Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthro...Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.展开更多
针对城镇污水处理厂的温室气体(GHGs)排放,建立实用量化的指标核算与分析方法,并明确优化其产(排)污关联参数与排放因子的取值。以某10万m3/d城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,核算出其2021年实际碳排放强度约0.43 kg CO_(2)/m^(3),碳排放源贡...针对城镇污水处理厂的温室气体(GHGs)排放,建立实用量化的指标核算与分析方法,并明确优化其产(排)污关联参数与排放因子的取值。以某10万m3/d城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,核算出其2021年实际碳排放强度约0.43 kg CO_(2)/m^(3),碳排放源贡献中,电耗因素居首(贡献碳排放权重为35%),而药耗因素在排放总量的权重为23%,因此节能降耗协同,对于减污降碳优化管控尤显重要。基于污水处理厂碳排放的显著性影响因子及其变化,需做好敏感性分析。抓好污水处理厂大功率耗电设备的效能与优化分析调控,调控平衡脱氮与除磷在生化反应单元的竞争矛盾,优选碳源种类、抓好碳源QC/QA、精细内外碳源投量(控制总体△C/N在7~8)及提升其利用效率,助力节约优先与绿色低碳目标。展开更多
全球气候变暖问题越来越受到重视,随着人工湿地广泛应用于水处理,人工湿地温室气体排放也受到关注。采用文献计量学方法,筛选分析了Web of Science(WoS)核心数据库中人工湿地温室气体排放相关文献,聚类统计了其中216篇研究文献关键词,...全球气候变暖问题越来越受到重视,随着人工湿地广泛应用于水处理,人工湿地温室气体排放也受到关注。采用文献计量学方法,筛选分析了Web of Science(WoS)核心数据库中人工湿地温室气体排放相关文献,聚类统计了其中216篇研究文献关键词,总结了主要研究方向及进展。结果表明:1)人工湿地温室气体排放研究相关文献数量于2003年开始逐年增加,文献被引频次同样逐年上升;主要研究热点关键词聚类为四大研究方向,即基质和曝气对温室气体排放的影响、植物对温室气体排放的影响、一氧化二氮(N2O)产生及去除路径、甲烷(CH4)产生及去除路径。2)人工湿地基质种类及配置均会影响人工湿地温室气体排放;而曝气可改变人工湿地内部氧化还原条件导致温室气体排放发生变化;植物能够减少人工湿地温室气体排放总量,且不同植物因通气组织及生物量的差异引起人工湿地温室气体排放差异。3)人工湿地N2O产生于硝化/反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐异化还原成铵等多条路径,但N2O去除路径仅有反硝化;人工湿地CH4产生于有机物厌氧氧化过程,其去除则包括好氧氧化和厌氧氧化2条路径。基于上述综述,提出人工湿地工艺/运行方式优选、内部配置优化、外部条件强化等方面的优化模式,并提出未来需深入研究人工湿地内部N2O及CH4转化机制,优化调控人工湿地温室气体排放,以实现人工湿地减污降碳。展开更多
This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of...This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is展开更多
基金The Key Project for Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS,No.KZCX2-YW-501The Western Talent Project of CAS in2005The National S&T Pillar Program,No.007BAC03A11-05
文摘Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.
文摘针对城镇污水处理厂的温室气体(GHGs)排放,建立实用量化的指标核算与分析方法,并明确优化其产(排)污关联参数与排放因子的取值。以某10万m3/d城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,核算出其2021年实际碳排放强度约0.43 kg CO_(2)/m^(3),碳排放源贡献中,电耗因素居首(贡献碳排放权重为35%),而药耗因素在排放总量的权重为23%,因此节能降耗协同,对于减污降碳优化管控尤显重要。基于污水处理厂碳排放的显著性影响因子及其变化,需做好敏感性分析。抓好污水处理厂大功率耗电设备的效能与优化分析调控,调控平衡脱氮与除磷在生化反应单元的竞争矛盾,优选碳源种类、抓好碳源QC/QA、精细内外碳源投量(控制总体△C/N在7~8)及提升其利用效率,助力节约优先与绿色低碳目标。
文摘全球气候变暖问题越来越受到重视,随着人工湿地广泛应用于水处理,人工湿地温室气体排放也受到关注。采用文献计量学方法,筛选分析了Web of Science(WoS)核心数据库中人工湿地温室气体排放相关文献,聚类统计了其中216篇研究文献关键词,总结了主要研究方向及进展。结果表明:1)人工湿地温室气体排放研究相关文献数量于2003年开始逐年增加,文献被引频次同样逐年上升;主要研究热点关键词聚类为四大研究方向,即基质和曝气对温室气体排放的影响、植物对温室气体排放的影响、一氧化二氮(N2O)产生及去除路径、甲烷(CH4)产生及去除路径。2)人工湿地基质种类及配置均会影响人工湿地温室气体排放;而曝气可改变人工湿地内部氧化还原条件导致温室气体排放发生变化;植物能够减少人工湿地温室气体排放总量,且不同植物因通气组织及生物量的差异引起人工湿地温室气体排放差异。3)人工湿地N2O产生于硝化/反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐异化还原成铵等多条路径,但N2O去除路径仅有反硝化;人工湿地CH4产生于有机物厌氧氧化过程,其去除则包括好氧氧化和厌氧氧化2条路径。基于上述综述,提出人工湿地工艺/运行方式优选、内部配置优化、外部条件强化等方面的优化模式,并提出未来需深入研究人工湿地内部N2O及CH4转化机制,优化调控人工湿地温室气体排放,以实现人工湿地减污降碳。
文摘This study presents a state of the art of several studies dealing with the environmental impact assessment of fuel cell (FC) vehicles and the comparison with their conventional fossil-fuelled counterparts, by means of the Life Cycle As-sessment (LCA) methodology. Results declare that, depending on the systems characteristics, there are numerous envi-ronmental advantages, but also some disadvantages can be expected. In addition, the significance of the manufac-turing process of the FC, more specifically the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) type, in terms of environmental impact is presented. Finally, CIEMAT’s role in HYCHAIN European project, consisting of supporting early adopters for hydrogen FCs in the transport sector, is