Ecological and geochemical aspects of interlayer water use for potable water supply of urban population:a case study in the Dnieper–Donetsk aquifer system,Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of ecological and geochemical features of interlayer waters of the Dnieper–Donetsk aquifer system in Ukraine,used for the potable water supply of Kyiv.A wide range of methods was used,including Microsoft Excel,Statistica,and Attestat software packages,MapInfo Professional 6.5 and ArcGIS-ArcMap 9.3 programs;the method of mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma(ICP-MS)and GEMS software were performed.Monitoring study results(during 2007–2023)were analyzed for two interlayer aquifers—Cenomanian-Callovian groundwater complex and Bajocian aquifer.It was determined that the normalized value of mineralization increased with a decrease in water intake during 1980–2010,which indicates a relative increase in the content of mineral substances during longterm exploitation.A high negative correlation(Kcor.=-0.54 to-0.86)is also typical for normalized values of oxidizability,total hardness,pH,Ca,Mg,and Cl content.Comparative analysis of two different aquifers revealed that the macrocomponent composition of Bajocian aquifer remains stable,once for Cenomanian-Callovian groundwater complex,there is a tendency to decrease hydrogen carbonates and increase chlorides and sulfates,whereas the cation composition remains relatively stable.A significant increase(by 55%)of the total mineralization in the representative well located on the right bank of the Dnieper River was found.There is also a significant increase(by more than 5 times)in the iron content,which the authors associate with the unsatisfactory technical condition of the well casing pipes.Physico-chemical modeling of trace elements,performed for investigated aquifers,shows that both aquifers are characterized by the predominant migration of the following metals in the cationic form(aqua-ions):Ca,Mg,Na,Ba,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Sr,Zn.It was found that the predominant migration forms of metals in the studied interlayer waters are free uncomplexed ions,carbonate,and hydroxo complexes.

Linking Groundwater Quality and Quantity： An Assessment of Satellite-Based Groundwater Storage Anomalies from GRACE against Ground Measurements of Contaminants in California

Groundwater comprises a large portion of irrigation for California＇s agriculture, and sustains a wide diversity of ecosystems as well as consumptive use, but pumping is occurring faster than replenishment. At the same time, contaminants from fertilizers and pesticides are infiltrating into the groundwater, becoming increasingly concentrated as water is extracted. It compared space-based observations of groundwater anomalies from California＇s San Joaquin Valley using the GRACE （gravity recovery and climate experiment） against measurements of 42 organic and inorganic chemicals from 41,667 wells in the valley from 2003 to 2010. It compared Arsenic, Boron, Cadmium, Chloride, Selenium, Trichloroethylene, and TDS （total dissolved solid） concentrations with the groundwater storage anomaly from 2003 to 2010. The results show strong correlations for groundwater depletion against increasing chloride （r2= 0.78, p 〈 0.05） and boron （r2 = 0.88, p 〈 0.05）. This indicates increasing contaminant concentrations while groundwater was depleting over the last eight years. Solubilization by complexation with Cl, CO3 and/or organic chelates may account for the increasing concentration of some heavy metals when groundwater depletion occurs. These results are the first to link space-based groundwater mass change with groundwater contaminant concentration change.

Different Approaches on the Investigation of Ground Water

In this paper we discuss ways to obtain information about the quality of ground water and their availability. We classify the different approaches in two categories： geophysical methods, e.g., electroresistivity sounding, seismic survey, gravimetry, MT （magnetotelluric） method, and geochemical methods. The former ones are able to provide information on the geological structure,meaning depth, range, amount of water and possible connections among different exploration areas or regions at risk due to contamination. On the other hand, the last ones provide information about the quality of water and the possible of use for agriculture, industry or human consumption. As a case study we aim at the Guarani Aquifer, more specifically at its recharge zone on the southern rim.

Data Dependent Modeling of New Contamination Cases from Urban Historic Groundwater Records

Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth＇s surface in the soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. As one of the most important natural resources, groundwater is associated with the environment, public health, welfare, and long-term economic growth, which affects the daily activities of human beings. In modern urban areas, the primary contaminants of groundwater are artificial products, such as gasoline and diesel. To protect this important water resource, a series of efforts have been exerted, including enforcement and remedial actions. Each year, the TGPC （Texas Groundwater Protection Committee） in US publishes a ＂Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report＂ to describe historic and new contamination cases in each county, which is an important data source for the design of prevention strategies. In this paper, a DDM （data dependent modeling） approach is proposed to predict county-level NCC （new contamination cases）. A case study with contamination information from Harris County in Texas was conducted to illustrate the modeling and prediction process with promising results. The one-step prediction error is 1.5%, while the two-step error is 12.1%. The established model can be used at the county-level, state-level, and even at the country-level. Besides, the prediction results could be a reference during decision-making processes.

Contribution to the Ground Water Hydrology of the Quaternary Aquifer in West Ismailia Area, Egypt

Hydrologic conditions of the ground water of the Quaternary aquifer in west Ismailia area, Egypt, were characterized based on new hydrologic data collected in 2017. The Quaternary aquifer consists of alluvial deposits. The grain size distribution results indicate that the major part of the aquifer deposits is formed of medium to coarse grained sand with medium uniformity coefficients ranging between 2.5 and 10. They also reflect the heterogeneity, anisotropy and high productivity of the aquifer. The estimated aquifer parameters range from 29% to 41% for total porosity, from 18.71 m/day to 63.95 m/day for horizontal hydraulic conductivity, from 8.94 m/day to 61.6 m/day for vertical hydraulic conductivity, from 1.01 to 4.27 for anisotropy and from 1870 m2/day to 6549 m2/day for transmissivity. The ground water flows mainly from the north and northeast recharge sources (Ismailia and El Manaief canals) and from the south recharge area (Miocene aquifer), with an average hydraulic gradient of 0.00438. The recharge rate to the aquifer (from the southern area) and the Darcy’s velocity of ground water are estimated to be 447 × 106 m3/year and 0.203 m/day (on average), respectively. A great change in the hydrologic setting of the aquifer is occurred during the period of 1992-2017, where the groundwater flow has changed during that period. The aquifer contains fresh to saline water. An oxidizing (alkaline) environment is reported for the aquifer, as revealed from the relationship between the redox potential (185 - 836 mV) and pH (5.2 - 7.5 standard units). This indicated the capability of ground water to dissolve heavy metals associated to rock-forming minerals. A wide variation in the concentrations of total dissolved solids (320 - 7385 mg/l) and dissolved oxygen (2.13 - 8.4 mg/l) in the Quaternary aquifer is observed, reflecting the local variation of the environmental and geologic conditions and indicating the influence of different recharge sources.

甘肃省白银市四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区土壤重金属现状及生态风险评价

[研究目的]甘肃省白银地区矿业发达,矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重,掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。[研究方法]以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇一北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)污染进行了分析和评价。[研究结果]单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染,单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁,8.63%为二等轻微污染,0.72%为三等轻度污染,1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数PAs显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁,5.04%为二等轻微污染,0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数Pz介于0.339~2.869,均值为0.603;Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁,7.91%为轻微污染,5.04%为轻度污染,1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主;Cd潜在生态风险最大,10.07%属于中潜在风险,5.04%属于较高潜在风险,1.44%属于很高潜在风险;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致,即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主,应加强监测。[结论]以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究,结果显示北岸灌淤土区(B区)污染最为严重,与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高,水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显,进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主,而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁,但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年,随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施,土壤污染有所缓解,但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移,对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。

某深埋输水隧洞放射性环境地质调查与评价

为探究某深埋输水隧洞穿越地层的放射性环境质量,采用原位测试和样品分析等手段,研究隧洞施工期的不利因素。结果表明:隧洞地表沿线的放射性元素含量在背景值变化范围内,未发现放射性异常现象。隧洞穿越的7个钻孔内γ总量和地温测井的结果表明:孔内核素放射性水平较低,基本处于豁免水平,但地温存在异常区域,施工期务必引起重视。钻孔目的层的岩心放射性核素活度浓度低,属于豁免范围内,孔内地下水放射性水平低,满足Ⅲ类地下水要求。辐射防护的计算结果显示,隧洞段地表沿线γ有效剂量当量为0.15 mSv/年,符合国家要求。隧洞段内照射指数和等效镭浓度符合约束值,ZK16钻孔的目的层外照射指数略高于标准值。因此,地下隧洞在施工期需着重关注洞内放射性水平,在辐射异常地段加强岩石采样与分析工作,以保证施工安全。

城市水体斑块对热岛效应的缓解能力——以沈阳市为例

水体对环境具有调节作用,在城市生态系统中,水体通过冷却周围地表从而有效缓解热岛效应。采用Landsat影像分析了2000—2020年沈阳市辖区的城市热岛效应的演变情况,利用常规的水体斑块构建缓冲区并进行分析,通过冷却范围、冷却幅度和冷却梯度3个指标量化水体斑块对城市热岛效应的缓解能力,利用水体斑块的面积、形状指数和周围建成区占比定量分析了影响水体斑块缓解能力的因素。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年沈阳市城市热岛分布由中心城区向郊区扩展,热岛面积增加约40%;(2)水体斑块能有效降低周边建成区地表温度的平均距离为0.27 km,相邻建成区平均降温2.26℃,每距离水体边界1 km的建成区平均地表温度的降幅为8.28℃;(3)水体斑块的面积增加对冷却范围和冷却幅度有着极强的增强作用,水体斑块形状指数的增加也会增强冷却作用,而水体周边建成区占比的增加则会抑制水体斑块的冷却范围与冷却幅度,水体斑块的冷却梯度仅与周边建成区占比之间呈极显著的负相关,而与水体斑块的面积、形状指数无明显关联。

江苏省风险管控和修复名录地块污染特征分析及对策建议

根据《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》,建立并公开《江苏省建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录》(以下简称“名录”)。对2020—2022中江苏省纳入名录的116个污染地块开展系统性分析,结果表明:纳入名录的污染地块数量和面积与地区经济发展水平有关,南京、无锡、常州和苏州排名前列;土水复合污染地块占53%,其中64%的地块地下水最大污染深度大于同一地块土壤最大污染深度;共统计到167种污染物,重金属、石油烃和多环芳烃最为常见,约50%的污染物不在我国现行建设用地土壤及地下水污染评价标准中;已完成修复并移出名录的31个地块中,17%的污染土壤和25%的污染地下水采用原位修复技术。提出了完善土壤环境质量标准体系,探索土水协同治理修复模式,推进土壤污染绿色低碳修复等针对性的对策建议,为促进土壤、地下水环境管理和污染防治行业科学发展提供参考依据。

重金属污染土壤与地下水修复工程环境监测

随着“绿色发展”理念的提出,环境保护日益成为人们关注的焦点。我国进入21世纪后,工业化进程不断加快,但在高速发展过程中,土壤、地下水中的重金属污染,与“绿色发展”理念相悖。在这种情况下,国家需要尽快开展水土保持项目建设。要确保整治工作的顺利开展,必须建立健全的环境监控系统,并选择合适的监控方法。针对这一问题,本文以我国典型土壤与地下水为研究对象,研究不同区域重金属污染的防治策略,以期为环境保护与管理提供理论基础与技术支持。

河南某垃圾填埋场地下水环境污染调查预测研究

为了解决河南某垃圾填埋场地下水环境污染问题,本文针对某垃圾综合处理场的地下水环境进行了全面调查与分析。作为河南省内规模较大的垃圾填埋场之一,其对周边地下水环境的影响具有重要的研究意义。综合运用了现场采样、实验室分析、风险评估模型和预测技术,深入探讨了填埋场运营以来的对地下水质量的影响,识别了主要污染物,评估了当前污染状况,最终预测了未来的污染趋势,确保可以为垃圾填埋场污染防治策略制定和未来的环境规划提供了重要参考。

基于解析法的某废润滑油仓储项目地下水环境影响评价

地下水环境影响评价是环境影响评价工作中一个重要的专题工作。通过资料收集、水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、现场水文地质试验、水样采集与测试、水位水质监测井建设等工作,获取研究区水文地质条件、水文地质参数、含水岩组特征、地下水水质情况。假定在非正常工况下,利用解析法模型,模拟渗漏污染物在地下水中的运移规律,预测污染物在地下水环境中的污染程度,在一定时间序列的扩散影响范围以及迁移趋势。结果表明:生活污水发生渗漏时,地下水中污染物氨氮、COD的浓度均超标。发生渗漏500 d后,地下水中污染物氨氮的浓度才显示未超标,发生渗漏1000 d后,地下水中污染物COD的浓度才显示未超标;生产废水发生渗漏时,地下水中污染物石油类、COD的浓度均有超标。发生渗漏1000 d后,地下水中污染物COD的浓度才显示未超标,发生渗漏10000 d后,地下水中污染物石油类才显示未超标。

化工项目场地环评中土壤和地下水调查分析

土壤和地下水是重要的自然资源。近年来,对自然环境保护的重视程度较高,土壤和地下水也受到更多的关注。相关部门应重视化工项目对当地土壤和地下水情况的影响,通过场地调查和环境影响评价的方式完成对相关影响的综合考虑和分析,并提升相关调查、检测的针对性,按照检测结果完成对后续工作计划的调整。本文就化工项目场地调查与环评中土壤和地下水调查方面工作的具体落实情况进行分析,以期提升土壤和地下水调查结果的真实性、准确性,为调查工作提供有力的数据资料支持。

大连市乡镇生活垃圾填埋场地下水质量评价与污染物识别

通过对大连市乡镇生活垃圾填埋场周边地下水中22项指标进行检测分析,采用标准指数法、评分法等对地下水质量状况进行评价,采用累计污染负荷比法对地下水污染物进行识别,并给出相关管控建议。结果表明:地下水中耗氧量、总硬度、溶解性总固体等7项污染物有超标现象,超标率在15.4%~38.5%之间;区域综合评分值为4.34,总体水质较差;影响水质的污染物主要有总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、耗氧量、氨氮、硝酸盐等。

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

庞庄煤矿煤矸石淋溶液对周边水体影响分析

为研究庞庄煤矿张小楼煤矸石堆场淋溶液对其场地和周边地表水、地下水水质影响情况,围绕煤矸石堆场及周边采集13组水样做分析比对。结果表明,煤矸石堆场淋溶液对周边地表水体形成普遍污染,且污染物浓度随着污染距离增加逐步降低,一般化学污染指标主要包括溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、铁、锰、氨氮等,毒理学污染指标包括亚硝酸盐、氟化物、砷,超标倍率约为0.02~5.36。受距离及成井深度等因素影响,地下水体未遭受淋溶液明显的污染和影响。

Environmental Isotopes and Cl/Br Ratios Evidences for Delineating Arsenic Mobilization in Aquifer System of the Jianghan Plain,Central China

Environment isotopes(δ18O andδ2H)and Cl/Br ratios in surface water and groundwater are combined to investigate arsenic mobilization in aquifer system of the Jianghan Plain.The groundwater has relatively high arsenic concentrations,ranging from 3.6 to 1055.3μg/L with an average of 102.2μg/L,which exceeds China’s drinking water standard(10μg/L).The arsenic content of surface water samples is quite low with the range of 6.0–14.3μg/L,averaging 9.5μg/L.δ18O andδ2H values for surface water and groundwater samples plot close to the local meteoric water line(LMWL),reflecting their meteoric origin;a subset of the samples(shallow wells,10 m)shows a shift to LMWL,commensurate with mixing with surface water and evaporation.The correlations betweenδ18O values and Cl concentration and Cl/Br ratios as well as arsenic concentration demonstrated that surface water and groundwater interactions,including active exchange between river/pond water and groundwater and vertical infiltration from agricultural and aquacultural soils,were dominated processes affecting arsenic mobilization in shallow groundwater system and lateral recharge was the main process controlling arsenic behavior in deep groundwater system.The results of this study will be beneficial to understanding the causes of arsenic mobilization in Jianghan groundwaters at different depths.

安康水生态旅游游客亲环境行为影响因素研究

文章选取安康水生态旅游地进行游客亲环境行为影响因素研究,利用扎根理论对游客的游览评价进行分析并构建水生态旅游游客亲环境行为影响因素模型。研究发现,安康水生态旅游的亲环境行为表现出强烈的责任意识与使命意识,其影响因素主要包括感知刺激、情感体验和地方认同。其中,对汉水精神与汉水价值的认同是游客自愿形成亲环境行为的重要内在驱动力。在此基础上,提出了促进安康水生态旅游亲环境行为的对策建议。

某违法排污点的环境污染损害评估研究

生态环境损害鉴定评估工作是生态文明体制改革的重要组成部分,但目前我国生态环境损害鉴定评估工作尚处于起步阶段,部分领域参考案例较少,本文以某制毒窝点违法排污为例,分析污染物类型,围绕该事件对土壤和地下水环境造成的污染进行了损害鉴定评估,为今后类似事件的生态环境损害鉴定评估工作提供参考案例。

黄河水质地球化学

在对1958--2000年期间黄河水系100个站点水质监测资料进行统计分析的基础上，研究了黄河主要离子的地球化学。结果表明，黄河流域各区河水总溶解性固体（TDS）含量的差异达2～3个数量级，TDS的总平均值为452mg／L，是全球河流均值的4倍。Na^＋、K^＋、SO4^2-和Cl^-的含量是世界河流均值的10-20倍。相比之下，河水TDS含量的季节差异却不大，远不及与此呈反比关系的流量的季节差异。黄河洪水期的水量通常是枯水期的4～5倍，但枯水期河水的TDS通常只是洪水期的2倍，完全不同于世界其他大河。黄河的离子化学主要受沉积岩（尤其是富含碳酸盐矿物的黄土）化学风化作用和在干旱气候影响下水中溶解盐的蒸发浓缩和结晶作用的控制。近半个世纪来黄河河道径流量有显著减少的趋势，这与新修建的众多水库的蓄水有关，与此相适应，近半个世纪来黄河水质表现出明显的盐渍化过程，这一过程主要由含盐量高的农田灌溉回水所引起。