Studies on the Growth Habits and Characteristics of Two Polyploid Indica-Japonica Hybrid Rice with Powerful Heterosis

Based on a series of polyploid indica-japonica hybrid plant lines obtained from a new breeding strategy of using double predominance of wide cross and polyploidization to breed super flee, two polyploid indica-japonica hybrids, PSR073 and PSR120 were studied in their growth periods to show the powerful heterosis in a larger scale and to study the characteristics of polyploid indica-japonica hybrids more elaborately. The leaf age, tiller growth, flowering habits, and agronomic traits of them were observed to analyze their growth habits and characteristics. The results showed that the.agronomic traits of PSR073 and PSR120, such as the plant height, panicle length, grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight, all acquired obvious predominance of polyploidy, and that the seed setting rate was more than 83%. No significant difference was observed between the two tetraploids and common diploids in the leaf age, tiller growth, and flowering habits. It was concluded that the characteristics of the two powerful heterosis polyploid hybrids were different from those of the polyploid rice reported earlier. Wide cross and polyploidization had no negative effects on their growth habits and characteristics; on the contrary these had powerful heterosis. This had provided theoretic and practical evidences for their application to agricultural production.

Diversity of Growth Habits and Their Association with VRN Allele of 81 American Wheat Lines

Eighty-one wheat accessions including 50 southern regional performance nursery （SRPN） lines and 31 northern regional performance nursery （NRPN） lines from the United States were tested to evaluate the growth habit by chilling treatments and to estimate the VRN allele variation with 19 pairs of published VRN primers. Two spring wheat accessions and 44 semi-spring wheat accessions were confirmed based on their chilling days＇ requirement and polymorphism was found at VRN loci. The Vrn-A1 allele had the highest frequency in the RPN accessions and VA1-CAPs markers identified growth habit of RPN lines. No polymorphism was found at the VRN3 loci and some polymorphism at the region of promoter and the first intron of VRN1 was not always consistent to growth habit in the wheat RPN accessions. The existence of variation in VRN alleles suggested that singly using the dominant Vrn allele is possible to extend the diversity of wheat accessions and improve their adaption to different environments in autumn-sowing region. This information will be useful for the cultivars exploitation and wheat breeding program.

Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Plant Growth Habit in Peanuts Using the USDA Public Data

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production is valued at $1.28 billion annually in the USA. Plant growth habit can be used to determine plant population density and cultivation practices a given farmer uses. Erect plants are generally more compact and can be more densely planted unlike plants with more prostrate growth. The objectives of this study were to analyze publicly available datasets to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with plant growth habit in peanuts and to conduct genomic selection. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify SNPs for growth habit type among 775 USDA peanut accessions. A total of 13,306 SNPs were used to conduct GWAS using five statistical models. The models used were single-marker regression, generalized linear model (PCA), generalized linear model (Q), mixed linear model (PCA), and mixed linear model (Q) and a total of 181, 1, 108, 1, and 10 SNPs were found associated with growth habit respectively. Based on this dataset, results showed that genomic selection can achieve up to 61% accuracy, depending on the training population size being used for the prediction. SNP AX-176821681 was found in all models. Gene ontology for this location shows an annotated gene, Araip.0F3YM, found 2485 bp upstream of this SNP and encodes for a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying molecular markers linked to plant growth habit type in peanuts. This finding suggests that a molecular marker can be developed to identify specific plant growth habits in peanuts, enabling early generation selection by peanut breeders.

Regulation of soybean stem growth habit:A ten-year progress report

Stem growth habit dictates plant architecture and influences flowering and podding(seed setting),making it an essential morphological and breeding agronomic trait of soybean(Glycine max).Stem growth habit in soybean is affected by photoperiod and environment and is determined by genetic variation at major genes.Classical genetic analysis identified two critical loci,designated Determinacy 1(Dt1)and Determinacy 2(Dt2).Dt1 is an ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana TERMINAL FLOWER1(TFL1)and specifies an indeterminate stem growth habit,whereas Dt2 specifies a semi-determinate growth habit.MADS-box proteins,including Dt2,SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1(GmSOC1)and MADS-box genes downregulated by E1(GmMDE),repress Dt1 expression.Photoreceptors encoded by the E3 and E4 loci regulate the expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T(GmFT)orthologs via circadian clock genes and E1,and GmFTs compete with Dt1 to regulate stem growth habit.Study of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of stem growth habit in soybean has focused on the repression of Dt1 expression.Here we provide an overview of progress made in elucidating the genetic and molecular bases of stem growth habit in soybean,with emphasis on the molecular components responsible for integrating photoperiodic flowering and stem growth habit.

Growth Habit of the Basic Oxysulfate Magnesium Whisker

The growth habit of the basic magnesium oxysulfate whisker was investigated based on the theoreticalmodelof anion coordination polyhedron growth units.It is found that typicalbasic magnesium oxysulfate whisker growth is consistent with anion tetrahedralcoordination incorporation rules.The growth units of basic magnesium oxysulfate whiskers are [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） and HSO_4^-.[Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） is the favorable growth unit and whisker growth is in the direction of the [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） combination.A plurality of [Mg-（OH）_4]^（2-） s combine and become a larger dimensionalgrowth unit in a one-dimensionaldirection.Then HSO_4^- and larger dimensionalgrowth units connect as basic magnesium sulfate whiskers,according to the structuralcharacteristics of the basic magnesium sulfate whisker,which can guide the synthesis of magnesium hydroxide whisker.

Characterization of Growth and Light Utilization for Rice Genotypes with Different Tiller Angles

Tiller angle is very important for plant architecture and canopy structure in rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Physiological and ecological characteristics of three rice genotypes with different tiller angle habits were compared in the paper. DI508, a genotype with changing tiller angle during the growth, has semi-erect tillers at early tillering stage, similar to genotype M09, and had erect tillers at late stage, similar to genotype 9308. In terms of dry biomass per plant, DI508 was consistently higher than those of M09 and 9308 throughout the growth. It was also a distinct difference of leaf area per plant that DI508 was larger than two others. From booting stage, DI508 and 9308 maintained higher photosynthetic ability of the topmost three leaves, while M09 showed rapid decline in photosynthesis during grain filling. It may be concluded that the genotype DI508 with dynamic tiller angle habit has a comprehensive advantage of fast growth and high weed competition at early stage and slow decline in photosynthesis at late stage.

负离子配位多面体生长基元在晶体生长中的应用

It has been pointed out by the theoretic model of anion coordination polyhedra of growth units that the crystal form is dominated by the stability of combination of anion coordination polyhedra on the growth interface.The face has the fastest growth rate and disappears easily if the vertex of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.The face has the slowest growth rate and appears easily if the plane of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.The growth rate is in median for the face that the edge of coordination polyhedron is pointed at.A few of problems are discussed in the paper on the basis of this theory. (1)Several examples of the morphology of allomorph and homoeomorphism are given in the paper.There are three allomorphs of TiO 2 rutile,brookite and anatase.The morphology of these allomorphs are totally different because the stability of combination of octahedral [Ti O 6] 8- vary with the orientation and linked edges of coordination polyhedra.Another example is the homoeomorphism of cassiterite SnO 2.The orientation and combination of octahedral [Sn O 6] 8- in cassiterite are similar to that of octahedral [Ti O 6] 8- in rutile,so that cassiterite and rutile have similar morphology even for their form of twin and twin face.The combination of octahedral [Al O 6] 9- ,[Fe O 6] 9- and [Ti O 6] 8- respectively is similar at the orientation and linked form of coordination polyhedra in three crystals of corundum,hematite and ilmenite,so the same faces appear in these three crystals,resulted in similar morphology.

功能晶体材料CMTD生长动力学和结晶习性的研究

Process of crystal growth can be controlled by both surface kinetics and by volume transport as well.Although the complicated relation between the surface kinetics and volume transport exsits,generally,they are studied seprately.Due to the mathematical complexity of heat and mass transport equations,the in depth studies of heat and mass transport process become difficult.Most of the studies on the transport were performed for the growth from melt.Most of the work on Surface kinetics has been done for crystal growth from aqueous solution because the in situ observation of crystal growth is easily carried out.In recent years,the surface kinetics studies on the nanometer scale,even atomic scale,are demonstrated by using AFM.

Evaluation of the Characteristics of Virus-free Sweetpotato and Its Use in Hybridization

Application of virus-free sweetpotato is a breakthrough of sweetpotato production. Several popular varieties were adopted to study their yield increase potential and their use in breeding in this research. The results showed that after virus-elimination, all varieties had a yield increase ranging from 14.95% - 91. 61% and marketable quality improvement, despite the changes in location and season. The changes of dry matter content and disease resistance were not significant. Virus-free sweetpotato performed vigorous vine growth and strong dry matter assimilation ability. Virus-free parents had a slightly high seed setting percentage, but its flowering ability and performance of off-springs were similar to that of its check plants.

Vegetative Habitus and Fruit Production of Self-rooted Cherry Cultivar ＇Hedelfingen＇ Wild Type and Somaclonal Grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ Rootstock

The study considers the morphological and physiological behaviour of self-rooted sweet cherry CV （Cultivar） ＇Hedelfinger＇ wild type （H） and somaclonal （HS） grafted on ＇Gisela 6＇ and ＇Colt＇ rootstock. The somaclonal showed reduced vegetative vigour without any variation of the natural tree＇s architecture. The rootstock ＇Gisela 6＇ caused change in genotype habitus inducing a spreading shape, while ＇Colt＇ increased trunk diameter and height. Fruit quality and size were not affected by genotype nor rootstock. ＇Gisela 6＇, from these preliminary data, had proved the most suitable rootstock for both genotypes since it reduced the tree size and vigor and induced early bearing and the production of a greater number of fruiting spurs.

Evaluation of Soybean Cultivars of Contrasting Cycles according to the Level of Investment in Fertilization

The objective of the present study was to characterize the duration of the phenological stages, the agronomic characteristics and grain yield in soybean cultivars with contrasting cycles and indeterminate growth type, submitted to different fertilization investment environments under no-tillage system in the central region of Minas Gerais. The work was conducted under field conditions, in an experimental area of Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, in Sete Lagoas, MG, in the harvest of 2015/2016. Ten soybean cultivars with different relative maturity groups (RMG) were studied, representing almost all RMG materials currently sown in Minas Gerais, in two environments with different levels of fertilizer investment. The variables were submitted to analysis of joint variance, in order to verify the existence of interaction between cultivars and investment in fertilization environments. Fertilizer investment levels influence grain yield of soybean cultivars of contrasting cycles. The higher height of the soybean plants implies higher lodging and lower grain yield. This situation is aggravated by the greater investment in fertilization. The difference between the cycles of the cultivars is in the duration of the vegetative stages, being greater in the later cultivars.

Coordination polyhedron growth mechanism model and growth habit of crystals

A new growth mechanism model, coordination polyhedron growth mechanism model, is introduced from the angle of the coordination of anion and cation to each other at the interface. It is pointed out that the force driving the growth unit to enter the crystal lattice is the electrostatic attraction force between ions, whose relative size can be approximately measured by the electrostatic bond strength (EBS) that reaches a nearest neighbor anion (or cation) in the parent phase from a cation (or anion) at the interface. The growth habits of NaCl, ZnS, CaF2 and Csl crystals are discussed, and a new growth habit rule is proposed as follows. When the growth rate of a crystal is determined by the step generation rate, the growth habit of this crystal is related to the coordination number of the ion with the smallest coordination rate at the interface of various crystal faces. The smaller the coordination number of the ion at the interface, the faster the growth rate of corresponding crystal face. When the growth of a crystal depends on the step movement rate, the growth habit of this crystal is related to the density of the ion with the smallest coordination rate at the interface of various crystal faces. The smaller the densities of the ion at the interface is, the faster the growth rate of corresponding crystal face will be.

FT5a interferes with the Dt1-AP1 feedback loop to control flowering time and shoot determinacy in soybean

Flowering time and stem growth habit determine inflorescence architecture in soybean, which in turn influences seed yield. Dt1, a homolog of Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER 1(TFL1), is a major controller of stem growth habit, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Here, we demonstrate that Dt1 affects node number and plant height, as well as flowering time,in soybean under long-day conditions. The b ZIP transcription factor FDc1 physically interacts with Dt1, and the FDc1-Dt1 complex directly represses the expression of APETALA1(AP1). We propose that FT5 a inhibits Dt1 activity via a competitive interaction with FDc1 and directly upregulates AP1. Moreover, AP1 represses Dt1 expression by directly binding to the Dt1 promoter, suggesting that AP1 and Dt1 form a suppressive regulatory feedback loop to determine the fate of the shoot apical meristem. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of Dt1 and FT5 a in controlling the stem growth habit and flowering time in soybean, which determine the adaptability and grain yield of this important crop.