The Catcher In the Rye is the only one long novel of American writer J.D.Salinger,it has been listed as one of the best novel in 20th century,after this work published,the protagonist Holden who hates the hypocritical...The Catcher In the Rye is the only one long novel of American writer J.D.Salinger,it has been listed as one of the best novel in 20th century,after this work published,the protagonist Holden who hates the hypocritical world extremely,and pursue the pure in this world bravely,has been regarded as a hero by the millions the its readers,the span of time has been described by this novel is very short,just a day and two night,but it still expresses the changes on Holden’s mental,from his rebel to the reality,and determine to pursue the pure,but yield to the society eventually,clearly,though the pressure on Holden’s spirit,failure on Hold en’s heart,and loneliness on Holden’s life these days,J.D.Saling critics the alien society and relationship between people skillful.This paper is compounded by four parts,the chapter one is the introduction of The Catcher In the Rye,and some of reference relat ed to this work.the chapter two is the introduction of the environment around Holden,which is include society,school and family.chapter three is to analyze the Hloden’s personality,some striking behaviors and causes,the chapter four is to draw a conclusion,to show the influence of the environment during the process of people’s grow up.展开更多
Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs,leading to significant economic losses.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and...Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs,leading to significant economic losses.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance,intestinal health,and oxidative and immune status in grow-ing pigs housed under heat stress conditions.Methods Duplicate experiments were conducted,each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7±3.8 and 43.9±3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week,respectively.Pigs(n=128)were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2×4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments(thermo-neutral(21.2℃)or heat-stressed(30.9℃))and 4 supplementation treatments(control diet;control+100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water;control+200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed;or control+400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed).Results Heat stress for 28 d reduced(P≤0.001)final body weight,average daily gain,and average daily feed intake(-7.4 kg,-26.7%,and-25.4%,respectively)but no effects of supplementation were detected(P>0.05).Serum vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed(1.64 vs.3.59 and 1.64 vs.3.24),but not for the botanical extract(1.64 vs.1.67 mg/kg)and was greater when supplemented in water vs.feed(P=0.002).Liver vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementations in water(3.9 vs.31.8)and feed(3.9 vs.18.0),but not with the botanical extract(3.9 vs.4.9 mg/kg).Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2,but increased on d 28(interaction,P<0.001),and was greater(P<0.05)for antioxidant supplementation compared to control.Cellular proliferation was reduced(P=0.037)in the jejunum under heat stress,but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress(interaction,P=0.04).Tumor necrosis factor-αin jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress(P<0.05)and was reduced by vitamin E sup-plementations under heat stress(interaction,P<0.001).Conclusions The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs.展开更多
Grow Up Reading是美国西布鲁姆菲尔德镇图书馆针对三年级以下儿童提升阅读能力、培养阅读兴趣的一项阅读推广活动。文章从该项目的服务保障、服务环节、服务内容三个方面进行介绍与分析,从规范阅读服务模式、精准化分级阅读、家庭参与...Grow Up Reading是美国西布鲁姆菲尔德镇图书馆针对三年级以下儿童提升阅读能力、培养阅读兴趣的一项阅读推广活动。文章从该项目的服务保障、服务环节、服务内容三个方面进行介绍与分析,从规范阅读服务模式、精准化分级阅读、家庭参与方式、评估工具的选择、服务空间优化和馆员能力培养六个方面总结了服务经验,以期为我国社区图书馆儿童阅读服务的相关研究和实践提供一定的借鉴。展开更多
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with phytase transgenic corn (PTC) on growth performance,phosphorus (P) utilization and excretion in growing pigs.In Exp.1,180 pi...Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with phytase transgenic corn (PTC) on growth performance,phosphorus (P) utilization and excretion in growing pigs.In Exp.1,180 pigs (Large White × Landrace,BW=37.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 9 pigs each in order to evaluate the effect of PTC supplementation in low-P diets on growth performance.Four corn soybean meal-based diets consisted of a positive control (PC) diet,a diet containing 500 units (U) of exogenous phytase kg-1 (EP) on the basis of low-P (inorganic P reduced by 0.05% from PC diet) and the low-P+500 (PTC1) or 750 (PTC2) phytase U of PTC kg-1.In Exp.2,20 barrows (Large White×Landrace,BW=31 kg,4 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig each) were randomly selected to evaluate the effect of PTC in low-P diets on serum parameters and nutrient utilization.Diets in Exp.2 were similar to those in Exp.1 except that the EP group was replaced by a low-P diet without exogenous phytase supplementation as a negative control (NC) group.The results from Exp.1 showed that the average daily gain (ADG) in the PTC2 group was significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that in the EP group over all periods.On the other hand,the feed:gain (F:G) ratio of the EP group was significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that of the PTC2 group during 1-21 and 1-42 d,respectively.There were no differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) among all treatments (P〉0.05).The results from Exp.2 showed that the concentration of serum Ca in the NC group was the highest (P〈0.05),while the concentration of serum P in the PTC2 group was the highest (P〈0.05) among all treatments.There was a significant decrease (P〈0.05) in the P apparent digestibility of the NC group compared with the other groups,and that of PTC2 group was the best.Furthermore,fecal P excretion was reduced (P〈0.05) from 1.80 g d-1 in the PC group to 1.28 g d-1 in the PTC2 group.In conclusion,dietary supplementation with PTC could reduce the application of inorganic P,decrease fecal P excretion,and improve the growth performance of growing pigs.展开更多
Background: The present work aimed at evaluating the effect of the dietary replacement of soybean oil(S) by two types of insect fats extracted from black soldier fly larvae(H, Hermetia il ucens L.) and yel ow mealworm...Background: The present work aimed at evaluating the effect of the dietary replacement of soybean oil(S) by two types of insect fats extracted from black soldier fly larvae(H, Hermetia il ucens L.) and yel ow mealworm larvae(T, Tenebrio molitor L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and health of growing rabbits.Methods: At weaning, 200 crossbred rabbits(36 days old) were allotted to five dietary treatments(40 rabbits/group): a control diet(C) containing 1.5% of soybean oil and four experimental diets where soybean oil was partially(50%) or totally(100%) substituted by H(H50 and H100) or T(T50 and T100) fats. Total tract digestibility was evaluated on 12 rabbits per treatment. The growth trial lasted 41 d and, at slaughtering(78 days old), blood samples were collected from 15 rabbits per treatment, morphometric analyses were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa,and samples of liver, spleen and kidney were submitted to histological evaluation.Results: No difference was observed between the control and the experimental groups fed insect fats in terms of performance, morbidity, mortality and blood variables. The addition of H and T fats did not influence apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, ether extract, fibre fractions and gross energy. Gut morphometric indices and organ histopathology were not affected by dietary inclusion of H and T fats.Conclusions: H and T fats are suitable sources of lipid in rabbit diets to replace soybean oil without any detrimental effect on growth performance, apparent digestibility, gut mucosa traits and health.展开更多
A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves,branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis,making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form.In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoo...A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves,branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis,making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form.In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem.Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high-yielding semi-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes,boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.展开更多
Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)wit...Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.展开更多
Validated procedures play an important role to obtain accurate information about individual amino acid requirement data. The aim of the present study was to assess lysine (Lys) requirement of growing chicken both by c...Validated procedures play an important role to obtain accurate information about individual amino acid requirement data. The aim of the present study was to assess lysine (Lys) requirement of growing chicken both by classical supplementation technique and principles of diet dilution technique as applied with “Goettingen approach”. During the starter period (1 - 21 d), a growth study with male meat type chicken (Ross 308) was conducted making use of five graded dietary Lys-levels (3 repetition boxes with 3 birds/box). L-Lys×HCl was gradually added to a diet based on wheat, soybean protein concentrate, wheat gluten and fishmeal to yield 80%, 87.5%, 95%, 102.5% and 110% of the expected requirement level (13 g Lys/kg as fed). Diets were iso-energetic (12.8 MJME/kg) and iso-nitrogenous (21.65% crude protein). Birds were fed on free choice level also to assess the feed intake (FI) effects as important factor on traditional response criteria. Analyzed body composition at start and end of the growth study yielded N deposition (ND) data for further data assessment using exponential approximations depending on dietary Lys content or observed Lys intake. The results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in response on body weight gain (BWG) and observed dietary protein quality with unexpected consequences for the derived Lys requirement data. According to the independent variable (Lys in % of diet versus daily Lys intake) and aimed level of daily ND, the needed in-feed content of Lys varied between 1.24% and 1.46%. Application of the exponential modelling by “Goettingen approach” overcame these misleading conclusions by modelling the relationship between required Lys intake and observed response data (BWG, ND) taking also into account the expected real feed intake to formulate the needed in-feed concentration.展开更多
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) was collected using a High Speed Collector and an Isaac-Kidd midwater trawl (IKMT) net during the austral summer of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in the circumpolar and Prydz Bay...Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) was collected using a High Speed Collector and an Isaac-Kidd midwater trawl (IKMT) net during the austral summer of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in the circumpolar and Prydz Bay regions of the Southern Ocean, respectively. Combined with the simultaneous recording of environmental factors, spatial distribution, population structure and growth condition of E. superba were studied. The abundance of E. superba in the Weddell Sea was higher than in Prydz Bay. However, the abundance of E. superba in both the Weddell Sea and Prydz Bay was lower than figures reported in previous krill surveys for the same time period. With respect to the total study area, E. superba displayed a normal growing state during the two expeditions. E. superba grew relatively poorly in some stations, which may be due to the late retreat of sea ice or lower chlorophyll a concentrations. The number of juvenile E. superba collected using the High Speed Collector was proportionally greater in stations located at the edge of the sea ice, while adults dominated in long-term non-ice regions. This phenomenon reflects the different distribution pattern between juvenile and adult krill. The population structure of E. superba differed between sea regions, which may affect recruitment.展开更多
Background: Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals' health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination...Background: Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals' health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination with different dietary crude protein(CP) levels on the ileal digestibility and microbiota composition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of Bacillus spp. supplementation to low-(LP) and high-protein diets(HP) on ileal CP and amino acid(AA) digestibility and intestinal microbiota composition.Methods: Eight ileally cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 28.5 kg were randomly allocated to a rowcolumn design with 8 pigs and 3 periods of 16 d each. The assay diets were based on wheat-barley-soybean meal with two protein levels: LP(14% CP, as-fed) and HP diet(18% CP, as-fed). The LP and HP diets were supplemented with or without Bacil us spp. at a level of 0.04%(as-fed). The apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of CP and AA was determined. Bacterial community composition from ileal digesta was analyzed by Illumina amplicon sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS.Results: The supplementation with Bacillus spp. did not affect both AID and SID of CP and AA in growing pigs.Moreover, there was no difference in AID of CP and AA between HP and LP diets, but SID of cystine, glutamic acid,glycine, and proline was lower(P 〈 0.05) in pigs fed the HP diets. The HP diets increased abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.,(P 〈 0.05) and by amplicon sequencing the latter was identified as predominant genus in microbiota from HP with Bacillus spp., whereas dietary supplementation of Bacillus spp. increased(P 〈 0.05) abundance of Roseburia spp.Conclusions: The HP diet increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.. The supplementation of Bacil us spp. resulted in a higher abundance of healthy gut associated bacteria without affecting ileal CP and AA digestibility, whereas LP diet may reduce the flow of undigested protein to the large intestine of pigs.展开更多
As the Chinese proverb goes,a man of his thirties should be independent.For a person,it s time to shoulder the responsibility he or she longs for.For a major and a School,it s time to root deep,to take responsibility ...As the Chinese proverb goes,a man of his thirties should be independent.For a person,it s time to shoulder the responsibility he or she longs for.For a major and a School,it s time to root deep,to take responsibility and to fulfill its dream of 'a School stands for a hundred years as a tree for a thousand years'.As the Advertising School of Communication University of China embraces its 30th 'birthday',Zhao Xinli,the Associate Dean of the School,was exclusively interviewed by China’s Foreign Trade.展开更多
A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice...A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.展开更多
The investigation was carried out with altogether 332 growing rabbits (ZIKA) in six rounds of 8 weeks duration respectively (R1-R6) with the following occupational objects: wooden gnawing stick (WGS), plastic g...The investigation was carried out with altogether 332 growing rabbits (ZIKA) in six rounds of 8 weeks duration respectively (R1-R6) with the following occupational objects: wooden gnawing stick (WGS), plastic gnawing stick (PGS) and two iron chains connected by a horizontal stick (ICS), wooden gnawing limb (WGL) and a horizontal iron chain (HIC). The feeding system varied from pellet feeding ad libitum (in the first rounds, in the following rounds it decreased pro-rata whereas the proportion of the crude fibre feed (loose or pressed in blocks) increased appropriately) to crude fibre feeding ad libitum. The behavior "occupation with the tool" was infrared video recorded and continuously analyzed and summarized in hour-values per rabbit. The average frequency of occupation per rabbit and hour ranged from 0,13 to 2.19 concerning the rounds and between 0.12 and 1,30 concerning the tools. Altogether, it could be assumed that different occupational tools had an influence on the engaging behavior but the effect of the round which was affected by the feeding system was higher. The investigation showed that rabbits spent less time occupying with the tool when they were fed with an increasing percentage of crude fibre (less pellets) in the ration.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an additive on cassava plant meal through the growth, serum metabolites and heamatological indices of growing pigs for eight weeks. Four...The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an additive on cassava plant meal through the growth, serum metabolites and heamatological indices of growing pigs for eight weeks. Four experimental diets were formulated in this study. All the four diets contained 60% cassava plant meal. Diet 1 contained 0 ppm of ZnO, while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 125, 250 and 300 ppm of ZnO, respectively. The cassava plant meal contained unpeeled tuber plus leaves and tender stems. The unpeeled cassava tuber was mixed with leaves and tender stem at ratio 2.5:1, while the ratio of the leaves and tender stem was 5:1. A total of 16 growing pigs (Large White x Hampshire) with initial mean weight of 24.92 - 0.37 kg were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into the four experimental diets formulated. There were four animals per diet and each animal served as a replicate. The diets were formulated to contain about 19% crude protein and 2.5 kcal/g metabolizable energy. This experiment was completely randomized designed. The results of this study showed that weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO, although numerically 250 ppm gave the better values. The serum metabolites, such as the total protein, albumin, urea and cholesterol, were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO. However, the serum creatinine and glucose were significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected. Moreover, haematological indices, such as the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (FIB) and red blood cell (RBC), were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO; while the white blood cell (WBC) was significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected. It can be concluded from this study that ZnO could be used as an additive to improve the utilization of cassava plant meal by growing pigs.展开更多
Given the short duration of growing season in the Arctic, a strong correlation between plant productivity and growing season length (GSL) is conventionally assumed. Will this assumption hold true under a warming clima...Given the short duration of growing season in the Arctic, a strong correlation between plant productivity and growing season length (GSL) is conventionally assumed. Will this assumption hold true under a warming climate? In this study, we addressed the question by investigating the relationship between net primary productivity of leaves (NPP<sub>leaf</sub>) and GSL for various tundra ecosystems. We quantified NPP<sub>leaf</sub> and GSL using long-term satellite data and field measurements. Our results indicated that the relationship was not significant (i.e., decoupled) for 44% to 64% of tundra classes in the southern Canadian Arctic, but significant for all classes in the northern Canadian Arctic. To better understand the causes of the decoupling, we further decomposed the relationship into two components: the correspondence of interannual variations and the agreement of long- term trends. We found that the longer the mean GSL for a tundra class, the poorer the correspondence between their interannual variations. Soil moisture limitation further decoupled the relationship by deteriorating the agreement of long-term trends. Consequently, the decoupling between NPP<sub>leaf</sub> and GSL would be more likely to occur under a warming climate if the tundra class had a mean GSL > 116 (or 123) days with a dry (or moist) soil moisture regime.展开更多
文摘The Catcher In the Rye is the only one long novel of American writer J.D.Salinger,it has been listed as one of the best novel in 20th century,after this work published,the protagonist Holden who hates the hypocritical world extremely,and pursue the pure in this world bravely,has been regarded as a hero by the millions the its readers,the span of time has been described by this novel is very short,just a day and two night,but it still expresses the changes on Holden’s mental,from his rebel to the reality,and determine to pursue the pure,but yield to the society eventually,clearly,though the pressure on Holden’s spirit,failure on Hold en’s heart,and loneliness on Holden’s life these days,J.D.Saling critics the alien society and relationship between people skillful.This paper is compounded by four parts,the chapter one is the introduction of The Catcher In the Rye,and some of reference relat ed to this work.the chapter two is the introduction of the environment around Holden,which is include society,school and family.chapter three is to analyze the Hloden’s personality,some striking behaviors and causes,the chapter four is to draw a conclusion,to show the influence of the environment during the process of people’s grow up.
基金YVSG was funded by a doctoral scholarship provided by the Peruvian National Fund,for Scientific,Technological,and Technological Innovation Development(FONDECYT)the funding branch of the National Council for Science,Technological,and Technological Innovation Development(CONCYTEC),Peru(grant contract No 233-2015-FONDECYT).
文摘Background Heat stress has severe negative consequences on performance and health of pigs,leading to significant economic losses.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental vitamin E and a botanical extract in feed or drinking water on growth performance,intestinal health,and oxidative and immune status in grow-ing pigs housed under heat stress conditions.Methods Duplicate experiments were conducted,each using 64 crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 50.7±3.8 and 43.9±3.6 kg and age of 13-week and 12-week,respectively.Pigs(n=128)were housed individually and assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2×4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments(thermo-neutral(21.2℃)or heat-stressed(30.9℃))and 4 supplementation treatments(control diet;control+100 IU/L of D-α-tocopherol in water;control+200 IU/kg of DL-α-tocopheryl-acetate in feed;or control+400 mg/kg of a botanical extract in feed).Results Heat stress for 28 d reduced(P≤0.001)final body weight,average daily gain,and average daily feed intake(-7.4 kg,-26.7%,and-25.4%,respectively)but no effects of supplementation were detected(P>0.05).Serum vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementation in water and in feed(1.64 vs.3.59 and 1.64 vs.3.24),but not for the botanical extract(1.64 vs.1.67 mg/kg)and was greater when supplemented in water vs.feed(P=0.002).Liver vitamin E increased(P<0.001)with vitamin E supplementations in water(3.9 vs.31.8)and feed(3.9 vs.18.0),but not with the botanical extract(3.9 vs.4.9 mg/kg).Serum malondialdehyde was reduced with heat stress on d 2,but increased on d 28(interaction,P<0.001),and was greater(P<0.05)for antioxidant supplementation compared to control.Cellular proliferation was reduced(P=0.037)in the jejunum under heat stress,but increased in the ileum when vitamin E was supplemented in feed and water under heat stress(interaction,P=0.04).Tumor necrosis factor-αin jejunum and ileum mucosa decreased by heat stress(P<0.05)and was reduced by vitamin E sup-plementations under heat stress(interaction,P<0.001).Conclusions The addition of the antioxidants in feed or in drinking water did not alleviate the negative impact of heat stress on feed intake and growth rate of growing pigs.
文摘Grow Up Reading是美国西布鲁姆菲尔德镇图书馆针对三年级以下儿童提升阅读能力、培养阅读兴趣的一项阅读推广活动。文章从该项目的服务保障、服务环节、服务内容三个方面进行介绍与分析,从规范阅读服务模式、精准化分级阅读、家庭参与方式、评估工具的选择、服务空间优化和馆员能力培养六个方面总结了服务经验,以期为我国社区图书馆儿童阅读服务的相关研究和实践提供一定的借鉴。
基金supported by the Key Program of Transgenic Plant Breeding,China (2008ZX08003-002)the Major Special Project of Guangdong Province,China(2009A080303009)+1 种基金the National Major Science Research Program of China (2009CB941601)the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest,China (Agriculture,201003011)
文摘Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with phytase transgenic corn (PTC) on growth performance,phosphorus (P) utilization and excretion in growing pigs.In Exp.1,180 pigs (Large White × Landrace,BW=37.7 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 5 replicates of 9 pigs each in order to evaluate the effect of PTC supplementation in low-P diets on growth performance.Four corn soybean meal-based diets consisted of a positive control (PC) diet,a diet containing 500 units (U) of exogenous phytase kg-1 (EP) on the basis of low-P (inorganic P reduced by 0.05% from PC diet) and the low-P+500 (PTC1) or 750 (PTC2) phytase U of PTC kg-1.In Exp.2,20 barrows (Large White×Landrace,BW=31 kg,4 treatments with 5 replicates of 1 pig each) were randomly selected to evaluate the effect of PTC in low-P diets on serum parameters and nutrient utilization.Diets in Exp.2 were similar to those in Exp.1 except that the EP group was replaced by a low-P diet without exogenous phytase supplementation as a negative control (NC) group.The results from Exp.1 showed that the average daily gain (ADG) in the PTC2 group was significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that in the EP group over all periods.On the other hand,the feed:gain (F:G) ratio of the EP group was significantly higher (P〈0.05) than that of the PTC2 group during 1-21 and 1-42 d,respectively.There were no differences in average daily feed intake (ADFI) among all treatments (P〉0.05).The results from Exp.2 showed that the concentration of serum Ca in the NC group was the highest (P〈0.05),while the concentration of serum P in the PTC2 group was the highest (P〈0.05) among all treatments.There was a significant decrease (P〈0.05) in the P apparent digestibility of the NC group compared with the other groups,and that of PTC2 group was the best.Furthermore,fecal P excretion was reduced (P〈0.05) from 1.80 g d-1 in the PC group to 1.28 g d-1 in the PTC2 group.In conclusion,dietary supplementation with PTC could reduce the application of inorganic P,decrease fecal P excretion,and improve the growth performance of growing pigs.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by the University of Turin(ex 60%)grants(Es.fin.2015–2016-2017)
文摘Background: The present work aimed at evaluating the effect of the dietary replacement of soybean oil(S) by two types of insect fats extracted from black soldier fly larvae(H, Hermetia il ucens L.) and yel ow mealworm larvae(T, Tenebrio molitor L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, intestinal morphology and health of growing rabbits.Methods: At weaning, 200 crossbred rabbits(36 days old) were allotted to five dietary treatments(40 rabbits/group): a control diet(C) containing 1.5% of soybean oil and four experimental diets where soybean oil was partially(50%) or totally(100%) substituted by H(H50 and H100) or T(T50 and T100) fats. Total tract digestibility was evaluated on 12 rabbits per treatment. The growth trial lasted 41 d and, at slaughtering(78 days old), blood samples were collected from 15 rabbits per treatment, morphometric analyses were performed on duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa,and samples of liver, spleen and kidney were submitted to histological evaluation.Results: No difference was observed between the control and the experimental groups fed insect fats in terms of performance, morbidity, mortality and blood variables. The addition of H and T fats did not influence apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, ether extract, fibre fractions and gross energy. Gut morphometric indices and organ histopathology were not affected by dietary inclusion of H and T fats.Conclusions: H and T fats are suitable sources of lipid in rabbit diets to replace soybean oil without any detrimental effect on growth performance, apparent digestibility, gut mucosa traits and health.
基金support from a Royal Society of Edinburgh Personal Research Fellowship and from a BBSRC New Investigator Grant(No.BB/L001934/1)
文摘A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves,branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis,making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form.In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem.Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high-yielding semi-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes,boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(award No:31402101)the“One Belt and One Road”Technical Cooperation Project of Jiangsu Province(award No:BZ2018055)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund(award No:CX(19)3023).
文摘Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.
文摘Validated procedures play an important role to obtain accurate information about individual amino acid requirement data. The aim of the present study was to assess lysine (Lys) requirement of growing chicken both by classical supplementation technique and principles of diet dilution technique as applied with “Goettingen approach”. During the starter period (1 - 21 d), a growth study with male meat type chicken (Ross 308) was conducted making use of five graded dietary Lys-levels (3 repetition boxes with 3 birds/box). L-Lys×HCl was gradually added to a diet based on wheat, soybean protein concentrate, wheat gluten and fishmeal to yield 80%, 87.5%, 95%, 102.5% and 110% of the expected requirement level (13 g Lys/kg as fed). Diets were iso-energetic (12.8 MJME/kg) and iso-nitrogenous (21.65% crude protein). Birds were fed on free choice level also to assess the feed intake (FI) effects as important factor on traditional response criteria. Analyzed body composition at start and end of the growth study yielded N deposition (ND) data for further data assessment using exponential approximations depending on dietary Lys content or observed Lys intake. The results indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) in response on body weight gain (BWG) and observed dietary protein quality with unexpected consequences for the derived Lys requirement data. According to the independent variable (Lys in % of diet versus daily Lys intake) and aimed level of daily ND, the needed in-feed content of Lys varied between 1.24% and 1.46%. Application of the exponential modelling by “Goettingen approach” overcame these misleading conclusions by modelling the relationship between required Lys intake and observed response data (BWG, ND) taking also into account the expected real feed intake to formulate the needed in-feed concentration.
基金supported by the Polar Research Strategy Foundation of China (Grant no. 20120308)the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programmes (Grant nos. CHINARE2013-01-06 and CHINARE2013-01-05)
文摘Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) was collected using a High Speed Collector and an Isaac-Kidd midwater trawl (IKMT) net during the austral summer of 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 in the circumpolar and Prydz Bay regions of the Southern Ocean, respectively. Combined with the simultaneous recording of environmental factors, spatial distribution, population structure and growth condition of E. superba were studied. The abundance of E. superba in the Weddell Sea was higher than in Prydz Bay. However, the abundance of E. superba in both the Weddell Sea and Prydz Bay was lower than figures reported in previous krill surveys for the same time period. With respect to the total study area, E. superba displayed a normal growing state during the two expeditions. E. superba grew relatively poorly in some stations, which may be due to the late retreat of sea ice or lower chlorophyll a concentrations. The number of juvenile E. superba collected using the High Speed Collector was proportionally greater in stations located at the edge of the sea ice, while adults dominated in long-term non-ice regions. This phenomenon reflects the different distribution pattern between juvenile and adult krill. The population structure of E. superba differed between sea regions, which may affect recruitment.
基金financially supported by Chr.Hansen A/S(Horsholm,Denmark)the Foundation fiat panis(Ulm,Germany)+1 种基金a scholarship for Chanwit Kaewtapee granted by Food Security Center(FSC)University of Hohenheim under the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)program exceed with funds of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development(BMZ)of Germany
文摘Background: Bacillus spp. seem to be an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters for improving animals' health and performance. However, there is little information on the effect of Bacillus spp. in combination with different dietary crude protein(CP) levels on the ileal digestibility and microbiota composition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of Bacillus spp. supplementation to low-(LP) and high-protein diets(HP) on ileal CP and amino acid(AA) digestibility and intestinal microbiota composition.Methods: Eight ileally cannulated pigs with an initial body weight of 28.5 kg were randomly allocated to a rowcolumn design with 8 pigs and 3 periods of 16 d each. The assay diets were based on wheat-barley-soybean meal with two protein levels: LP(14% CP, as-fed) and HP diet(18% CP, as-fed). The LP and HP diets were supplemented with or without Bacil us spp. at a level of 0.04%(as-fed). The apparent ileal digestibility(AID) and standardized ileal digestibility(SID) of CP and AA was determined. Bacterial community composition from ileal digesta was analyzed by Illumina amplicon sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS.Results: The supplementation with Bacillus spp. did not affect both AID and SID of CP and AA in growing pigs.Moreover, there was no difference in AID of CP and AA between HP and LP diets, but SID of cystine, glutamic acid,glycine, and proline was lower(P 〈 0.05) in pigs fed the HP diets. The HP diets increased abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.,(P 〈 0.05) and by amplicon sequencing the latter was identified as predominant genus in microbiota from HP with Bacillus spp., whereas dietary supplementation of Bacillus spp. increased(P 〈 0.05) abundance of Roseburia spp.Conclusions: The HP diet increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.. The supplementation of Bacil us spp. resulted in a higher abundance of healthy gut associated bacteria without affecting ileal CP and AA digestibility, whereas LP diet may reduce the flow of undigested protein to the large intestine of pigs.
文摘As the Chinese proverb goes,a man of his thirties should be independent.For a person,it s time to shoulder the responsibility he or she longs for.For a major and a School,it s time to root deep,to take responsibility and to fulfill its dream of 'a School stands for a hundred years as a tree for a thousand years'.As the Advertising School of Communication University of China embraces its 30th 'birthday',Zhao Xinli,the Associate Dean of the School,was exclusively interviewed by China’s Foreign Trade.
文摘A total of 60 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Duroc, initially 56.5 kg) were used in a 42-day trial to evaluate the effect of replacing a commercial high protein supplement with soybean meal and/or a base mix in rice bran-based diets on pig growth performance. Pigs were allotted to pens by body weight and pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in completely randomized design. There were 4 dietary treatments with 3 or 4 replicate pens per treatment and 4 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: 1) 80% rice bran with 20% high protein supplement (RBS20), 2) 95% rice bran with 5% high protein supplement (RBS5), 3) 97.5% rice bran with 2.5% base mix (RBB2.5), and 4) 92.5% rice bran with 5% soybean meal and 2.5% base mix (RBSBB). The base mix included vitamins, macro and trace minerals, L-Lysine, L-Threonine, and DL-Methionine. Overall (d 0 to 42) average daily gain was greater (P < 0.001) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets than pigs fed the RBS5 or RBB2.5 diets. Pigs fed the RBS5 diet had reduced (P < 0.004) average daily feed intake compared to all other treatments. Similarly, feed efficiency (feed/gain) was improved (P < 0.004) for pigs fed RBSBB and RBS20 diets compared with pigs fed RBS5 or RBB2.5. For economics, income over feed cost was the greatest (P < 0.01) for the diet containing soybean meal and base mix compared to pigs fed the RBS20 diet, SBS5, and RBB2.5. In conclusion, feeding pigs a rice bran diet with base mix and soybean meal had similar growth performance and increased economic return compared to feeding a rice bran diet with high protein supplement. Use of soybean meal and base mix provides an opportunity for increased economic return for pig farmers.
文摘The investigation was carried out with altogether 332 growing rabbits (ZIKA) in six rounds of 8 weeks duration respectively (R1-R6) with the following occupational objects: wooden gnawing stick (WGS), plastic gnawing stick (PGS) and two iron chains connected by a horizontal stick (ICS), wooden gnawing limb (WGL) and a horizontal iron chain (HIC). The feeding system varied from pellet feeding ad libitum (in the first rounds, in the following rounds it decreased pro-rata whereas the proportion of the crude fibre feed (loose or pressed in blocks) increased appropriately) to crude fibre feeding ad libitum. The behavior "occupation with the tool" was infrared video recorded and continuously analyzed and summarized in hour-values per rabbit. The average frequency of occupation per rabbit and hour ranged from 0,13 to 2.19 concerning the rounds and between 0.12 and 1,30 concerning the tools. Altogether, it could be assumed that different occupational tools had an influence on the engaging behavior but the effect of the round which was affected by the feeding system was higher. The investigation showed that rabbits spent less time occupying with the tool when they were fed with an increasing percentage of crude fibre (less pellets) in the ration.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) as an additive on cassava plant meal through the growth, serum metabolites and heamatological indices of growing pigs for eight weeks. Four experimental diets were formulated in this study. All the four diets contained 60% cassava plant meal. Diet 1 contained 0 ppm of ZnO, while diets 2, 3 and 4 contained 125, 250 and 300 ppm of ZnO, respectively. The cassava plant meal contained unpeeled tuber plus leaves and tender stems. The unpeeled cassava tuber was mixed with leaves and tender stem at ratio 2.5:1, while the ratio of the leaves and tender stem was 5:1. A total of 16 growing pigs (Large White x Hampshire) with initial mean weight of 24.92 - 0.37 kg were used in this study. They were randomly distributed into the four experimental diets formulated. There were four animals per diet and each animal served as a replicate. The diets were formulated to contain about 19% crude protein and 2.5 kcal/g metabolizable energy. This experiment was completely randomized designed. The results of this study showed that weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO, although numerically 250 ppm gave the better values. The serum metabolites, such as the total protein, albumin, urea and cholesterol, were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO. However, the serum creatinine and glucose were significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected. Moreover, haematological indices, such as the packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (FIB) and red blood cell (RBC), were not significantly (P 〉 0.05) affected by the inclusion of ZnO; while the white blood cell (WBC) was significantly (P 〈 0.05) affected. It can be concluded from this study that ZnO could be used as an additive to improve the utilization of cassava plant meal by growing pigs.
文摘Given the short duration of growing season in the Arctic, a strong correlation between plant productivity and growing season length (GSL) is conventionally assumed. Will this assumption hold true under a warming climate? In this study, we addressed the question by investigating the relationship between net primary productivity of leaves (NPP<sub>leaf</sub>) and GSL for various tundra ecosystems. We quantified NPP<sub>leaf</sub> and GSL using long-term satellite data and field measurements. Our results indicated that the relationship was not significant (i.e., decoupled) for 44% to 64% of tundra classes in the southern Canadian Arctic, but significant for all classes in the northern Canadian Arctic. To better understand the causes of the decoupling, we further decomposed the relationship into two components: the correspondence of interannual variations and the agreement of long- term trends. We found that the longer the mean GSL for a tundra class, the poorer the correspondence between their interannual variations. Soil moisture limitation further decoupled the relationship by deteriorating the agreement of long-term trends. Consequently, the decoupling between NPP<sub>leaf</sub> and GSL would be more likely to occur under a warming climate if the tundra class had a mean GSL > 116 (or 123) days with a dry (or moist) soil moisture regime.