Obituary: Professor Colin Groves(1942–2017)

It is with deep regret and sorrow that Zoological Research （ZR） notes the passing of Professor Colin Peter Groves, 75, on November 30, 2017. Professor Groves was a Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. He was a passionate researcher with wide interests, including human evolution, primates, mammalian taxonomy, skeletal analysis, biological anthropology, ethnobiolocly, and biogeography.

含有主从零售商的供应链Groves批发价格契约

研究了含有一个制造商、一个主导零售商和多个从属零售商的供应链协调问题,分析了供应链集中式决策时的最优零售价格和服务水平。然后利用Groves批发价格契约来协调供应链,得出了Groves批发价格契约下制造商的最优决策、主导零售商和从属零售商的利润,并给出了制造商给予主导零售商的最优批发价格。最后通过一个算例进行分析和验证。

Mountain of Green Tea Groves in Yi'ong

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Diversity,population structure and regeneration status of arboreal species in the four sacred groves of Kushalnagar,Karnataka

Assessment of tree species diversity, structure and regeneration status of four sacred groves of Kushalnagar,southern Karnataka was carried out. The random quadrat method was employed in each grove for enumeration of tree diversity and regeneration status. A total of 98 tree species belonging to 38 families were found from the sampled areas.These groves possess higher diversity and basal area. Some67 % of species have shown regeneration, while 17 % of species had no regeneration. Another 15 % of species were reappearing or immigrating. It is observed that increased disturbance was directly proportional to number of reappearing or immigrating species and inversely proportional to the diversity in all the sacred groves. Significant impact on diversity, species richness and regeneration status of the flora due to manifold anthropogenic activities have been recorded.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Sacred Groves and Conservation of Biodiversity in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve of India

The sacred groves in the Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (PBR) of India were studied to understand the concept of traditional ecological and biodiversity conservation systems. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the selected villages of the PBR along with the survey of sacred groves. In 10 selected villages of the PBR 7 sacred groves were managed by Mawasi and 16 sacred groves by Gond tribal communities. Different deities were worshipped in the sacred groves and each grove was named after the deity dwelling in the respective sacred grove. A total of 19 such deities were recorded during the survey worshipped by the local people. In study area, various traditional customs associated with sacred groves were in practice. The sacred groves were rich in plant genetic diversity and were composed of many ethnobotanically useful species, including wild edible fruits, medicinal plants, fodder, fuelwood and timber yielding species. Given the importance of conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem attempts should be made to maintain the sanctity of sacred groves.

Biodiversity and ecological assessments of Indian sacred groves

Sacred groves are patches of forests preserved for their spiri- tual and religious significance. The practice gained relevance with the spread of agriculture that caused large-scale deforestation affecting bio- diversity and watersheds. Sacred groves may lose their prominence nowadays, but are still relevant in Indian rural landscapes inhabited by traditional communities. The recent rise of interest in this tradition encouraged scientific study that despite its pan-Indian distribution, focused on India＇s northeast, Western Ghats and east coast either for their global/regional importance or unique ecosystems. Most studies focused on flora, mainly angiosperms, and the faunal studies concentrated on vertebrates while lower life fomas were grossly neglected. Studies on ecosystem functioning are few although observations are available. Most studies attributed watershed protection values to sacred groves but hardly highlighted hydrological process or water yield in comparison with other land use types. The grove studies require diversification from a stereo- typed path and must move towards creating credible scientific foundations for conservation. Documentation should continue in unexplored areas but more work is needed on basic ecological functions and ecosystem dynamics to strengthen planning for scientifically sound sacred grove management.

价格敏感性突变下零售商竞争时供应链的协调应对策略

针对含有两个竞争零售商的供应链遭受价格敏感性突变时的应对策略进行研究,基于Stackelberg博弈构建了零售商竞争时的供应链应急模型。研究结果表明,当价格敏感性变化不是很大时,仅通过调整产品的零售价格以及横向调配零售商的供货量,就能实现供应链的最优应对;当价格敏感性变化较大时,则需要同时调整生产计划。同时,设计了Groves批发价契约实现分权供应链的协调应对,数值算例显示应急策略是有效的,而且供应商作为协调者有动力采取该应急策略。此外,当生产成本可变时,产品的替代性是不容忽视的因素,尤其是在价格敏感性降低时,对于扩大市场份额具有重要作用。

外部性理论与生态补偿

生态补偿即促进生态环境保护的经济手段和机制。生态补偿的核心理念是外部效应的内部化。正是由于外部性的存在,导致行为主体的非社会理性行为产生,即个体的非理性行为导致了对生态环境的破坏,主要表现为:对于具有负的消费者外部性的生态服务的过度消费和对于具有正的生产者外部性的生态服务的供给不足。提出了通过建立适当的激励机制,一方面来抑制行为主体对生态服务的过度消费,另一方面来揭示个人的偏好,确定受益人及受益量,从而解决最优供给的问题。

南极Grove山自然保护区信息系统的设计与实现

位于东南极Grove山地区的天然地质和独特地貌有助于解决许多重大的科学问题。为了保护该地区特殊的科学价值、美学价值和荒野价值,中国提出了建立南极Grove山自然保护区的设想,如何有效管理该地区的信息资源,为保护区的设立和管理提供决策支持成了一个急需解决的问题。本文介绍了南极自然保护区的研究现状,分析了南极Grove山自然保护信息系统数据特点,以及功能和性能需求,设计了双重模式(C/S模式和B/S模式)三层体系框架(数据层、应用层和表现层)的南极Grove山自然保护区信息系统,在此基础上,采用组件式GIS和Web GIS技术实现了原型系统,从而为Grove山空间数据和专题数据的有效管理,以及自然保护区的决策支持管理,提供了保护区信息交流与共享的平台。

基于光学立体和InSAR的Grove山地区DEM建立和分析

本文分别利用光学立体和In SAR技术生成了东南极Grove山地区15 m分辨率的ASTER DEM和20 m分辨率的In SAR DEM。在利用ASTER立体像对生成DEM的过程中引入ICESat测高数据作为高程控制以减少错误匹配,提高DEM垂直精度;而在利用ERS tandem数据生成DEM后,选取ICESat测高数据对In SAR DEM进行倾斜面纠正,以消除基线不精确估计等带来的影响。通过与未作控制的ICESat测高数据进行比较,评价了两种DEM的精度并对误差进行了分析。同时,比较了两种DEM的差异,并分析了造成这些差异的原因,探讨了两种技术生成南极冰盖DEM的优势和不足。最后结合两DEM的优势,融合生成了Grove山地区高精度的DEM。

求最优装载的量子算法

随着Grover量子搜索算法的不断发展,它的实际应用价值也在逐渐体现。通过介绍量子并行计算和量子算法的基本思想以及对改进的Grover搜索算法进行研究的基础上,分析给出了一个时间复杂度为O()的求解最优装载问题的量子算法。对于最优装载问题,分别用经典计算机上的贪心算法和量子算法来求解,得出了这两种算法的时间复杂度,从而可以看出量子算法相对于经典算法具有更快的搜索速度。

The role of graveyards in species conservation and beta diversity:a vegetation appraisal of sacred habitats from Bannu,Pakistan

Graveyards or sacred groves are often places of natural vegetation protected by spiritual believers because of their sacred beliefs and indigenous culture.A study of graveyards was conducted to determine their role in species conservation,community formation,and associated indicators and species composition using multivariate statistical approaches.It was hypothesized that variations in the age of graveyards would give rise to diverse plant communities under the impact of various edaphic and climatic factors.Quantitative ecological techniques were applied to determine various phytosociological attributes.All the data were put in MS Excel for analysis in PCORD and CANOCO softwares for cluster analysis(CA),two-way cluster analysis(TWCA),indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.CA and TWCA through Sorenson distance measurements identified five major graveyard plant communities:(1)FicusBougainvillea-Chenopodium;(2)Acacia-Datura-Convolvulus;(3)Ziziphus-Vitex-Abutilon;(4)Acacia-Lantana-Salsola;and(5)Melia-Rhazya-Peganum.Species such as Capparis decidua,Herniaria hirsuta,Salvadora oliedes and Populus euphratica were only present inside graveyards rather than outside and advocate the role of graveyards in species conservation.The impact of different environmental and climatic variables plus the age of the graveyards were also assessed for comparison of plant communities and their respective indicator species.The results indicate that higher chlorine concentration,age of graveyards,low soil electrical conductivity,lower anthropogenic activities,higher nitrogen,calcium and magnesium concentrations in the soil,and sandy soils were the strong environmental variables playing a significant role in the formation of graveyard plant communities,their associated indicators and species distribution patterns.These results could further be utilized to evaluate the role of edaphic and climatic factors,indicator species and conservation management practices at a greater scale.

Grove在O/R Mapping中的应用

本文论述了O/R Mapping的运行机制和在.NET应用程序开发中应用Grove工具如何实现O/R Mapping映射框架。

Grove在学生学籍管理系统中的应用

Grove是一个基于.NET的O/R Mapping框架,通过O/R Mapping框架可以实现对象和关系数据库之间的映射,这种映射可以屏蔽应用系统应用异类数据源问题。本文简述了Grove ORM包含的内容,同时应用Grove工具实现了学生学籍管理系统中的O/R Mapping映射框架。

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runoff from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.

Progress of Antarctic meteorite survey and research in China

More than 50000 meteorite samples have been collected in Antarctica since 1969, making meteorite surveys a very important aspect of Antarctic expeditions. The Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition has collected more than 12000 meteorites in the Grove Mountains region, where has been confirmed as one of the richest meteorite concentration sites in Antarctica. China, therefore, possesses one of the world’s largest Antarctic meteorite collections and has made substantial contributions to this field of research. We summarize here the Chinese meteorite survey efforts in the Grove Mountains, as well as discuss progress of the classification and investigation of Grove Mountains meteorites. Outlooks are also proposed for the future of Antarctic meteorite work.

Meteorite classification for building the Chinese Antarctic Meteorite Depository Introduction of the classification of 500 Grove Mountains meteorites

Meteorites provide an important window into the origins and evolution of the solar system. Since the first four meteorites were recovered in Grove Mountains, Antarctica, in 1998, a further total of 12665 meteorites have been collected over seven polar seasons in the Grove Mountains. All of these meteorites are owned and managed by the Chinese Antarctic Meteorite Depository （CAMD） at the Polar Research Institute of China （PRIC）. In recent years, another 500 Antarctic meteorites have been classified and characterized based on mineralogy and petrology. In this work we examine four samples that have been identified as terrestrial, and a further 496 samples that have been confirmed as meteorites. These meteorites are further divided into different types：488 ordinary chondrites, one eucrite, one ureilite, one CM2 carbonaceous chondrite, one EH4 enstatite chondrite, one mesosiderite and three iron meteorites. The classification of meteorites not only provides an abundance of fundamental scientific data, but is also significant for introducing meteorites and related scientific knowledge to the publics particularly via the website of Chinese Resource-sharing Platform of Polar Samples for scientific research and education.

Shock metamorphism of ordinary chondrites from Grove Mountains,Antarctica

Shock effects of 93 Grove Mountains （GRV） ordinary chondrites were studied in this work, including fracture, various types of extinction, and recrystallization of silicates observed under optical microscopy. Shock-induced veins and pockets show various microtextures, decomposition and phase transformation of minerals. The confirmed high-pressure polymorphs of silicates are ringwoodite, majorite, pyroxene glass and maskelynite. Based on the shock effects and assemblages of high-pressure minerals, shock stages of all of 93 GRV ehondrites were classified. In comparison with literature, the Grove Mountains meteorites have a higher fraction （23 out of 93 ） of heavily shocked samples （S4--S5）. Most of the heavily shocked meteorites are L group （22 out of 23）, except for one H chondrite. The distinct shock metamorphism between H and. L groups may indicate different surface properties of their parent bodies. In addition, there is relationship between petrologic types and shock stages, with most heavily shocked samples observed in equilibrated ordinary chondrites （ especially Type 5 and 6）.

Response of silicate chemical composition variation on thermal metamorphism of ordinary chondrites and classification of petrologic types:the case of L chondrites from Grove Mountains,Antarctica

Analysis of the thermal metamorphism of the ordinary chondrites is a key premise for gaining insights into the accretion and heating of rocky bodies in the early solar system.Such an analysis also represents an essential condition for constraining the early thermal and evolutionary histories of asteroids and terrestrial planets.Classifying ordinary chondrites into petrologic type(type 3–6)is the criterion for studying the thermal metamorphism of their parent bodies.However,the boundary between the unequilibrated(type 3)and equilibrated(type 4–6)chondrites is ambiguous at present,thus,limiting the understanding of their thermal metamorphism.In this study,the petrology,mineralogy and chemical composition of a set of seven ordinary chondrites with different degrees of thermal metamorphism collected from Grove Mountains(Antarctica)have been studied.The results demonstrated that these chondrite samples were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6 type meteorites,with optimal correlations of Si,Mg,Fe,Mn and Ca with equilibrium degree of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene and petrologic type.In this respect,the multi-parameter classification standard PMD(SiO2)-PMD(MgO)-PMD(MnO)-PMD(CaO)based on the percent mean deviation(PMD)of the chemical compositions of the olivine and low-calcium pyroxene was proposed to distinguish between the unequilibrated and equilibrated meteorites.The proposed standard exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification,thus,also deepening the understanding of the effect of the silicate mineral composition in the thermal metamorphism of chondrites.Highlights The chemical groups and petrologic types of the selected seven Antarctic chondrites were L3.7,L3.8,L3.9,L3.9/4,L4,L5 and L6.A new method for petrologic type classification is proposed to distinguish the unequilibrated and equilibrated chondrites.The above developed multi-parameter system exhibited high“resolution”in terms of classification.