Pure and Molybdenum (Mo) doped Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) inorganic crystals were grown by high temperature solution growth (HTSG) from poly phosphate (K6P4O13) flux using different KTP/Flux ratios. The pure an...Pure and Molybdenum (Mo) doped Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) inorganic crystals were grown by high temperature solution growth (HTSG) from poly phosphate (K6P4O13) flux using different KTP/Flux ratios. The pure and doped KTP crystals of size 20x13x5 mm3 and 7x5x2.5 mm3 respectively were grown successfully by spontaneous nucleation. The grown crystals were characterized by XRD, UV, FTIR and Hardness studies. Micro hardness studies show that the pure crystals are harder than the Mo doped crystals.展开更多
Single crystals of La4Mo7O27 have been successfully grown by the flux growth method H3BO3 as the flux in a plantium crucible using the starting materials of La2O3, H3BO3 and MoO3 in a molar ratio of 0.16:0.16:0.68, in...Single crystals of La4Mo7O27 have been successfully grown by the flux growth method H3BO3 as the flux in a plantium crucible using the starting materials of La2O3, H3BO3 and MoO3 in a molar ratio of 0.16:0.16:0.68, in which H3BO3 acted as a flux. Transparent colorless crystals were obtained with size of 0.8 × 0.3 × 0.2 mm3 under the optimized crystal growth conditions: growth temperature of 727°C, growth time of 95 h and cooling rate of 0.5°C/hr. A well-developed morphology of the crystals was observed and analyzed. The preparation process of starting materials on crystal growth was investigated. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), EDAX, SEM, UV-Vis, photoluminescence studies, thermal analysis, dielectric studies and second harmonic generation (SHG). The results are presented and discussed.展开更多
In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interaction...In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China： one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.展开更多
The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of F-free mold fluxes was constructed using single hot thermocouple technique （SHTT） and confocal scanning laser microscopy （CSLM） to study the crystallization ...The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of F-free mold fluxes was constructed using single hot thermocouple technique （SHTT） and confocal scanning laser microscopy （CSLM） to study the crystallization behavior of F-free mold fluxes. The tendency of crystallization is found to increase whereas the incubation time decreases with increasing basicity. Zirconia addition enhances the crystallization tendency due to its limited solubility in the slag melt and the solid particles acting as nucleation sites. Pseudo-wollastonite is found to precipitate in the slag with low basicity （CS-1 and CS-2）, kilchoanite and larnite are formed with further increasing basicity （CS-3）, and larnite is finally formed as the basicity beyond unit （CS-4）. The crystal morphology changes with varying compositions and isothermal temperatures. The measured growth rate is found to be linear with time under isothermal conditions and decreases with increasing isothermal temperature.展开更多
A series of big single crystals of BaFeFe2-xNixAs2 have been prepared by the FeAs self-flux method, with nominal nickel doping x = 0--0.12. The dimensions of the cleaved crystals are over 10~mm along ab plane and ～ 2...A series of big single crystals of BaFeFe2-xNixAs2 have been prepared by the FeAs self-flux method, with nominal nickel doping x = 0--0.12. The dimensions of the cleaved crystals are over 10~mm along ab plane and ～ 2~mm in maximum along the c direction. The measurements of x-ray diffraction, electrical resistance and magnetic property are carried out on the crystals. For the undoped parent compound BaFe2As2, both resistance and magnetization data display an anomaly associated with spin density wave and/or structural phase transition, with the transition temperatures at ～ 138~K. For Ni-doped BaFe2-xNixAs2 crystals, the superconducting critical temperature Tc ranges from 4.3~K for x=0.06 sample to 20~K for the optimally doped x=0.10 crystal.展开更多
Nd3+:GdAl3(BO3)4 (NGAB) crystal with the size of 30 mm was grown from the solvent system of K2O-Gd2O3-MoO3-B2O3 by combining accelerated seed rotation technology with medium seeded solution growth (MSSG) method, and i...Nd3+:GdAl3(BO3)4 (NGAB) crystal with the size of 30 mm was grown from the solvent system of K2O-Gd2O3-MoO3-B2O3 by combining accelerated seed rotation technology with medium seeded solution growth (MSSG) method, and its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray powder diffraction. It crystallizes in the trigonal system, space group R32 with a = 9.2734(2), c = 7.2438(1) ? V = 538 ?, Z = 3 and Dc = 4.379 g/cm3. The absorption and emission spectra of NGAB in the function of s and polarizations at room temperature have been measured. UV generation tuneable in 378～382 nm, green (531 nm) generation and blue generation tuneable in 436～443 nm as well as red (669 nm) generation by self-frequency changing were obtained with the output of 105, 119.5, 445 and 19 mJ/pulse, respectively, when the crystal was pumped by a dye laser.展开更多
Wild cherry trees produce high-quality timber and provide multiple ecosystem services. However, planting and tending cherry stands in conventional rows are too costly. Therefore, low density group planting was trialle...Wild cherry trees produce high-quality timber and provide multiple ecosystem services. However, planting and tending cherry stands in conventional rows are too costly. Therefore, low density group planting was trialled as an alternative to row planting. The mortality, growth, and quality of planted cherry trees were compared between the group and row planting. The influence of neighbourhood competition and light availability on growth and quality was studied. The group and row planting of cherry trees were established at a wind-thrown site in southwestern Germany in the year 2000. In group planting, five cherry seedlings and seven lime seedlings （Tilia cordata Mill.） were planted with a 1 x 1 m spacing. In total, 60 groups were planted per hectare with a 13 × 13 m spacing. In contrast, 3300 seedlings （2475 cherries and 825 limes） were planted per hectare in row planting with a 3 × 1 m spacing. Ten groups and plots （10 × 10 m） were randomly established in group and row planting stand, respectively. The survival rate, stability （height to diameter ratio）, diameter, and height growth were significantly higher in group planting. In the group plantings,40.5% of cherry trees had straight stems and 13.5% had a monopodial crown compared with 15% with straight stems and 2% with a monopodial crown in row planting. The proportion of dominant cherry trees in canopy was 49% in groups compared with 22% in rows. The length of branch free bole was significantly higher in cherries planted in groups than those grown in rows. Intra- and interspecific competition reduced the growth and stability of cherry trees in row planting, but not in group planting. Light availability did not cause any significant effects on growth and quality between group and row planting. This first study on cherry group planting indicates that the survival rate, growth, and tree quality were higher in groups than in rows at this early development stage. The competition by naturally born seedlings was an important reason for the difference in performance between group and row planting. This study will encourage forest practitioners to establish more cherry group planting trials on multiple sites to test the effectiveness of this alternative technique as a tool of regeneration and restoration silviculture.展开更多
文摘Pure and Molybdenum (Mo) doped Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) inorganic crystals were grown by high temperature solution growth (HTSG) from poly phosphate (K6P4O13) flux using different KTP/Flux ratios. The pure and doped KTP crystals of size 20x13x5 mm3 and 7x5x2.5 mm3 respectively were grown successfully by spontaneous nucleation. The grown crystals were characterized by XRD, UV, FTIR and Hardness studies. Micro hardness studies show that the pure crystals are harder than the Mo doped crystals.
文摘Single crystals of La4Mo7O27 have been successfully grown by the flux growth method H3BO3 as the flux in a plantium crucible using the starting materials of La2O3, H3BO3 and MoO3 in a molar ratio of 0.16:0.16:0.68, in which H3BO3 acted as a flux. Transparent colorless crystals were obtained with size of 0.8 × 0.3 × 0.2 mm3 under the optimized crystal growth conditions: growth temperature of 727°C, growth time of 95 h and cooling rate of 0.5°C/hr. A well-developed morphology of the crystals was observed and analyzed. The preparation process of starting materials on crystal growth was investigated. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), EDAX, SEM, UV-Vis, photoluminescence studies, thermal analysis, dielectric studies and second harmonic generation (SHG). The results are presented and discussed.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program under Grant Nos.2010CB428403, 2010CB951001, and 2009CB421407the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41075062 and 40821092
文摘In this study, the Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis model （CERES3.0） was coupled into the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）, which is called BATS CERES, to represent interactions between the land surface and crop growth processes. The effects of crop growth and development on land surface processes were then studied based on numerical simulations using the land surface models. Six sensitivity experiments by BATS show that the land surface fluxes underwent substantial changes when the leaf area index was changed from 0 to 6 m2 m-2. Numerical experiments for Yucheng and Taoyuan stations reveal that the coupled model could capture not only the responses of crop growth and development to environmental conditions, but also the feedbacks to land surface processes. For quantitative evaluation of the effects of crop growth and development on surface fluxes in China, two numerical experiments were conducted over continental China： one by BATS CERES and one by the original BATS. Comparison of the two runs shows decreases of leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover when incorporating dynamic crops in land surface simulation, which lead to less canopy interception, vegetation transpiration, total evapotranspiration, top soil moisture, and more soil evaporation, surface runoff, and root zone soil moisture. These changes are accompanied by decreasing latent heat flux and increasing sensible heat flux in the cropland region. In addition, the comparison between the simulations and observations proved that incorporating the crop growth and development process into the land surface model could reduce the systematic biases of the simulated leaf area index and top soil moisture, hence improve the simulation of land surface fluxes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50902003)the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (No.2007CB613608)
文摘The time-temperature-transformation （TTT） diagrams of F-free mold fluxes was constructed using single hot thermocouple technique （SHTT） and confocal scanning laser microscopy （CSLM） to study the crystallization behavior of F-free mold fluxes. The tendency of crystallization is found to increase whereas the incubation time decreases with increasing basicity. Zirconia addition enhances the crystallization tendency due to its limited solubility in the slag melt and the solid particles acting as nucleation sites. Pseudo-wollastonite is found to precipitate in the slag with low basicity （CS-1 and CS-2）, kilchoanite and larnite are formed with further increasing basicity （CS-3）, and larnite is finally formed as the basicity beyond unit （CS-4）. The crystal morphology changes with varying compositions and isothermal temperatures. The measured growth rate is found to be linear with time under isothermal conditions and decreases with increasing isothermal temperature.
基金supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (Grant No. 2006CB601002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10734120)
文摘A series of big single crystals of BaFeFe2-xNixAs2 have been prepared by the FeAs self-flux method, with nominal nickel doping x = 0--0.12. The dimensions of the cleaved crystals are over 10~mm along ab plane and ～ 2~mm in maximum along the c direction. The measurements of x-ray diffraction, electrical resistance and magnetic property are carried out on the crystals. For the undoped parent compound BaFe2As2, both resistance and magnetization data display an anomaly associated with spin density wave and/or structural phase transition, with the transition temperatures at ～ 138~K. For Ni-doped BaFe2-xNixAs2 crystals, the superconducting critical temperature Tc ranges from 4.3~K for x=0.06 sample to 20~K for the optimally doped x=0.10 crystal.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian province (2000F007)
文摘Nd3+:GdAl3(BO3)4 (NGAB) crystal with the size of 30 mm was grown from the solvent system of K2O-Gd2O3-MoO3-B2O3 by combining accelerated seed rotation technology with medium seeded solution growth (MSSG) method, and its crystal structure has been determined by X-ray powder diffraction. It crystallizes in the trigonal system, space group R32 with a = 9.2734(2), c = 7.2438(1) ? V = 538 ?, Z = 3 and Dc = 4.379 g/cm3. The absorption and emission spectra of NGAB in the function of s and polarizations at room temperature have been measured. UV generation tuneable in 378～382 nm, green (531 nm) generation and blue generation tuneable in 436～443 nm as well as red (669 nm) generation by self-frequency changing were obtained with the output of 105, 119.5, 445 and 19 mJ/pulse, respectively, when the crystal was pumped by a dye laser.
基金financially supported by a research grant from the German Agency for Renewable Resources(Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V or FNR,Grant Number:22008813)
文摘Wild cherry trees produce high-quality timber and provide multiple ecosystem services. However, planting and tending cherry stands in conventional rows are too costly. Therefore, low density group planting was trialled as an alternative to row planting. The mortality, growth, and quality of planted cherry trees were compared between the group and row planting. The influence of neighbourhood competition and light availability on growth and quality was studied. The group and row planting of cherry trees were established at a wind-thrown site in southwestern Germany in the year 2000. In group planting, five cherry seedlings and seven lime seedlings （Tilia cordata Mill.） were planted with a 1 x 1 m spacing. In total, 60 groups were planted per hectare with a 13 × 13 m spacing. In contrast, 3300 seedlings （2475 cherries and 825 limes） were planted per hectare in row planting with a 3 × 1 m spacing. Ten groups and plots （10 × 10 m） were randomly established in group and row planting stand, respectively. The survival rate, stability （height to diameter ratio）, diameter, and height growth were significantly higher in group planting. In the group plantings,40.5% of cherry trees had straight stems and 13.5% had a monopodial crown compared with 15% with straight stems and 2% with a monopodial crown in row planting. The proportion of dominant cherry trees in canopy was 49% in groups compared with 22% in rows. The length of branch free bole was significantly higher in cherries planted in groups than those grown in rows. Intra- and interspecific competition reduced the growth and stability of cherry trees in row planting, but not in group planting. Light availability did not cause any significant effects on growth and quality between group and row planting. This first study on cherry group planting indicates that the survival rate, growth, and tree quality were higher in groups than in rows at this early development stage. The competition by naturally born seedlings was an important reason for the difference in performance between group and row planting. This study will encourage forest practitioners to establish more cherry group planting trials on multiple sites to test the effectiveness of this alternative technique as a tool of regeneration and restoration silviculture.
