Gravity-Driven Listric Growth Fault and Sedimentation in the Lagoa do Peixe, Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain, Brazil

High frequency, high resolution GPR surveys are successfully applied to investigate near-surface stratification architecture of sedimentary units in coastal plains and to define their depositional conditions. However, low frequency GPR surveys to investigate fault-related depositional systems at greater depths are scarce. This survey was designed investigate a > 100 km long linear escarpment that controls the northwest margin of the Lagoa do Peixe, an important lagoon in Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (RGSCP, Brazil). The traditional approach points that RGSCP was developed by juxtaposition of four lagoons/barrier systems as consequence of sea level changes;no deformational structure is admitted to exist before. The low frequency GPR (50 MHz, RTA antenna) and geological surveys carried out in the RGSCP showed the existence of a large, gravity-driven listric growth fault controlling the Lagoa do Peixe escarpment and hangingwall sedimentation. The radargrams in four subareas along the Lagoa do Peixe Growth Fault could be interpreted following the seismic expression of rift-related depositional systems. The radargrams enabled to distinguish three main lagoonal deposition radarfacies. The lower lagoonal radarfacies is a convex upward unit, thicker close to growth fault;the radarfacies geometry indicates that fault displacement rate surpasses the sedimentation rate, and its upper stratum is aged ~3500 l4C years BP. The second lagoonal radarfacies is a triangular wedge restricted to the lagoon depocenter, whose geometry indicates that fault displacement and the sedimentation rates kept pace. The upper lagoonal radarfacies is being deposited since 1060 ± 70 l4C years BP, under sedimentation rate higher than fault displacement rate. The results indicate that low frequency GPR surveys can help in investigating fault-related depositional systems in coastal zones. They also point to a new approach in dealing with RGSCP stratigraphy.

Structural Style and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Growth Faults Related Structures in the Bengal Basin

The structural and tectonic evolution of the Bengal Basin is characterized by a complex interplay of factors, including sedimentation, the rise of the Himalayan Mountains, and the movements of Jurassic syn-rift faults. This study aims to comprehend the progression of growth faults inside the basin by examining fault geometry, basin development, and structural relief patterns. We used high-quality 2D seismic lines from the PK-MY-8403, classical seismic interpretation techniques and modeling were carried out to reveal the plate tectonic conditions, stratigraphy, and sedimentation history of the basin. The break-up unconformity, Paleocene and Eocene submerged conditions, and crucial geological formations including the Sylhet Limestone, Barail Group, and Surma Group were among the notable features recognized in seismic section. With an emphasis on growth strata and pre-growth strata, significant variations in layer thickness and relief were remarked in different stratigraphic levels. Basin development events like the evolution of the Miocene remnant ocean basin, sedimentation in Oligocene, Eocene Himalayan collision, and the Pliocene reverse fault development are analyzed. In the early the Pliocene compressional forces outpaced sedimentation rates and syn-depositional normal faults of Oligocene time began to move in opposite direction. Syn-depositional growth faults may have formed in the Bengal Basin as a result of this reversal. This research provides a detailed comprehensive knowledge of growth fault development in the Bengal Basin following the seismic interpretation, modelling, and thickness/relief analysis. The outcomes point to a substantial hydrocarbon potential, especially in regions like the Eocene Hinge Zone, where the prospectivity of the area is enhanced by carbonate reefs and Jalangi shale. However, the existence of petroleum four-way closure in the investigated region requires further investigation.

Control of relay structure on mineralization of sedimentary-exhalative ore deposit in growth faults of graben systems

Based on the study of ore deposits and orebody structures of two sedimentary-exhalative ore deposits, i.e., Changba and Xitieshan Ore Deposits, it is found that the structural patterns of metallogenic basin of seafloor exhalative sulfide deposits in the ancient graben systems are controlled by relay structures in normal faults. The shapes of metallogenic basins are composed of tilting ramp, fault-tip ramp and relay ramp, which dominate migration of gravity current of ore-hosted fluid and shape of orebody sedimentary fan in the ramp. By measuring and comparing the difference of length-to-thickness ratios of orebody sedimentary fan, the result shows that the occurrence of the ramp has a remarkable impact on the shape of orebody.

Fault-Growth Pattern of the South Margin Normal Fault of the Yuguang Basin in Northwest Beijing and its Influencing Factors

Based on high-resolution remote sensing image interpretation, digital elevation model 3-D analysis, field geologic field investigation, trenching engineering, and ground-penetrating radar, synthetic research on the evolution of the Yuguang Basin South Margin Fault （YBSMF） in northwest Beijing was carried out. We found that the propagation and growth of faults most often occurred often at two locations： the fault overlapping zone and the uneven or rough fault segment. Through detailed observation and analysis of all cropouts of faults along the YBSMF from zone a to zone i, we identified three major factors that dominate or affect fault propagation and growth. First, the irregularity of fault geometry determine the propagation and growth of the fault, and therefore, the faults always propagate and grow at such irregular fault segments. The fault finally cuts off and eliminates its irregularity, making the fault geometry and fault plane smoother than before, which contributes to the slipping movement of the half-graben block in the basin. Second, the scale of the irregularity of the fault geometry affects the result of fault propagation and growth, that is, the degree of the cutting off of fault irregularity. The degree of cutting off decreases as irregularity scale increases. Third, the maximum possible slip displacement of the fault segment influences the duration of fault propagation and growth. The duration at the central segments with a large slip displacement is longer than that at the end segments with a smaller slippage value.

A New Growth Model of Fault Attributes in a Strike-Slip Fault System in the Tarim Basin

Fault attributes generally display a consistent power–law-scaling relationship.Based on new 3 D seismic data,however,we found some exceptional fault attribute relationships of lengths(L)–throw(T)(vertical component of displacement),overlap zone length(Lo)–width(Wo)from a strike-slip fault system of the Ordovician carbonates in the Tarim Basin.The L–T relationship shows two linear segments with breakup at^40 km in fault length.This presents an exceptional throw increase in the second stage,which is attributed to a localization of vertical displacement and deformation in overlapping zones other than the different fault scales in a mature fault zone.The Lo–Wo relationship in the overlapping zones shows multiply stepped-shape patterns,suggesting multiple fault differential growth and periodic increase in fault size.Therefore,we propose a new alternative growth model of fault attributes in strike-slip fault zones,in which the overlapping zones accumulated localized displacement and deformation in the intracratonic strike-slip fault zone.

Origin and growth mechanisms of strike-slip faults in the central Tarim cratonic basin, NW China

Through fault structure analysis and chronology study, we discuss the origin and growth mechanisms of strike-slip faults in the Tarim Basin.(1) Multiple stages strike-slip faults with inherited growth were developed in the central Tarim cratonic basin. The faults initiation time is constrained at the end of Middle Ordovician of about 460 Ma according to U-Pb dating of the fault cements and seismic interpretation.(2) The formation of the strike-slip faults was controlled by the near N-S direction stress field caused by far-field compression of the closing of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.(3) The faults localization and characteristics were influenced by the pre-existing structures of the NE trending weakening zones in the basement and lithofacies change from south to north.(4) Following the fault initiation under the Andersonian mechanism, the strike-slip fault growth was dominantly fault linkage, associated with fault tip propagation and interaction of non-Andersonian mechanisms.(5) Sequential slip accommodated deformation in the conjugate strike-slip fault interaction zones, strong localization of the main displacement and deformation occurred in the overlap zones in the northern Tarim, while the fault tips, particularly of narrow-deep grabens, and strike-slip segments in thrust zones accumulated more deformation and strain in the Central uplift. In conclusion, non-Andersonian mechanisms, dominantly fault linkage and interaction, resulted in the small displacement but long intraplate strike-slip fault development in the central Tarim Basin. The regional and localized field stress, and pre-existing structures and lithofacies difference had strong impacts on the diversity of the strike-slip faults in the Tarim cratonic basin.

Timing,Displacement and Growth Pattern of the Altyn Tagh Fault:A Review

The Altyn Tagh Fault（ATF） is the longest, lithospheric scale and strike-slip fault in East Asia. In the last three decades, multidisciplinary studies focusing on the timing, displacement of strikeslip and growth mechanics of the ATF have made great progresses. Most studies revealed that the ATF is a sinistral strike-slip and thrust fault, which underwent multiple episodes of activation. The fault is oriented NEE with a length of 1600 km, but the direction, timing of activity and magnitude of its extension eastward are still unclear. The AFT was predominately active during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, in relation to the Mesozoic collision of the Cimmerian continent（Qiangtang and Lhasa block） and Cenozoic collision of India with Asia. The AFT strike-slipped with a left-lateral displacement of ca. 400 km during the Cenozoic and the displacement were bigger in the western segment and stronger in the early stage of fault activation. The slip-rates in the Quaternary were bigger in the middle segment than in the western and eastern segment. We roughly estimated the Mesozoic displacement as ca. 150-300 km. The latest paleomagnetic data showed that the clockwise vertical-axis rotation did not take place in the huge basins（the Tarim and Qaidam） at both side of ATF during the Cenozoic, but the rotation happened in the small basins along the ATF. This rotation may play an important role on accommodating the tectonic deformation and displacement of the ATF. Even if we have achieved consensus for many issues related to the ATF, some issues still need to be study deeply; such as：（a） the temporal and spatial coupling relationship between the collision of Cimmerian continent with Asia and the history of AFT in the Mesozoic and（b） the tectonic deformation history which records by the sediments of the basins within and at both side of AFT and was constrained by a high-resolution and accurate chronology such as magnetostratigraphy and paleomagnetic data.

GRAIN REDUCTION AND GROWTH IN FAULTINGAND NEW CLASSIFICATION OF FAULTED ROCKS

New classification scheme about faulted rocks is proposed, according to the extent of grain reduction and growth and their sequence, and faulted rocks are classified as follows: (1) faulted rocks formed by the reduction action mainly include breccia series, cataclasite series, tectonobutchite series, mylonite series; (2) faulted rocks formed by growth action is mainly tectonoschist (gneiss) series; (3) blastomylonite series formed by grain reduction first and then growth; (4) mylonitic schist (gneiss) series formed by crystal growth first and then grain reduction. All series can be further classified according to matrix contents.

THE FORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF ALTYN TAGH FAULT SYSTEM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE GROWTH OF TIBETAN PLATEAU

One of the focus views of the uplifting of Tibetan Plateau is the growth history of the plateau. This is an unresolved question because of the poor study in north margin, where the ATF (Altyn Tagh Fault) is acting an important role in the growth and deformation of the plateau. The fault links two huge contractional belts, e.g. Qilian Nan Shan and West Kunlun, and merges a series of thrusting\|folding arcs in southeast. Mapping of piercing points, such as unconformities between Cenozoic, Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata, and magmatic arcs, shows left slips of ca. 240km and ca. 550km along the middle and western segments of the ATF. About 140～450km of crustal shortening, approximately the same magnitude as the west segment of the ATF, is deduced from balanced sections in West Kunlun foreland thrusting belt. This implies that left\|slip displacement along the west segment of the ATF was absorbed by the contraction in West Kunlun. The ATF system merged bunches of WNW arcuated fold\|fault belts in Qaidam basin, implying anti\|clockwise rotation. Tertiary and some Lower to Middle Pleistocene strata involved in fold\|fault belts, and dip in ESE due to the uplifting of Altyn Tagh. The newest strata involved in the deformation is more and more younger from south to north, that is, from Lower Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene, showing the uplifting trends from south to north in the SE side of the fault.

Reliability Growth Modeling and Optimal Release Policy Under Fuzzy Environment of an N-version Programming System Incorporating the Effect of Fault Removal Efficiency

Failure of a safety critical system can lead to big losses. Very high software reliability is required for automating the working of systems such as aircraft controller and nuclear reactor controller software systems. Fault-tolerant softwares are used to increase the overall reliability of software systems. Fault tolerance is achieved using the fault-tolerant schemes such as fault recovery （recovery block scheme）, fault masking （N-version programming （NVP）） or a combination of both （Hybrid scheme）. These softwares incorporate the ability of system survival even on a failure. Many researchers in the field of software engineering have done excellent work to study the reliability of fault-tolerant systems. Most of them consider the stable system reliability. Few attempts have been made in reliability modeling to study the reliability growth for an NVP system. Recently, a model was proposed to analyze the reliability growth of an NVP system incorporating the effect of fault removal efficiency. In this model, a proportion of the number of failures is assumed to be a measure of fault generation while an appropriate measure of fault generation should be the proportion of faults removed. In this paper, we first propose a testing efficiency model incorporating the effect of imperfect fault debugging and error generation. Using this model, a software reliability growth model （SRGM） is developed to model the reliability growth of an NVP system. The proposed model is useful for practical applications and can provide the measures of debugging effectiveness and additional workload or skilled professional required. It is very important for a developer to determine the optimal release time of the software to improve its performance in terms of competition and cost. In this paper, we also formulate the optimal software release time problem for a 3VP system under fuzzy environment and discuss a the fuzzy optimization technique for solving the problem with a numerical illustration.

THE GROWTH MODE OF ALTUN FAULT AND IT'S DYNAMICS

A set of ENE\|trending fault which locates in the rigid Tarim massif and flexible Qilian massif in the same dynamic system of the uplift of the Qinghai—Tibetan plateau is referred to as the Altun Fault (ALF). ALF displays a linear geometry or a geometry of overlapping of linear and arcuate segments and a growth and development process of the breakdown segment\|by\|segment, connection segment\|by\|segment and propagation gradually (northeastward migration of the northeast tip, southwestward growth of the southwest tip). The formation of the Altun fault began in the middle or upper Carboniferous. It was characteristic of the sinistral strike\|slip\|thrust before Eocene, of the thrust\|sinistral strike\|slip during Oligocene—Miocene, and of the normal slip, and thrust\|sinistral strike\|slip simultaneously since Miocene.

泌阳凹陷下二门地区生长断层控砂作用研究

泌阳凹陷下二门地区油气资源丰富,油藏类型以断层-岩性油气藏为主,断裂特征与砂体展布的配置关系是该区油气勘探的主控因素。笔者综合3D地震、钻测井、岩心资料,以古近系核桃园组三段Ⅳ油组1小层(Eh3Ⅳ1)为例,通过精细构造解析、断层活动性定量分析和砂体展布特征刻画,从构造活动-沉积响应的角度分析生长断层对辫状河三角洲砂体展布的控制作用。结果表明,下二门地区主要发育一系列SW-NE转近E-W走向的北倾生长正断层,剖面形态呈阶梯状断层组合,各条断层沿走向活动性差异明显。研究区主要发育侯庄辫状河三角洲前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,平面上来自北部的水下分流河道砂体在断层转换带或同一断层活动性较弱部位易通过,而在活动性较强部位受到限制或转向。垂向上,通过活动性较弱区域砂体垂向连续叠置、加厚发育,通过活动性较强区域砂体垂向间歇分散、减薄发育。该研究可为东部断陷盆地低序级生长断层发育区砂体展布规律认识和断层-岩性油气藏勘探开发提供一定借鉴。

The Altun Fault: Its Geometry, Nature and Mode of Growth

The Altun (or Altyn Tagh) fault displays a geometry of overlapping of linear and arcuate segments and shows strong inhomogeneity in time and space. It is a gigantic fault system with complex mechanical behaviours including thrusting, sinistral strike slip and normal slip. The strike slip and normal slip mainly occurred in the Cretaceous—Cenozoic and Plio-Quaternary respectively, whereas the thrusting was a deformation event that has played a dominant role since the late Palaeozoic (for a duration of about 305 Ma). The formation of the Altun fault was related to strong inhomogeneous deformation of the massifs on its two sides (in the hinterland of the Altun Mountains contractional deformation predominated and in the Qilian massif thrust propagation was dominant). The fault experienced a dynamic process of successive break-up and connection of its segments and gradual propagation, which was synchronous with the development of an overstep thrust sequence in the Qilian massif and the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. With southward propagation of the thrust sequence and continued uplift of the plateau, the NE tip of the Altun fault moved in a NE direction, while the SW tip grew in a SW direction.

新生代晚期挤压作用下活动背斜区的构造变形特征及其地震地质灾害效应

活动背斜是第四纪晚期以来在活动挤压构造区域内吸收地壳缩短变形的主要地质构造之一,其是在挤压背景下形成的一个复杂的构造系统,由多种活动构造变形组成。发生在挤压构造区的大地震可以使褶皱相关断层、褶皱陡坎、翼部地形倾斜和地质体缩短等发生同震破裂或地面倾斜,进而引发严重的地震地质灾害,从理论研究和工程抗震两方面均需重视。因此,文章立足现有的逆断层相关褶皱、褶皱侧向扩展等理论,通过典型的主逆冲断层、反冲断层、弯矩断层、弯滑断层、共轭剪切断层和褶皱陡坎等实例,探讨了与褶皱相关的同震活动构造变形对建筑物的影响和破坏作用。研究认为,在强震导致的活动背斜地壳缩短、垂向隆升和侧向扩展过程中,背斜两翼和倾伏端的地面掀斜对重大工程建筑的安全运行构成威胁;同时,区域地壳缩短引发的弯曲变形给跨越活动背斜的重大线状工程造成的潜在地震危险和诱发的地质灾害值得关注。

基于FP-Growth算法的配电网薄弱点分析研究

随着配电网快速发展,对配电网运行稳定性的要求也愈来愈高。但由于设备复杂度高、外界因素影响较多,造成配电网故障时有发生。针对配电网设备通常于薄弱点处发生故障的问题,文中提出薄弱度的概念来量化分析薄弱点。同时,为判断薄弱点的薄弱程度,将配电网薄弱度设置为等于FP-Growth算法中支持度的数值。随后将库尔钦斯基(Kulczynski)度量与不平衡比配合使用,验证关联规则的强关联性及是否有意义。通过算例及实际运行情况验证了该方法的有效性,为配电网运行薄弱点的分析检测提供支持。

基于改进FP-Growth算法的无人机飞行故障诊断

为了探究无人机飞行数据中征兆与故障的内在联系,提出了一种改进FP-Growth算法。该算法首先在数据挖掘中设计了符合无人机飞行故障特点的约束条件,作为对FP-Growth算法的改进重点,然后对飞行数据特征库进行筛选并建立FP-tree,进而挖掘出有效的关联规则,最后生成规则库,为无人机飞行故障的定位提供依据。应用实验表明,提出的改进FP-Growth算法能够快速、准确地为无人机飞行故障做出诊断,并且规则库具有良好的规模增长性。

改进FP-Growth算法下云服务器故障诊断研究

大规模云服务器的资源类型较多,数据量巨大,因此云计算环境下服务器参数易发生异常问题,导致服务器产生故障。提出基于改进频繁模式增长(Frequent Pattern Growth, FP-Growth)算法的云服务器故障诊断方法。优先建立支持度函数完成服务器各项参数对应支持度的映射。采用关键字筛选方法将频繁项划分为关键项表和非关键项表两个部分。应用改进的FP-Growth算法,设定参数阈值规则,获取各个服务器故障向量变量的子集,以此为依据组建不同故障变量的条件频繁模式树(Frequent Pattern Tree, FP-tree),通过各个数据子集挖掘出的频繁项集求并集,得到包含全部故障诊断信息的频繁项集,最终完成云服务器故障诊断。经实验测试结果表明,所提方法能够在5ms内完成云服务器多类型故障诊断,且故障诊断精度为90%~100%。实验结果证明,上述方法具有可靠的应用性能。

符号熵与证据理论集成的转子故障识别研究

针对转子振动信号的非线性、非平稳性造成的故障状态难以准确识别问题,提出了一种符号熵与证据理论集成的转子故障识别方法。首先对转子系统的监测数据进行去均值处理和差分运算得到波动序列,继而通过二进制处理得到二进制序列,再通过编码得到符号序列而计算符号熵。通过一个符号熵均值相对增长率的指标来确定符号熵计算中的编码长度。通过实验分析,以转子四个通道的符号熵作为识别向量,再与历史数据得到的识别标准向量做对比,得到各状态的识别概率,最后通过D-S证据理论将其中两次测试的结果进行融合得到最终的判别结果。通过与传统的基于符号熵的故障识别方法的对比,能准确识别转子系统的常见状态,为振动信号处于非线性、非平稳条件下的转子故障状态识别问题提供了一个解决方案。

一种基于改进FP-Growth算法的动车组故障预测研究

动车组的故障预测和健康管理是目前的研究热点,其中,故障预测的关键是寻找动车组故障信息和状态信息之间的关联关系。频繁模式增长(FP-Growth)算法是关联规则挖掘中的经典算法之一,用来挖掘频繁项集。针对动车组故障数据提出了一种改进的FP-Growth(IFP-Growth,Improved FPGrowth)算法,采用先序遍历FP-tree的方法产生条件模式基。实验结果表明,IFP-Growth算法能够有效提高动车组故障数据挖掘的效率,并且能够有效地挖掘动车组故障信息和状态信息之间的关联关系。

基于改进FP-Growth算法的CRHX型动车组牵引系统关联失效模型研究

基于CRHX型动车组牵引系统运营过程中的故障数据,分析故障数据的特征,研究设备之间的关联失效关系。依托课题组前期对故障信息特征词提取的研究,本文结合故障信息特征词的特点优化经典的关联规则挖掘算法,提出改进的FP-Growth算法,并进行算法性能测试,结果表明该算法准确高效;基于改进的FPGrowth算法分析设备的故障信息特征词,挖掘设备关联失效规则,建立设备的关联失效模型。最后,以CRHX型动车组牵引系统为例进行研究,验证了改进FP-Growth算法的有效性和实用性。