green space system, protect ecological environment, and promote regional economic de- velopment and harmony between human and nature through design of ecological technologies and landscape in the ecological planning of urban green space system.

Problems in Landscaping of Residential Areas in Huai'an City and Countermeasures

The present landscaping in residential areas of Huai'an City was introduced in this study, problems emerging from the landscaping were analyzed, and corresponding measures were proposed.

Evaluation of Plant Landscape in Residential Areas Based on AHP and TOPSIS

Taking 6 residential areas in Nyingchi of Tibet as research objects,from aesthetic effect,ecological function and leisure service,this paper established the evaluation indicator system for plant landscape in residential areas using AHP,and calculated the weight of indicators using the judgment matrix. Besides,it calculated the ideal solution and closeness degree of matrix using TOPSIS,and established the evaluation method and preference method for plant landscape in residential areas. The results show that the indicators of seasonal variation,environmental benefit and per capita green space mattered most in the landscape evaluation of residential areas. The richness of flowering plant is weak in the landscape evaluation. From the comprehensive evaluation of residential areas,Nyingchi Garden District and Xingfu District have excellent plant landscape,Jialong Garden District and Shangcheng Garden District have general plant landscape,and Sun City District and Niyang Garden District have poor plant landscape.

Temperature Comfort, Recreation and Historical Features in Open Spaces;the Path of Remembrance and Comradeship (PATH) in Ljubljana, Slovenia

The built environment has a great impact on the quality of urban climate,a comfortable living environment,overheating,and detection of changes in Urban Heat Islands(UHI).Despite the effects that raised outdoor temperatures have on human well-being and health,being in open outdoor spaces is strongly encouraged.This article deals with open green urban areas.The study was focused on searching for the relationships between the various elements,such us outdoor thermal comfort,the urban heat island,green areas,and active leisure time.The well-being in open spaces has be studied on the case of The Path of Remembrance and Comradeship(PATH)in the city of Ljubljana,Slovenia.PATH is a circular recreation ground(almost 33 km long)and passes from the urban to the natural landscape area.PATH constitutes an important element of the urban space and confirms the identity and image of Ljubljana.It is most popular for walking and jogging.Overheating at the PATH was studied using multiple indicators,which were broken down into detail at five sites with different urban morphology,green areas,water,and paved areas.

基于混合用地模式识别的济南市老城区典型片区绿色空间降温效应分析

城市绿色空间可以通过生态系统服务调节功能有效缓解城市热岛效应,降低高温健康胁迫风险。城市中心城区特别是老城区建成环境具有高度异质性,复杂建成环境中绿色空间的降温效应,特别是混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、阈值、形状等还需进一步明晰。在厘清城市热环境影响因素和绿色空间降温机制基础上,构建了“冷热岛分析提取-混合用地模式聚类识别-混合用地模式热效应分析-典型绿色空间降温效应分析”的研究框架。针对当前城市绿地指标失实、结构失衡、功能失调等现实问题,选择济南市老城区典型片区进行实证研究,重点分析了中层建筑混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、降温面积阈值、形状及植被覆盖度等,总结了具有高降温效能的绿色空间模式,为促进城市健康人居环境发展提供借鉴。

干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度特征及影响因素

为研究干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度(NAIC)特征及影响因素,以呼和浩特市敕勒川公园为对象,于2020—2021年,每个季节选取晴天、晴间多云为主的天气各10 d,同步监测07:00—19:00时段,5种不同结构绿地(乔草型、乔灌型、乔木型、灌草型、乔灌草型)及对照区(CK)空气负离子浓度及PM10、PM2.5、温度、湿度、风速、大气压强、噪声等环境指标。结果表明:不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度季节日变化有所差异;同一季节,复杂结构绿地空气负离子浓度均值较高,不同结构绿地之间空气负离子浓度均值差异不显著;同一结构绿地,夏、秋季空气负离子浓度均值显著高于春、冬季;不同结构绿地空气清洁度夏、秋季较高,空气清洁度评价指数均值分别为0.58~0.78、0.52~0.80。绿地结构、季节对空气负离子浓度影响为主效应,绿地结构×季节对空气负离子浓度交互作用不显著;除此之外,相对湿度、PM10、PM2.5是影响空气负离子浓度的主要因素。

苏南水网地区蓝绿空间格局多情景模拟预测

【目的】模拟预测苏南水网地区蓝绿空间格局多情景发展趋势,探究促进地区可持续发展的情景方案。【方法】以江苏省苏州市吴江南片区为例,设置自然发展、生态保护优先和城镇发展优先等3种情景,借助CA-Markov模型,对2030年蓝绿空间格局变化趋势进行多情景模拟分析,并运用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)和景观连通性评价解读蓝绿空间景观生态结构与生态格局特征。【结果】不同发展情景下蓝绿空间规模与格局变化差异显著。自然发展和城镇发展优先情景下,蓝绿空间面积呈现加速减少趋势,分别减少了3626.37、7145.74 hm^(2)。蓝绿空间核心区、孔隙等形态类型负向变化剧烈,蓝绿空间破碎度增加,连通性降低。生态保护优先情景与自然发展和城镇发展优先情景相比,蓝绿空间面积分别增加了2904.30、6423.67 hm^(2),蓝绿空间核心区等形态类型增幅明显,孔隙率显著降低,蓝绿空间破碎度降低,连通性增强。【结论】自然发展和城镇发展优先情景对水网地区蓝绿空间呈现负向影响趋势,生态保护优先情景在维持蓝绿空间面积与格局稳定,改善蓝绿空间连通性方面效果显著。

基于街区小气候环境冬夏协同优化的城市绿地生态网络精准修复

越来越多城市绿地生态网络建设进入存量更新和结构性优化并存发展的阶段,生态安全优先基础上如何进一步提升城市绿地生态网络的多种生态系统服务功能是当前风景园林实践研究的重要议题。应对全球气候变化、极端天气多发导致的人居环境宜居性下降问题,目前基于气候适应的城市绿地生态网络规划关注促进自然通风以缓解夏季热岛效应,尚忽视了其冬季可能带来的负效应。从气候调节视角切入,探讨城市绿地生态网络在协同冬夏季小气候环境中的低效空间识别与精准修复技术方法。以江苏省昆山市密集城区的189个街区单元为研究对象,通过遥感反演的方法对其冬、夏季小气候环境进行分析,聚类获得7类小气候特征街区。之后,叠加现状绿地生态网络与计算流体力学模拟风环境结果,提取现状适于通风的生态廊道,从宽度、方向、类型等方面分析其潜在通风效能,耦合街区冬夏小气候环境特征,识别研判现状绿地生态网络在冬夏温湿环境调节上存在的低效问题,并提出冬夏协同的精准修复策略,为优化人居环境宜居性、提升城市绿地生态网络生态系统服务综合效能提供技术参考。

疗愈导向下寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间的交互模式研究

校园心理健康工作的重要性日趋提高,寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间是学生课余活动的主要场所,规划建设时需均衡交通功能、活动功能与疗愈功能。疗愈导向下的寒地校园与绿地空间交互模式研究,旨在为学生提升校园环境中缓解压力、舒缓紧张情绪、恢复身心健康的作用,为校园规划提供决策指导和实施思路。以哈尔滨工业大学校园规划为例,通过问卷调查的方法,提取寒地校园暖廊的功能需求、暖廊内外休闲活动空间意向类型、暖廊与绿地的组合方式等,将暖廊与绿地空间作为校园规划的两类体系组织规划,提出通过空间布局、功能复合、植物配置等规划途径,形成疗愈导向下的暖廊与绿地空间网络化布局交互模式、暖廊内外绿化融合交互模式、休闲活动空间交互模式,以期指导寒地校园暖廊与绿地空间规划。

基于改进两步移动搜索法的合肥市中心城区综合公园可达性评价

为提高城市综合公园布局均衡性地定量评估的准确性,以合肥市中心城区为例,提出一种基于改进多出行模式的两步移动搜索法,利用高德地图的路径规划模型,结合双变量局部空间自相关、洛伦兹曲线以及基尼系数等方法,在手机信令数据的基础上对不同时间阈值下的城市综合公园的可达性及供需情况进行分析,进一步揭示中心城区综合公园布局的合理性。结果显示:合肥市中心城区综合公园的可达性空间差异显著,可达性较高区域通常分布在新城区以及综合公园周边地区,并且随着时间阈值的提高,可达性水平的空间分布呈现均衡态势;合肥市中心城区在15 min与30 min时间阈值下均只有近5%的居住网格处于供需匹配状态;近7%的居住网格处于供需显著不匹配状态,主要集中于老城区西部以及滨湖区北部区域,居住区密度与综合公园数量是影响供需匹配的重要原因。研究结果表明,通过利用手机信令数据与高德路径规划数据作为数据源对传统可达性的计算方法以及两步移动搜索模型进行改进,建立微观尺度下城市综合公园的可达性评价框架,能够精确地评估城市综合公园的可达性;通过优化城市交通的通达程度以提高居民综合公园游憩出行的阈值,能够显著促进城市综合公园整体的空间分布合理性。

基于生境及其植被特征的西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计途径

【目的】在地域自然资源的约束及可持续城市绿地建设的现实诉求下,探索能够指导西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态设计实践的方法策略,为该地区建立人工干预下的新城市生态过程提供支持。【方法】分别从中、小尺度对城市生境的异质性特征进行认知,并对其与城市绿地设计层级、内容的匹配性关系进行分析。【结果】构建出中小尺度城市绿地生态设计框架,并针对西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地建设,划分出4种典型城市绿地生态设计类型及其生态设计分区,提出相应的场地生境多样性优化设计、植物群落多样性设计和科普展示系统设计策略。【结论】将中、小尺度城市生境及其植被特征的形成与维持机制转化为城市绿地生态设计途径,可为西北干旱半干旱区城市绿地生态建设提供理论支持和技术指导。

长三角地区城区面积−绿地面积异速增长关系及协调性研究

城区面积与绿地面积发展关系是影响城市新型城镇化质量提高的关键问题。以长三角地区为研究区,利用异速增长模型和耦合协调度模型探讨2000―2020年城区面积与绿地面积的发展关系,分析城区面积−绿地面积异速增长与耦合协调的交互规律及影响因素。研究发现:①长三角城区面积和绿地面积呈现出“一极多核”的空间结构,其结构具有较强的稳定性。时间上,异速增长关系类型沿着绿地扩张弱型−城区绿地基本协调型−绿地扩张弱型演进;空间上,以绿地扩张弱型城市为主,即正异速增长型城市数量占据主导地位。②长三角城区面积与绿地面积的协调度总体呈上升趋势,协调度格局具有较强的稳定性,在空间上呈“东高西低”的分布格局,协调度空间差异呈扩大态势。③长三角城区面积与绿地面积协调度类型的数量结构由“金字塔型”转变为“橄榄型”,正异速增长型城市协调度趋于上升且空间差异较大,负异速增长型城市协调度趋于下降且空间差异较大。④城镇化率、人均GDP和人口密度对耦合协调度影响较强,第三产业比重、固定资产投资率、财政自给率耦合协调度和异速增长均有不同程度影响,各因素对耦合协调度的影响均超过异速增长。

高密度城区居住用地附属绿地对生态连通性影响——以深圳市福田区为例

文章通过识别生态源地、提取居住用地附属绿地,基于最小阻力模型,分析居住用地附属绿地支持与阻隔生物流通情景下的生态网络,探讨居住用地附属绿地对高密度城区生态连通性的影响,提出保护建议。结果表明:1)福田区中部莲花山公园、东部荔枝公园、南部皇岗公园生态连通性受其周围居住用地内连片或连续分布的带状附属绿地影响较大。2)居住用地附属绿地对生态连通性的影响体现在减小廊道阻力,其中对中阻力廊道的影响最大(单位成本距离下降29.2%);使具有重要生态保护价值的区域连片;能缓解在高密度建成区中的狭窄低阻力通道处形成夹点的情况。3)不同居住用地附属绿地连通情景下、不同阻力阈值下生态网络中重复出现的生态夹点被定为是最具有保护价值的一级夹点。根据不同情景下重复出现的生态夹点位置的重要性等级分类,针对性提出支持城市生态连通性的保护措施。建议加强新洲路福民路交汇处等一级夹点4处,优先保护靠近源地且位于源地间拓扑连接上的、规模超过平均规模5920.22 m^(2)的居住用地附属绿地。

供需匹配视角下老工业区绿地游憩服务的分异特征及优化研究--以哈尔滨香坊老工业区为例

伴随着城市化发展而出现的一系列城市生态问题和生态扰动,其根源在于生态系统服务与人类需求间的不平衡。老工业区由于绿地的建设条件、数量规模及空间布局等限制条件,均无法适应当代城市发展。退休职工的聚居也使居民对休闲游憩的需求急剧增加,导致游憩服务供需矛盾进一步凸显。因此,以哈尔滨香坊老工业区为例,构建适配于老工业区绿地游憩服务供需量化及二者匹配分析的方法体系,为生态系统服务供需分析和老工业区绿地评估提供新的思路。首先,对供需分异极端化地块进行分类解析,明确了绿地优化的重点对象,即Ⅴ类和Ⅰ类供需分异区,为老工业区的绿地建设提供时序依据。其次,基于匹配结果,提出针对性优化策略,强调提升边缘闲置空间的供给能力和内部附属绿地的多功能性,以此满足老工业区集中性和日常性的高游憩活动需求,最终实现城市整体的可持续协调发展和老工业区人居环境质量的提升。

基于参与式地理信息系统的城市绿地生态系统文化服务评价——以北京市核心区为例

【目的】目前中国的城市建设发展模式已逐渐转变为注重提升城市文化软实力和城市精神的新模式。北京市核心区作为全国文化中心建设的核心承载区,评价其生态系统文化服务(cultural ecosystem services,CES)有助于促进城市绿地文化功能建设及体系完善,提升居民福祉。【方法】引入参与式地理信息系统(participatory geographic information system,PGIS),对被调查者感知到的文化功能、服务价值进行参与式互动制图,实现北京市核心区生态空间中CES感知点的空间落位,并进行空间分析。【结果】揭示了不同人群对CES的差异化感知、CES感知点的空间分布特征及各类CES之间的空间自相关性。【结论】为北京市核心区及其他区域城市绿地的更新优化提供参考意见,探索以文化为根基的城市创新发展之路。