The Challenges Posed by Autonomous Weapon Systems to Human Rights and Humanitarian Concerns and Relevant Legal Responses

By 2050,autonomous weapon systems may potentially replace humans as the main force on the battlefield,as per predictions.The development of autonomous weapon systems poses risks to human rights and humanitarian concerns and raises questions about how international law should regulate new technologies.From the perspectives of international human rights law and international humanitarian law,autonomous weapon systems present serious challenges in terms of invasiveness,indiscriminate killing,cruelty,and loss of control,which impact human rights and humanitarian principles.Against the backdrop of increased attention to the protection of human rights in China,it is necessary to clarify the existing regulatory framework and fundamental stance regarding autonomous weapon systems and proactively consider and propose countermeasures to address the risks associated with such systems.This will help prevent human rights and humanitarian violations and advance the timely resolution of this issue,which affects the future and destiny of humanity,ultimately achieving the noble goal of universal enjoyment of human rights.

Weapons system portfolio selection based on the contribution rate evaluation of system of systems

The weapons system portfolio selection problem arises at the equipment demonstration stage and deals with the military application requirements.Further,the contribution rate of the system is one of the important indicators to evaluate the role of a system,which can facilitate the weapons system portfolio selection.Therefore,combining the system contribution rate with system portfolio selection is the focus of this study.It also focuses on calculating the contribution rates of multiple equipment systems with various types of capabilities.The contribution rate is measured by establishing a hierarchical multi-criteria value model from three dimensions.Based on the value model,the feasible portfolios are developed under certain cost constraints and the optimal weapons system portfolios are obtained by using the classification optimization selection strategy.Finally,an illustrative example is presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed model.

Visualization analysis of the capability of weapon system of systems for multi-dimensional indicators

In the field of weapon system of systems (WSOS) simulation, various indicators are widely used to describe the capability of WSOS, but it is always difficult to describe the comprehensive capability of WSOS quickly and intuitively by visualization of multi-dimensional indicators. A method of machine learning and visualization is proposed, which can display and analyze the capabilities of different WSOS in a two-dimensional plane. The analysis and comparison of the comprehensive capability of different components of WSOS is realized by the method, which consists of six parts: multiple simulations, key indicators mining, three spatial distance calculation, fusion project calculation, calculation of individual capability density, and calculation of multiple capability ranges overlay. Binding a simulation experiment, the collaborative analysis of six indicators and 100 possible kinds of red WSOS are achieved. The experimental results show that this method can effectively improve the quality and speed of capabilities analysis, reveal a large number of potential information, and provide a visual support for the qualitative and quantitative analysis model.

Resilience approach for heterogeneous distributed networked unmanned weapon systems

Disconnection in the distributed heterogeneous networked unmanned weapon systems is caused by multiple weapon units＇ failure. The technical routes were analyzed to achieve resilience in the disconnection situation. A heterogeneous distributed network model of networked unmanned weapon systems was established. And an approach of adding relay weapon units was proposed to a- chieve fault tolerance after weapon units＇ failure due to attack or energy exhaustion. An improved ge- netic algorithm was proposed to determine and optimize the position of the relay weapon units. Simulation results in the MATLAB show that the improved resilience-based genetic algorithm can restore the network connection maximally when the number of relay units is limited, the network can keep on working after failure, and the implementation cost is controlled in a reasonable range.

Test of Generating Function and Estimation of Equivalent Radius in Some Weapon Systems and Its Stochastic Simulation

We discuss three-dimensional uniform distribution and its property in a sphere;give a method of assessing the tactical and technical indices of cartridge ejection uniformity in some type of weapon systems. Meanwhile we obtain the test of generating function and the estimation of equivalent radius. The uniformity of distribution is tested and verified with ω2 test method on the basis of stochastic simulation example.

Weapons equipment portfolios selection based on equipment system contribution rates

Equipment selection is an essential work in the research and development planning of equipment.The scientific and rational development of weapons equipment portfolios is of considerable significance to the optimization of equipment architecture design,the adequate resources allocation,and the joint combat performance.From the system view,this paper proposes a method of weapons equipment portfolios selection(WEPS)based on the contribution rate of weapon systems,providing a new idea for weapon equipment portfolio selection.Firstly,we analyze the WEPS problem and the concept of the contribution rate under the systems background.Secondly,we propose a combat network modeling method for weapon equipment systems based on the function chain.Thirdly,we propose a WEPS method based on the contribution rate,fully considering the correlation relationships between potential weapons and the old weapon systems by the combat network model,under the limitation of capability demands and budget resources,with the objective to maximally increasing the combat ability of weapon systems.Finally,we make a case study with a specific WEPS problem where the whole calculation processes and results are analyzed and exhibited to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method model.

Response surface method using grey relational analysis for decision making in weapon system selection

A proper weapon system is very important for a na- tional defense system. Generally, it means selecting the optimal weapon system among many alternatives, which is a multiple- attribute decision making （MADM） problem. This paper proposes a new mathematical model based on the response surface method （RSM） and the grey relational analysis （GRA）. RSM is used to obtain the experimental points and analyze the factors that have a significant impact on the selection results. GRA is used to an- alyze the trend relationship between alternatives and reference series. And then an RSM model is obtained, which can be used to calculate all alternatives and obtain ranking results. A real world application is introduced to illustrate the utilization of the model for the weapon selection problem. The results show that this model can be used to help decision-makers to make a quick comparison of alternatives and select a proper weapon system from multiple alternatives, which is an effective and adaptable method for solving the weapon system selection problem.

Adaptive Signal Conditioning Technology in Fighter Weapon System Test

In order to realize the real-time and precise test for a weapon system of a certain type of fighter,a signal classification method according to attributes is proposed,common input channels for multiple signals are configured optimally,and a test adapter and an adaptive signal conditioning module is designed. The hardware of conditioning module can be configured flexibly and the programmable test range can be adjusted owing to programmable multiplexer. An FPGA adaptive filter is designed by the calculated filter coefficient vectors with LMS method to solve the problem of parallel test of fighter weapon system in electromagnetic interference environment. The adaptive signal conditioning technology is characterized by high efficiency,precision and integration. Its application makes the test system successful to conduct real-time and parallel test for a weapon system,which is developed based on VXI bus and virtual-instrument technology.

Research on Top-layer Planning and Overall Design Project Decision of Weapon System Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

Based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP) theory,a vital important problem for top-layer planning and overall design of modern self-propelled gun-howitzer system,namely overall project decision-making,was analyzed.A hierarchy model was built to solve the complex and uncertain problem,and a decision-making index system was established.Then,the weights in all layers of the model were determined by simulating experts.Finally,according to the calculated results of the elements in each layer,the weights of the alternatives to the overall goal were calculated to conduct the hierarchy total decision.A decision example shows that the overall project of a self-propelled gun-howitzer A is much better than that of another self-propelled gun-howitzer B,digitalized in comprehensive efficiency,operability,system accuracy and economy,but inferior to it in the information capability,and there exists relatively larger gap between them in the information sharing index.

Analysis of Design Approach for Navy Weapon System Operation Environment

This study is a preparation phase for visualization of utilized information using ergonomic user interface and standardization of elements for anti-air weapon system. Therefore, we investigated the instances of Navy Weapon System operation environment for defense advanced country. Based on the collected data, we compared and analyzed the weapon system operation environment design. Ultimately, it is essential to share a variety of battle field conditions such as enemy threat, enemy/friendly information, terrain information that can be effectively recognized. In this paper, we conduct case study for ergonomically development of Operation Environment. It is expected that this research improves the situational awareness and reduces the operator’s task load.

火炮武器系统软件研究现状及发展分析

结合火炮武器系统软件产品要求,分析了火炮武器系统软件在当前信息化、无人化战争形态演变下,软件技术、计算机技术、通信技术、网络技术和人工智能技术等的快速发展和装备软件承制单位能力评价给装备软件带来的历史机遇和挑战。为进一步改进关键复杂火炮武器系统软件开发模式、解决型号软件现有设计模式无法适应需求快速变化的矛盾、改变软件开发能力不足的现状,提出了在火炮武器系统软件研制过程改进中的一些建议,以期对火炮武器系统软件开发具有借鉴意义。

美国定向能机动近程防空计划进展分析

美国定向能机动近程防空(directed energy maneuver-short range air defense,DE M-SHORAD)计划通过击伤、摧毁或压制旋转翼无人机、固定翼无人机以及火箭弹、火炮炮弹、迫击炮弹(rockets,artillery and mortar,RAM)等威胁目标,为机动部队提供伴随防空,对抗新兴威胁,属于美国陆军防空反导现代化的优先项目之一。首先介绍了DE M-SHORAD研制计划;其次详细分析了系统结构,并由系统参数评估了系统的作战性能;最后梳理了系统的研制进展。通过综合分析可知,DE M-SHORAD系统采用最佳组件,通过快速原型方法实现激光武器系统在装甲车上的集成;为降低技术风险,该计划在发展方式上分为两个阶段,首先集成、测试2 kW~5 kW机动实验型高能激光器(mobile experimental high-energy laser,MEHEL),然后再研制50 kW级的多任务高能激光器(multi-mission high-energy laser,MMHEL)。经计算可得:MEHEL和MMHEL对无人机的最大射程分别约为0.77 km、4.8 km。

基于概率神经网络的潜舰武器系统故障诊断

针对传统故障诊断方法检测某型潜舰导弹武器系统故障准确率不高、耗时长的问题,提出基于概率神经网络的智能诊断方法。介绍该网络的典型结构及优势所在,以某型潜舰导弹武器系统为验证对象,选取合适特征向量、归纳合理故障类型、建立相应神经网络,并运用Matlab仿真验证。结果表明在现有数据库中,概率神经网络对该系统的故障诊断正确率为77.8%。这表明基于概率神经网络的故障诊断基本能够区分该系统故障类型,大大减少了部队故障诊断时间和人力投入。

装备体系可靠性概念、建模与预计方法研究

武器装备体系执行任务复杂多样,其可靠性直接影响装备战备完好性与效能。传统可靠性建模与预计方法未充分考虑装备体系组成系统之间的资源共享与信息融合特征,难以满足现代化装备体系化和集群化需求。因此,分析给出装备体系可靠性相关概念,并提出了一种基于广义有效OODA(observation,orientation,decision,action)环的装备体系可靠性建模与预计方法。首先,对装备系统与体系可靠性相关概念进行辨析,分析装备体系可靠性、维修性、测试性、保障性和安全性概念内涵。其次,考虑装备体系节点异质性与连边有向性,建立资源与信息共享条件下的装备体系OODA网络模型。然后,考虑装备体系节点与通信链路的随机、蓄意攻击失效和重构策略,提出基于广义OODA环的装备体系可靠性建模与预计方法。最后,以100个无人机组成的无人装备体系为对象验证所提方法的有效性与实用性,进而提升其作战效能。

基于MBSE的潜艇鱼雷武器系统设计

潜艇鱼雷武器系统作为大型复杂系统,其运行场景繁多,逻辑功能和接口关系复杂。传统基于文本的设计方法存在诸多弊端,例如文档报告繁多相互独立,研制项目之间难以快速实现型号迭代等。为提升潜艇鱼雷武器系统的正向设计能力,通过对潜艇武器系统设计现有的业务流程的研究,将基于模型的系统工程(MBSE)方法与传统潜艇鱼雷武器系统设计方法相融合,提出了一种基于MBSE的潜艇鱼雷武器系统设计方法。在此基础上对潜艇鱼雷武器系统从黑盒到白盒进行逐层分析拆解,并利用Magicdraw开发平台,以图形化的SysML建模语言构建对应的需求模型、功能模型和架构模型,形成了完整潜艇鱼雷武器系统的设计方案。论文提出的方法能够有效支撑潜艇鱼雷武器系统设计,实现从设计需求到设计实现的完整性。

基于Delphi-AHP的轻武器训练安全风险因素分析

轻武器是军队数量最多、使用频率最高,也是训练中出现安全事故较多的一类装备。为解决轻武器训练安全风险因素缺乏量化分析的问题,采用“Delphi构建指标-AHP确定权重-事故分析对比验证”的方法,首次构建了轻武器训练安全评价指标体系,系统分析风险因素。结果表明:基于Delphi-AHP确定的指标权重与事故分析结果较为一致,研究方法科学合理;轻武器训练风险性高、影响因素多,需重点考虑人员和管理因素,关注受训者技能水平、受训者安全意识、组织指挥、风险评估及隐患排查等因素,组训时需考虑不同种类轻武器风险因素差异。

工业控制系统网络安全防护体系建设研究

工业控制系统是国家关键基础信息系统,其安全性已提升到国家战略层面。随着工业化与信息化的深度融合,智能制造技术将打破传统的人机物协同边界,工业控制系统将直接面对来自网络的安全威胁。结合工业控制系统遭遇的网络病毒攻击事件,对照《信息安全技术网络安全等级保护基本要求》的通用要求,对工业控制系统的特性和面临的网络安全威胁进行了研究。提出了构建从通信网络、区域边界到计算环境的多层级、多层次安全防护,对网络监测运营平台和安全管理中心进行系统监控与管理的纵深防护体系。初步建成的工业控制系统网络安全防护体系经过网络安全等级保护测评与实践验证,可有效应对多种新型网络攻击、防止恶意软件的破坏、阻止恶意报文的传输,从而保护工业控制系统的安全运行。同时,工业控制系统遭遇网络病毒攻击后的应对措施及经验,对实战防御研究及防护体系的建设完善具有借鉴和指导意义。

自行加榴炮系统反应时间优化研究

武器系统反应时间是反映武器装备自动化水平和火力反应能力的重要战技指标。针对某大口径自行加榴炮系统反应时间过长、作战效率较低、无法适应现代战场需求的问题,推导了操瞄解算模型,按照操瞄解算模型自动调炮,研究了操瞄调炮与弹药装填机构动作的特点和时长,设计分步并行的方法,优化了调炮动作与装填动作的联动过程,并进行试验对比分析。试验结果表明,相较于传统方法,优化后的方法使得该型自行加榴炮的平均系统反应时间减少了7.02 s,系统反应速度提高了32.3%,使之可以快速、高效地完成规定的战术动作,明显提升其战场生存能力和作战效率。

遥控武器站伺服系统的模糊LQR控制方法

针对遥控武器站伺服控制系统中存在负载力矩变化大、跟踪精度要求高等特点,提出一种模糊LQR控制策略,运用于武器站转速控制,以解决PI控制器存在快速性和稳态精度之间的矛盾,以及鲁棒性较差的问题。基于永磁同步电机转速跟踪模型设计了LQR控制器;针对LQR控制器权重系数固定、调参困难,且电机在不同转速和负载条件下运行时参数适应性较差的问题,提出了一种基于转速跟踪误差的LQR权重系数模糊调整策略,并以此设计模糊LQR控制器。通过仿真与实物试验,验证了控制器的控制性能。结果表明,设计的模糊LQR控制器在不同转速下均具有较高的跟踪精度与稳定性,同时对负载扰动和系统参数摄动具有较强的鲁棒性。

基于FPGA的弹箭多种通讯总线故障注入和自动诊断系统的设计与实现

在弹箭研制过程中需要对弹箭制导控制部件进行故障注入,模拟弹上总线通讯故障,进行研究性测试;对总线通讯质量进行测试验证,提出一种面向弹箭的多种类型总线故障注入和自动诊断系统;故障注入板卡为制导控制部件提供多种类型总线信号的物理层的断路故障注入、短路故障注入、串行阻抗故障注入、并行阻抗故障注入;设计了基于FPGA的体系架构,构建了测试系统;论述了故障注入、诊断系统的工作原理、系统体架构和硬件设计、并阐述了故障注入、故障诊断方法实现;试验表明该诊断系统通过故障注入,能够模拟物理线路中的一些故障,对系统的稳定性和鲁棒性进行检测;对弹箭联试测试过程中的总线通讯自动全面评价,并给出定量测试分析结果的诊断报告。