This study investigates the projected changes in the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ)under six global warming targets(1.5℃,2.0℃,2.5℃,3.0℃,3.5℃,and 4.0℃)relative to the present climate,using the outputs of CMIP5 mode...This study investigates the projected changes in the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ)under six global warming targets(1.5℃,2.0℃,2.5℃,3.0℃,3.5℃,and 4.0℃)relative to the present climate,using the outputs of CMIP5 models.The results show that the westerly tends to weaken slightly under the 1.5℃warming target.Under the 2.0℃target,it is projected to intensify south of the EAJ’s axis(approximately 40°N)and decay north of the axis.This change becomes increasingly evident under the 2.5℃and higher warming targets,which suggests that the EAJ’s axis will move farther and farther southward,but its intensity will change little with increasing global warming.Further analyses suggest that the change in the EAJ is closely related to the inhomogeneous rising rate of air temperature in the mid–upper troposphere.The relatively slow-rising air temperature in the mid–upper troposphere over the EAJ’s entrance and exit regions will lead to a negative(positive)meridional temperature gradient to the south(north),and will then accelerate(decelerate)the westerly on the EAJ’s south/north side.展开更多
The climate change is globally faced by the entire world and humanity with considerably negative impacts on people who live in undeveloped countries in terms of improvement and fighting poverty and who make production...The climate change is globally faced by the entire world and humanity with considerably negative impacts on people who live in undeveloped countries in terms of improvement and fighting poverty and who make production by using natural resources. The United Nations Development Fund prepared a Human Development Report on “Fighting Climate Change,” indicating that there are almost 2.6 million poor people in the world will bear the brunt of climate change and ecological conditions. In this respect, emphasis must also be put on the need for considering the people whose source of income usually originates from animal production. In this sense, climate change poses an obstacle on success of the work which is conducted to achieve millennium development goals. The observable changes emerging in climate particularly increases in atmosphere temperature in some regions have an impact on biological life in many regions of the world. Animal production has been considerably intensified in order to meet animal protein deficit which is suffered by the increasing population. The impacts of conventional applications aimed at increasing productivity in animal production have been negative and the people’s attention has started to focus on animal production with the global warming concept and Kyoto Protocol. The animal production might create negative effects on many aspects of environment such as air and water pollution, decrease in soil quality and biodiversity, as well as climate change. The aim of this paper to evaluate animal farming impacts on global warming.展开更多
The economy of Swaziland is depended on agriculture. In 2009, it was reported that agriculture, forestry, and manufacturing contributed 42% of Swaziland’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Besides economic importance, an...The economy of Swaziland is depended on agriculture. In 2009, it was reported that agriculture, forestry, and manufacturing contributed 42% of Swaziland’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Besides economic importance, animal agriculture is important for food production and life sustenance. It is also viewed as a symbol of wealth and high social status particularly for the rural folks. Despite the merits of agricultural activities, agricultural production, particularly animal production, has been incriminated for an accelerated emission of greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for global warming and climate change. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of animal agriculture to greenhouse gases production and to elicit adaptation strategies to climate change and the role of modern technologies as mitigating measures. The minor and major greenhouse gases produced by farm animals were computed using the IPCC spread sheet for calculation of greenhouse gases emissions. The minor greenhouse gases produced by farm animals were NOx and CO2 and the major gasses included CH4 and N2O. The greenhouse gas that was emitted the most by farm animals was CH4, 24 Gg or 600 CO2e per annum. Ruminants were the major producers of methane. The producers of the least greenhouse gases emissions were non ruminants. Livestock produced 0.87 Gg of N2O per annum, a global warming potential of 259 CO2e. Feeding ammoniated straw and silage inoculating with transgenic rumen bacteria, animal breeding and manure storage techniques, use of biogas digester with methane gas recovery and emphasis on non ruminant production were possible strategies that could be employed to reduce greenhouse gases production from the livestock sector. It was recommended that feed preservation technologies, selection strategies, water harvesting, storage and recycling strategies and intensive livestock production systems could be used as adaptation strategies to climate change in livestock production.展开更多
Paper describes a proposed development of empirical model of global warming fit on the collective determinants in all countries. Aim is to enable establishment and comparison of the collective effects of global determ...Paper describes a proposed development of empirical model of global warming fit on the collective determinants in all countries. Aim is to enable establishment and comparison of the collective effects of global determinants on global warming in the prescription of the regulations most fit for the collective deployment in each of the determinant countries to enable mitigation of the greenhouse gases build-up caused global warming.展开更多
Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-...Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.展开更多
This review paper focuses on the application of the Granger causality technique to the study of the causes of recent global warming (a case of climatic attribution). A concise but comprehensive review is performed and...This review paper focuses on the application of the Granger causality technique to the study of the causes of recent global warming (a case of climatic attribution). A concise but comprehensive review is performed and particular attention is paid to the direct role of anthropogenic and natural forcings, and to the influence of patterns of natural variability. By analyzing both in-sample and out-of-sample results, clear evidences are obtained (e.g., the major role of greenhousegases radiative forcing in driving temperature, a recent causal decoupling between solar irradiance and temperature itself) together with interesting prospects of further research.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2017YFA0603802]the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDA2006040102]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41675084].
文摘This study investigates the projected changes in the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ)under six global warming targets(1.5℃,2.0℃,2.5℃,3.0℃,3.5℃,and 4.0℃)relative to the present climate,using the outputs of CMIP5 models.The results show that the westerly tends to weaken slightly under the 1.5℃warming target.Under the 2.0℃target,it is projected to intensify south of the EAJ’s axis(approximately 40°N)and decay north of the axis.This change becomes increasingly evident under the 2.5℃and higher warming targets,which suggests that the EAJ’s axis will move farther and farther southward,but its intensity will change little with increasing global warming.Further analyses suggest that the change in the EAJ is closely related to the inhomogeneous rising rate of air temperature in the mid–upper troposphere.The relatively slow-rising air temperature in the mid–upper troposphere over the EAJ’s entrance and exit regions will lead to a negative(positive)meridional temperature gradient to the south(north),and will then accelerate(decelerate)the westerly on the EAJ’s south/north side.
文摘The climate change is globally faced by the entire world and humanity with considerably negative impacts on people who live in undeveloped countries in terms of improvement and fighting poverty and who make production by using natural resources. The United Nations Development Fund prepared a Human Development Report on “Fighting Climate Change,” indicating that there are almost 2.6 million poor people in the world will bear the brunt of climate change and ecological conditions. In this respect, emphasis must also be put on the need for considering the people whose source of income usually originates from animal production. In this sense, climate change poses an obstacle on success of the work which is conducted to achieve millennium development goals. The observable changes emerging in climate particularly increases in atmosphere temperature in some regions have an impact on biological life in many regions of the world. Animal production has been considerably intensified in order to meet animal protein deficit which is suffered by the increasing population. The impacts of conventional applications aimed at increasing productivity in animal production have been negative and the people’s attention has started to focus on animal production with the global warming concept and Kyoto Protocol. The animal production might create negative effects on many aspects of environment such as air and water pollution, decrease in soil quality and biodiversity, as well as climate change. The aim of this paper to evaluate animal farming impacts on global warming.
文摘The economy of Swaziland is depended on agriculture. In 2009, it was reported that agriculture, forestry, and manufacturing contributed 42% of Swaziland’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Besides economic importance, animal agriculture is important for food production and life sustenance. It is also viewed as a symbol of wealth and high social status particularly for the rural folks. Despite the merits of agricultural activities, agricultural production, particularly animal production, has been incriminated for an accelerated emission of greenhouse gases. These gases are responsible for global warming and climate change. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of animal agriculture to greenhouse gases production and to elicit adaptation strategies to climate change and the role of modern technologies as mitigating measures. The minor and major greenhouse gases produced by farm animals were computed using the IPCC spread sheet for calculation of greenhouse gases emissions. The minor greenhouse gases produced by farm animals were NOx and CO2 and the major gasses included CH4 and N2O. The greenhouse gas that was emitted the most by farm animals was CH4, 24 Gg or 600 CO2e per annum. Ruminants were the major producers of methane. The producers of the least greenhouse gases emissions were non ruminants. Livestock produced 0.87 Gg of N2O per annum, a global warming potential of 259 CO2e. Feeding ammoniated straw and silage inoculating with transgenic rumen bacteria, animal breeding and manure storage techniques, use of biogas digester with methane gas recovery and emphasis on non ruminant production were possible strategies that could be employed to reduce greenhouse gases production from the livestock sector. It was recommended that feed preservation technologies, selection strategies, water harvesting, storage and recycling strategies and intensive livestock production systems could be used as adaptation strategies to climate change in livestock production.
文摘Paper describes a proposed development of empirical model of global warming fit on the collective determinants in all countries. Aim is to enable establishment and comparison of the collective effects of global determinants on global warming in the prescription of the regulations most fit for the collective deployment in each of the determinant countries to enable mitigation of the greenhouse gases build-up caused global warming.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2009CB421407)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41175072)
文摘Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.
文摘This review paper focuses on the application of the Granger causality technique to the study of the causes of recent global warming (a case of climatic attribution). A concise but comprehensive review is performed and particular attention is paid to the direct role of anthropogenic and natural forcings, and to the influence of patterns of natural variability. By analyzing both in-sample and out-of-sample results, clear evidences are obtained (e.g., the major role of greenhousegases radiative forcing in driving temperature, a recent causal decoupling between solar irradiance and temperature itself) together with interesting prospects of further research.
