Flavonoid extracts from chrysanthemum with appropriate anthocyanins turn blue when exposed to iron ions

Although some species that accumulate only cyanidin(Cy)in nature can produce blue flowers through iron ions,there has been no evidence of blue chrysanthemums being generated in this manner.This study revealed that flavonoid extracts from the ray florets of the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Wandai Fengguang’turned blue when exposed to Fe^(3+).Samples that could turn blue were labeled as CB(Cy-determined blue flowers),while samples that did not turn blue were labeled as CN(Cy-determined non-blue flowers).After a series of experiments,a stable screening system was established using flavonoid extracts containing NaAc buffer at pH 5.5 and a total anthocyanin concentration(TAC)of 30 μmol·L^(-1),and the addition of Fe^(3+)from 0 to 0.25 μmol·L^(-1)allowed for the selection of five CB samples from 39 chrysanthemum cultivars.All five CB samples exhibited flower color phenotypes that belonged to Cluster-I with redness(a*)values ranging from 29.03 to 45.99,yellowness(b*)values from-11.31 to 3.77,and brightness(L*)values from 29.07 to 45.99.Additionally,the ratio of TAC to total luteolin concentration(TLC)was found to be a critical factor for distinguishing between CB and CN samples.To realize the desired blue hue in the flavonoid extracts with the participation of Fe^(3+),a TAC to TLC ratio of 2.25 and above is required.Moreover,the protoplasts and ray florets of CB samples that turned blue with the involvement of Fe^(2+)showed great potential for cultivating blue chrysanthemums through ferric-anthocyanin chelate.Overall,this study reveals that blue flowers can be cultivated through the increase in the iron ion concentration,combined with the accumulation of Cy.

CmMYB3-like negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and flower color formation during the post-flowering stage in Chrysanthemum morifolium

Color fading caused by a decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage significantly affects postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.However,the underlying mechanism by which anthocyanin accumulation decreases during the post-flowering stage still unclear,which greatly restricts design of molecular breeding in chrysanthemum.Here,a chrysanthemum SG7 R2R3 MYB transcription factor(TF),CmMYB3-like,was identified to have a function in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis during the post-flowering stage.Quantitative real time PCR(qRT-PCR)assays showed that the expression of CmMYB3-like was gradually downregulated when anthocyanin content increased during the flowering stage and was significantly upregulated during the post-flowering stage.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum and dual-luciferase assays in N.benthamiana leaves showed that CmMYB3-like suppressed anthocyanin accumulation by inhibiting the transcription of CmCHS and CmANS directly and that of CmF3H indirectly.However,overexpression or suppression of CmMYB3-like did not affect the biosynthesis of flavones or flavonols.Genetic transformation of chrysanthemum revealed that the overexpression of CmMYB3-like inhibited anthocyanin accumulation,but its suppression prevented the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation during the post-flowering stage.Our results revealed a crucial role of CmMYB3-like in regulating the color of petals during the post-flowering stage and provided a target gene for molecular design breeding to improve the postharvest quality of chrysanthemum.

FAST BREEDING OF GROUND-COVER CHRYSANTHEMUM

The experiment of tissue culture of ground-cover chrysanthemum with the tip of shoots as the explant was made. On MS medium, with adding BA 3.0 mg/ L and NAA 0.01mg / L, the adventitious buds had the best multip1ication result. The best result for taking roots was obtained on 1 / 2 MS medium with adding NAA 0.1 mg / L. It had good result and a high survival rate for transplanting the young test-tube plants into soil whcn they were 3-4 cm high,with 5-7 rootlets (0.5- 1.0 cm in length). 30% of edible powdered sugar was uscd to replace sucrose in order to lower thc cost and the same results were obtained.

Comparison of Cold Tolerance in Three Ground-cover Chrysanthemum Cultivars during Wintering in the Open Field

[Objectives]Among many chrysanthemum types,the ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivar group has the characteristics of dwarf plant,long flowering period,rich color and strong resistance to stress.This study aimed to screen out cultivars with strong cold tolerance in order that they can be used for planting in urban green space and economic forests in northern cold areas,so as to enrich the plant community structures of landscape in cold regions.[Methods]Three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars,i.e.,‘Meiaihuang’,‘Xinhong’and‘Zixunzhang’,were selected as the experimental materials.During the wintering period in the field in Beijing,they were observed and measured for the changes of the morphological manifestations and the physiological indices,and the relationship between the indices and low temperature was analyzed.The cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars was also comprehensively evaluated.[Results]During the open-field overwintering period,the root activity of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars increased slowly with cooling,decreased at the freezing low temperature,and then increased again in early spring.With natural cooling,the membrane injury percentages(MIPs)of the leaves and foot shoots increased significantly,and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)increased;the contents of soluble sugar(SS)and proline(Pro)gradually accumulated,and the contents of SS and Pro in foot shoots increased significantly in late winter;and the superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity showed a similar trend of rising slowly at first and then increasing significantly.There were correlations between MIPs in the leaves and foot shoots of the three cultivars and other physiological indices:a significant negative correlation with MDA content,and a significant positive correlation with SS content,Pro content and SOD activity.[Conclusions]Combining the morphological manifestations and physiological indices,the cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars was evaluated by the subordinate function method.The results showed that the cold tolerance of the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars ranked as‘Meiaihuang’>‘Xinhong’>‘Zixunzhang’.The strong cold tolerance of foot shoots and roots was the main reason that the three ground-cover chrysanthemum cultivars could overwinter in the open field.

Interaction between MAPKs and MKPs in hexaploid chrysanthemum illuminates functional paralogue diversification in polyploids

Mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs,also known as MPKs)regulate diverse cellular and physiological functions,and dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases(MKPs)modulate MAPK signalling through MAPK dephosphorylation and inactivation.Due to lacking of overall understanding for the regulatory networks between Chrysanthemum morifolium MKPs(CmMKPs)and C.morifolium MAPKs(CmMPKs),we systematically studied the interactions between four groups of CmMPKs and eight identified CmMKPs in chrysanthemum and found that the interaction between the specific CmMKP and the specific CmMPK differed from those in other plants.Furthermore,the expression of CmMKP1 and CmMKP1-LIKE1showed opposite trends during the development of chrysanthemum flower buds under salt treatment and Alternaria alternata inoculation,but these genes could interact with the same CmMPKs,providing insight into the subfunctionalization of paralogues.Amino acid variations(M87V,T277P and V6L)in dual-specificity protein phosphatases(DsPTP1)-LIKE1/2/3 changed the interactions of these proteins with the four CmMPK groups in chrysanthemum,providing evidence for the de/neofunctionalization of paralogues in polyploids,suggesting that we can identify the key functional sites of proteins by studying polyploid paralogues.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Chrysanthemum morifolium and the Development of Chrysanthemum Rice Wine

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.

Comparative Non Participating Transcriptome Analysis Response to Low Phosphorus by CmPht1;2 in Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat is one of the four major cut flowers in the world.Pht1 family is focus on the uptake and transport of phosphate in plants.In our previous studies,CmPht1;2 overexpression line(Oe1)had higher phosphate contents both in roots and shoots,and its root development was significantly enhanced than wild type(WT)at low phosphorus conditions in chrysanthemum.Metabolomics analysis showed that several metabolites had a change in pyruvate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle pathway.To explore the gene difference expression and the change of metabolic pathway between CmPht1;2-Oe1 and WT,we conducted the transcriptome analysis.A total of 617,681 and 207,271 unigenes were obtained from roots and shoots,respectively.They were classified into biological process,cellular component and molecular function by Gene Ontology(GO).In addition,450 different expression genes(DEGs)were found in the roots after 2 d treatment,and 1,787 DEGs were identified in shoots after 7 d treatment under LP condition between Oe1 and WT.From the top 20 pathways of DEGs assigned by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG),TCA cycle and pyruvate metabolism pathways mostly affected by overexpression of CmPht1;2 attracted our attention.This research will be helpful for elucidating the mechanism of effects by CmPht1;2 overexpression on growth,development and stress tolerance.

B Class Floral Homeotic Genes are Involved in the Petal Identity and Flower Meristem Determinations in Chrysanthemum morifolium

Chrysanthemum morifolium,an ornamental crop with diverse forms of inflorescence,is a good model for studying flower development in Asteraceae.However,the genetic background is complex and the mechanisms of regulating flower development are still unclear.Here,we identified two natural mutant lines of chrysanthemum and named them M1 and M2 according to the severity of the phenotype.Both lines showed defects in petal identity,and the petals of the M1 line had a mild phenotype:partially loss of petal identity and conversion of petals into green,leaf-like organs.The M2 line had severe phenotypes:in addition to severe petal defects,secondary inflorescences were produced in the capitulum to replace the normal ray and disc florets,which indicated a transformation of a flower meristem into an inflorescence meristem.Transcriptome sequencing of WT and M2 inflorescences was performed and found altered expression of floral organ development A,B and E class genes,where B and E class genes were significantly down-regulated.qRT-PCR analysis in both M1 and M2 lines revealed that the expression of three chrysanthemum class B genes CmAP3.1,CmAP3.2 and CmPI,was negatively correlated with phenotypic severity.This suggests that class B genes in chrysanthemum not only have conserved functions in determining petal identity but also were involved in the determinacy of the flower meristem.This study provides insights into the functions of class B genes in flower development,and is informative for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of flower development in chrysanthemum.

A network pharmacology-based investigation of the mechanism of action of chrysanthemum in treating dry eye

Background:Dry eye is a chronic inflammatory disease of the ocular surface that is caused by multiple factors,characterized by pain,visual disturbance,and ocular damage.It is a common ophthalmic disease worldwide and a hot research field for scholars both domestically and internationally.This article employs network pharmacology methods to analyze the mechanism of Chrysanthemum in treating dry eye,which is a promising approach.Methods:The TCMSP(http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php)was used to screen for candidate active ingredient molecules of chrysanthemum with oral bioavailability≥30%and drug similarity to chrysanthemum≥0.18 as parameters.The active ingredients of chrysanthemum were searched using the“Related Targets”column in the TCMSP,followed by target prediction.Subsequently,Cytoscape 3.6.0 was employed to construct a compound-target network for chrysanthemum.The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and DisGeNET databases were used to identify pathogenic genes associated with dry eye.Furthermore,the STRING database was used to construct an interaction network and bar graph of intersecting target proteins in chrysanthemum to analyze protein interactions and core targets.To obtain key targets of active ingredients of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye,active ingredients targets of chrysanthemum and dry eye targets were intersected using Venny.Finally,a drug-active ingredient-key target-disease network was constructed.Gene Ontology functional annotation of key targets was performed using the WEBGESTALT database,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment was performed using the REACTOM database.Results:Eighty active ingredients of chrysanthemum corresponding to targets were obtained.Among active ingredients,508 predicted targets were identified,along with 4180 genes associated with dry eye and 45 key targets of chrysanthemum for treating dry eye.The functions of key targets primarily include regulation of gene expression,oxidative stress,immune response,apoptosis,proliferation,regulation of cellular inflammation-related factors,and angiogenesis.The primary pathways associated with key targets include interleukin signaling,metabolism,cytokine signaling in the immune system,immune system,and signal transduction.Conclusion:Chrysanthemum facilitates regulation through multiple molecules,targets,and pathways for treating dry eye,primarily inhibiting inflammation-related factors and pathways,thereby reducing inflammation of lacrimal gland tissue and improving dry eye.

不同直插型基质对3种盆栽菊花生长的影响以及综合评价

为提高盆栽菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)扦插繁殖的成活率,提高菊花生产效率,以既有扦插基质又有营养基质的直插型基质代替传统栽培基质,设置了12种不同扦插基质,配合前期筛选的营养基质,扦插培养3种盆栽菊花‘辉煌’‘波尔多红’‘黄芙蓉’。测量其生长、生理以及光合指标,并利用主成分分析和隶属函数对不同直插型基质的盆栽菊花生长效果进行综合评价。结果表明:扦插基质为Z1(河沙)、Z2(珍珠岩)、Z3(蛭石)时,3个盆栽菊花品种的株高、茎粗、冠幅及花期等生长指标更具优势。‘辉煌’‘波尔多红’‘黄芙蓉’在Z2处理中的综合评价指数最高,分别为0.999、0.940、1.000,说明其育苗效果最好,可作为最佳直插型基质,其次为Z1、Z3处理。而扦插基质中,椰糠、稻壳和泥炭体积占比较大时,并不利于盆栽菊花的生长。

神农香菊R2R3-MYB转录因子CiMYB4在镉胁迫中的功能分析

为探究CiMYB4在镉胁迫下的功能,以课题组已获得的过表达CiMYB4烟草(CiMYB4-S)、野菊(CiMYB4-OE)和抑制表达野菊(CiMYB4-Ri)为材料,在镉胁迫条件下分别测定其生长相关指标、抗氧化酶活性、光合指标、地上部及根系的镉含量,并对耐镉相关基因PCS1、GSH1、ABCC1、HMA3的表达模式进行分析。研究结果表明:镉处理后,CiMYB4-S和CiMYB4-OE株系的根长、茎粗、株高和叶长、叶宽显著大于野生型对照(WT)株系,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增强,叶片的光合能力和叶绿素含量显著增加,具有更强的镉富集和转运能力。同时,耐镉相关基因PCS1、GSH1、HMA3的表达水平显著提高;而CiMYB4-Ri株系的株高、地上部干重显著小于WT株系,MDA含量显著增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性显著降低,叶片的光合能力和叶绿素含量显著降低,镉富集和转运能力减弱。同时,耐镉相关基因PCS1、GSH1、HMA3的表达水平显著降低。上述结果表明CiMYB4能提高烟草和野菊对镉的耐受性。

基于主成分及聚类分析的药用菊花品种产量与品质综合评价

为防止品种混杂,筛选药用或茶用菊花的专用品种,以不同产地来源的8个药用菊花品种16个样品为试材,采用超高效液相色谱法和比色法测定不同产地药用菊花的品质成分含量;并基于主成分分析和聚类分析,对不同产地药用菊花品种产量与品质进行综合评价。结果表明,不同产地药用菊花品种单株花头数变异系数(39.03%)最大,是构成药用菊花单株花头干重的主要因素(r=0.800),以枣庄红心菊单株花头数(496.50)最多、单株花头干重最高;绿原酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸和总黄酮等药效成分在不同来源的样本中差异显著(P<0.05),上述三种成分在滁州产滁菊中相对含量较高,分别为3.75%、8.07%、16.08%,这与其品质成分综合评价结果一致,说明滁州滁菊药效较优。13个性状指标的主成分分析提取出药效因子、高产因子、总黄酮因子和花径因子4个主成分,其累计贡献率为84.34%;综合评价得分排在前3位的依次为枣庄引种的红心菊、早小洋菊、滁菊。结合聚类分析结果,判定在原产地,滁州滁菊适于药用;在枣庄引种地,红心菊为优选的高产品种,早小洋菊为综合品质优良的品种。通过建立药用菊花品种产量和品质的综合评价体系,可为我国药茶两用菊花新品种的引种筛选和药食同源利用提供理论依据。

比德与格物的内在张力——宋代菊审美论

宋代菊审美的核心成就是进入中国古代花卉审美的精致化阶段:菊花培育与欣赏的品类空前丰富;形成一套关于菊花审美特性和价值的描述、评估系统。宋人的菊审美围绕菊花的色、香与形展开,并以色为轴心。其赏菊聚焦于菊花的内在生物特性——秋花凌霜。宋人以菊花为典范,提炼出一个完善的花卉审美判断系统:关于是否具有审美价值的基础判断、纵向拓展的关于特定对象审美价值高低的量的层次判断、横向展开的关于特定对象特性的风格判断,以及关于何为最高花卉之美的审美理想判断。宋代菊审美特色由两种要素构成:一曰由“格物”所标识,以菊花内外生物特性为核心的认知型客观路径,二曰由“比德”所标识,用人文价值附会和濡染菊花而赏之的主观路径。此二者构成宋代菊审美的基本框架,且存在巨大的内在张力。前者乃宋代菊审美之暂时性景观,后者为古代赏菊之主流审美传统。立足当代环境美学理念,前者属于尊重所欣赏对象特性,客观对待对象,因而是恰当的自然审美方式,后者则属于背离对象物性,对自然对象进行人化的不恰当自然审美方式。

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定菊花中29种农药残留量的不确定度评价

为建立菊花中29种农药残留的气相色谱-串联质谱测定方法及不确定度评价,采用气相色谱-串联质谱内标法测定菊花中29种农药残留的含量,并依据测量不确定度的相关评定标准与表示,通过建立数学模型,对检测过程中产生的不确定度进行分析与评价,包括标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合、供试品测定3大方面.结果表明:菊花中29种农药质量浓度在0.002~0.1 mg/L内线性关系良好,回归方程决定系数R2为0.997 36~0.999 82,定量限0.002 03~1.18 963 mg/L,检出限0.000 64~0.356 89 mg/L,添加回收实验中测定平均回收率为69.85%~93.26%,29种农药测量数值为0.04、0.06、0.1 mg/kg时,得到扩展不确定度为0.004 787~0.058 935 mg/kg.测量结果不确定度显示标准工作液的配制和标准曲线拟合是本实验测定方法不确定度的主要影响因素,该实验结果可以为测定菊花中农药残留量的方法及不确定度评价提供参考.

基于深度主动学习与CBAM的细粒度菊花表型识别

针对菊花种类繁多,花型差别细微,准确标注比较困难的问题,基于深度主动学习与混合注意力机制模块(Convolutional block attention module,CBAM),提出了一种标号数据不足情况下的菊花表型智能识别方法和框架。首先,通过主动学习策略基于最优标号和次优标号法(Best vs second-best,BvSB)在未标记菊花样本中选取信息量较大的样本进行标记,并将标记后的样本放入训练样本中;其次,使用深度卷积神经网络ResNet50作为本文的主干网络训练标记样本,引入混合注意力机制模块CBAM,使模型能够更为准确地提取细粒度图像中的高层语义信息;最后,用更新后的训练样本继续训练分类模型,直到模型达到迭代次数后停止。实验结果表明,该方法在少量菊花标记样本下,精确率、召回率和F1值分别达到93.66%、93.15%和93.41%。本文方法可为标号数据不足情况下的菊花等花卉智能化识别提供技术支撑。

基于结构表征和热力学分析的2种菊花粉水分吸附特性研究

为探讨干制菊花吸湿特性与其结构、水分活度(A_(w))、贮藏温度的关系,本文以2种菊花粉末(小黄菊和贡菊王)为对象,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线电子能谱(XPS)对其结构特征进行分析,结果显示菊花粉末表面粗糙,含有大量凹陷和孔洞;与小黄菊相比,贡菊王粉末粒径较小且表面含有更多的亲水基团,如-OH,O-C-O等。采用静态称量法在20、30和40℃和A_(w)=0.112~0.976下研究了2种菊花粉末的水分吸附行为,并通过模型拟合和热力学分析阐明了物料的水分吸附机制。菊花粉末的平衡干基含水率(X_(e))随水分活度(A_(w))增加而升高,但在同一A_(w)下,温度越高X_(e)值越低。Peleg模型是描述水分吸附等温线的最佳模型。热力学分析表明,净等量吸附热(qst)随平衡干基含水率升高而降低,其中小黄菊和贡菊王粉末的qst值分别于X_(e)>0.14 g/g和X_(e)>0.24 g/g时趋于恒定。小黄菊在20、30和40℃下的单分子层干基含水率(X_(m))分别为0.0690、0.0525、0.0505 g/g(干基),而贡菊王为0.0645、0.0591和0.0584 g/g(干基)。有效孔径(rp)随温度和水分含量增加而增大,其中当X_(e)>0.09 g/g(干基)时小黄菊粉末呈现介孔特性,而贡菊王粉末则当X_(e)>0.11 g/g(干基)时内部孔隙才由微孔转变成介孔。研究结果可为菊花的干燥工艺优化与贮藏条件选择提供参考。

俄色菊花复合饮料配方研究及香气成分分析

以俄色茶叶及菊花为主料研制俄色菊花茶复合饮料,基于单因素试验,以感官评分为评价指标,通过正交试验确定俄色菊花茶复合饮料的最佳配方。经顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱法(Headspace solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析复合饮料香气成分。结果表明,影响复合饮料感官品质的因素排序为俄色茶与菊花茶汤体积比(A)>白砂糖添加量(B)>苹果酸添加量(D)>D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量(C);俄色菊花茶复合饮料的最佳配方为俄色茶与菊花茶汤体积比4∶1,白砂糖添加量8%,D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量0.30%,苹果酸添加量0.03%;复合饮料含有42种挥发性化合物,其中酯类和酸类物质种类及含量最多,为复合饮料的主要增香物质。

亳州菊花生长与土壤肥力的关系

采用点对点调查取样法在安徽省亳州市菊花种植区采集了116个代表性样点的植株与土壤样品,通过主成分分析法,从19项土壤理化指标中筛选出8个指标:有机质、电导率、速效氮、有效磷、有效钙、有效硫、有效铁、有效铜,构建了最小数据集(MDS),并依据MDS各指标与菊花各生长指标的相关系数确定了土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),利用MDS和IFI探讨了各土壤肥力因子与菊花生长和产量的关系。结果表明:研究区菊花种植土壤总体呈弱碱性,保肥性好,盐度较低,有机质偏低,大中量养分基本充足,但微量养分相对缺乏。土壤综合肥力适中(70.69%的样点IFI分级为中等),而微量养分是土壤综合肥力提升的主要限制因子。总体来看,IFI较高的土壤更有利于菊花生长发育和高产,菊花偏好养分供应量充足、保肥性较好的中性土壤,随施肥带来的过量的硫可能对菊花生长和产量不利。

施氮水平对不同切花菊品种生长及氮素累积和分配的影响

[目的]针对当前菊花生产中氮肥使用过量、氮效率低下和不同氮素营养特性菊花品种氮素吸收及分配规律不明等问题,本文研究不同施氮水平对不同切花菊生长、氮效率及氮素累积和分配的影响,以明确不同切花菊品种对氮素吸收利用特性,为切花菊的高效生产提供理论依据。[方法]以9个不同家系的切花菊品种为材料,测定了高氮(每株800 mg)、正常氮(每株400 mg)和低氮水平(每株50 mg)下,9个切花菊品种全生育期生长指标、氮效率指标和各部位氮素累积量。[结果]9个切花菊品种的株高、茎粗、叶干重、茎干重、根干重、总根长、一级分枝数、着花数等生长指标和根氮累积量、叶氮累积量、植株氮累积量等氮累积量指标均随氮水平的增加而增加,氮效率指标随氮水平的增加而降低;正常氮水平下,9个菊花品种的花干重、冠幅、花径和花氮累积量最高,花期最早。不同氮水平下,‘南农丽黄’在茎粗、各部位生物量、平均根直径、根体积、冠幅、花径、氮吸收效率、农艺氮效率、植株氮累积量和花氮累积量指标上显著高于其他品种(P<0.05);‘南农雪峰’和‘南农紫峰’的株高、茎粗、各部位生物量、冠幅、花径、氮吸收效率、农艺氮效率和植株氮累积量较其他品种低。苗期和生殖生长期间,9个菊花品种植株中叶氮累积量最高,茎次之,根最低;盛花期时,植株中叶和茎氮累积量比例显著下降,花器官的氮累积量显著高于其他器官。不同氮水平下,9个菊花品种的植株氮累积量与花干重、冠幅、花径、一级分枝数、着花数、花期呈显著正相关(0.39≤r≤0.83),花氮累积量与花干重、花期呈显著正相关(0.53≤r≤0.89)。[结论]高氮水平促进了菊花的营养生长,抑制了菊花的氮效率和品质形成,菊花的全生育期生长规律和氮素累积分配规律一致,植株氮累积量和花氮累积量对菊花开花品质的形成具关键作用。

功能性菊花资源分类及产品开发研究进展

功能性菊花是产业融合性能优异的特色经济作物,市场发展潜力巨大。本文对常见的36种功能性菊花进行了资源分类和特性解析,提出了功能菊花在观赏、茶用、药用以及食用方面的用途,从特色加工产品、景观应用产品及旅游服务产品三个方面探讨了功能性菊花的产品开发策略,以期为功能性菊花的产业化发展提供参考。