Isolation of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Its Receptor Genes from Scatophagus argus and Their Expression Analyses

The teleost Scatophagus argus is a species whose females grows faster than males.Growth hormone(gh)mRNA abundance in females pituitary is higher than that in males;however the mechanism underlining such differential is still unknown.Growth hormone(GH)is tightly associated with GH-releasing hormone(Ghrh)in vertebrates.In this study,Ghrh gene(ghrh)and its receptor gene,ghrhr,were isolated from S.argus.Tissue expression analysis showed that ghrh and ghrhr were mainly expressed in hypothalamus while ghrhr was expressed in pituitary and gh was predominantly expressed in pituitary.Twenty cultured S.argus individuals were used to compare ghrh,ghrhr and gh mRNA abundances,120 g and 181 g average weight for male(n=11)and female(n=9),respectively.Real-time PCR indicated that the ghrh and ghrhr mRNA abundances in male hypothalamus were significantly higher than those in female hypothalamus while that of gh mRNA abundance was significantly higher in female pituitary than in male pituitary.The ghrh and ghrhr mRNA abundances were significantly up-regulated in female hypothalamus 3 h after injection of 0.1 mg kg^-1 body weight Ghrh while pituitary ghrhr and gh mRNA abundances were not affected.In female hypothalamus,ghrh and ghrhr m RNA abundances were not affected at 6 h post-injection of 4 mg kg^-1 body weight 17α-methyltes-tosterone(17α-MT)or 17β-Estradiol(E2).In female pituitary,ghrhr m RNA abundance was down-regulated by 17α-MT while that of gh m RNA abundance was up-regulated by E2.Our findings indicated that E2,rather than Ghrh,plays an important role in up-regulating the expression of gh in female S.argus,which should aid to understand the sexual dimorphism of teleost growth.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis on cDNA of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene from Wuzhishan Miniature Pig

[Objective] cDNA of growth hormone releasing hormone （GHRH） receptor gene from Wuzhishan miniature pig was cloned and its sequence was also analyzed. [Method] Using genomic DNA extracted from porcine ear tissues of Wuzhishan miniature pig as the template, three pairs of primers were designed by the reported cDNA sequence of porcine GHRH, and cDNA was also amplified by RT-PCR. After being recovered and purified, PCR products were ligated to pMD18-T and then transformed into Escherichia coli DH5a. The transformation products were analyzed by PCR and double enzyme digestion to screen positive clones, and the positive clones were sequenced after identification in LB liquid medium. [ Result] cDNA of Wuzhishan miniature pig GHRH receptor gene was obtained successfully, and its length was 1 577 bp coding 423 amino acids. BLAST analysis showed that there were only 23 nuoleotides in difference between this fragment and pomine GHRH receptor gene, and its homology was 98%. However, both GHRH receptor genes were constituted by 423 amino acids with the sequence homology of 96%. [ Conclusion] This study provides theoretical basis for further studies on the dwarf mechanism of Wuzhishan miniature pig.

siRNA-targeted inhibition of growth hormone receptor in human colon cancer SW480 cells

AIM:To determine the effects of RNAi-mediated inhibition of the growth hormone receptor(GHR)gene on tumors and colon cancer cells in vivo.METHODS:Construction of a eukaryotic vector for human GHR expression,the pcDNA 6.2-GW/EmGFPsmall interfering RNAs(siRNAs)-GHR plasmid,was used to inhibit GHR expression.Thirty-six BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into groups and treated with normal saline(NS),recombinant plasmid(G2),growth hormone(GH),5-fluorouracil(FU),G2+FU or G2+FU+GH.Each nude mouse was subcutaneously inoculated with 1×107human colon cancer SW480 cells;the nude mice were weighed before inoculation and on the 2nd,5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.All nude mice were sacrificed after 17 d.Each subcutaneous tumor was removed and studied.Tumor volume was measured on the 5th,8th,11th,14thand 17thday after inoculation.The expression of GHR protein in the tumor tissue was detected by Western blotting analysis,and the differences in GHR mRNA expression in the tumor tissue were detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS:Compared to the control group,the weights of the inoculated nude mice on the 17thday after inoculation were:G2:21.60±0.71 g,GH:21.64±0.45 g,FU:18.94±0.47 g,FU+G2:19.40±0.60 g,G2+FU+GH:21.04±0.78 g vs NS:20.68±0.66 g,P<0.05;the tumor volumes after the subcutaneous inoculation were:G2:9.71±3.82 mm3,FU:11.54±2.42mm3,FU+G2:11.42±1.11 mm3,G2+FU+GH:10.47±1.02 mm3vs NS:116.81±10.61 mm3,P<0.05.Compared to the GH group,the tumor volumes were significantly decreased in the experimental groups.The GHR protein expression(G2:0.39±0.02,FU:0.40±0.02,FU+G2:0.38±0.01,G2+FU+GH:0.39±0.01 vs NS:0.94±0.02,P<0.05)and the GHR mRNA expression(G2:14.12±0.10,FU:15.15±0.44,FU+G2:16.46±0.27,G2+FU+GH:15.37±0.57 vs NS:12.63±0.14,P<0.05)were significantly decreased and increased,respectively,in the experimental groups.CONCLUSION:Inhibition of GHR in human colon cancer SW480 cells resulted in anti-tumor effects in nude mice.

Growth hormone receptor expression in human primary gastric adenocarcinoma

The aim of this study was to determine the expression of growth hormone receptor（GHR） in patients with pri-mary gastric adenocarcinoma.We investigated 48 specimens of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and their cor-responding normal gastric mucosa.Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR） were used to detect the expression of GHR.Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that GHR was expressed in human primary gastric adenocarcinoma（36/48,75.0%） and appeared to be upregulated,compared to the normal mucosa（28/48,58.3%,P 〈 0.001）.A significant correlation was found between GHR expression and tumor stage（P 〈 0.001） and tumor differentiation（P 〈 0.001）.The average positive rate of ki-67 in GHR-positive tumors was 16.06%,while the positive rate in GHR-negative tumors was 6.17%（P 〈 0.01）.The average apoptosis index（AI） of GHR-positive tumors was 3.36%,which was significantly lower than that（7.33%） of GHR-negative tumors.In addition,27 of 48 cases of tumors had GHR mRNA expression,while only 17 of all 48 cases of normal mucosa did so.Our results indicate that the frequency of GHR was significantly higher in primary gastric adeno-carcinoma than that in normal gastric mucosa.GHR expression was significantly correlated with tumor differen-tiation and tumor grade.This finding supported a possible role of growth hormone in primary gastric adenocarci-noma pathophysiology.

Gastric motor effects of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 in diabetic mice with gastroparesis

AIM:To investigate the potential therapeutic significance of ghrelin and growth hormone releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) in diabetic mice with gastric motility disorders. METHODS: A diabetic mouse model was established by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of alloxan. Diabetic mice were injected ip with ghrelin or GHRP-6 (20-200 μg/kg), and the effects on gastric emptying were measured after intragastric application of phenol red. The effect of atropine, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) or D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (a growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) antagonist) on the gastroprokinetic effect of ghrelin or GHRP-6 (100 μg/kg) was also investigated. The effects of ghrelin or GHRP-6 (0.01-10 μmol/L) on spontaneous or carbachol-induced contractile amplitude were also investigated in vitro, in gastric fundic circular strips taken from diabetic mice. The presence of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a transcripts in the fundic strips of diabetic mice was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: We established a diabetic mouse model with delayed gastric emptying. Ghrelin and GHRP-6 accelerated gastric emptying in diabetic mice with gastroparesis. In the presence of atropine or L-NAME, which delayed gastric emptying, ghrelin and GHRP-6 (100 μg/kg) failed to accelerate gastric emptying. D-Lys3-GHRP-6 also delayed gastric emptying induced by the GHS-R agonist. Ghrelin and GHRP-6 increased the carbachol-induced contractile amplitude in gastric fundicstrips taken from diabetic mice. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of GHS-R mRNA in the strip preparations. CONCLUSION: Ghrelin and GHRP-6 increase gastric emptying in diabetic mice with gastroparesis, perhaps by activating peripheral cholinergic pathways in the enteric nervous system.

The role of endotoxin,TNF-α,and IL-6 in inducing the state of growth hormone insensitivity

AIM: Critical illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, and burns cause a growth hormone insensitivity, which leads to an increased negative nitrogen balance. Endotoxin is generously released into blood under these conditions and stimulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1, which may play a very important role in inducing the growth hormone insensitivity. The objective of this current study was to investigate the role of endotoxin, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in inducing the growth hormone insensitivity at the receptor and post-receptor levels. METHODS: Spague-Dawley rats were injected with endotoxin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, respectively and part of rats injected with endotoxin was treated with exogenous somatotropin simultaneously. All rats were killed at different time points. The expression of IGF-I, GHR, SOCS-3 and beta-actin mRNA in the liver was detected by RT-PCR and the GH levels were measured by radioimmunoassay, the levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in serous GH levels between experimental group and control rats after endotoxin injection, however, liver IGF-I mRNA expression had been obviously down-regulated in endotoxemic rats. Liver GHR mRNA expression also had a predominant down-regulation after endotoxin injection. The lowest regulation of liver IGF-I mRNA expression occurred at 12h after LPS injection, being decreased by 53% compared with control rats. For GHR mRNA expression, the lowest expression occurred at 8h and had a 81% decrease. Although SOCS-3 mRNA was weakly expressed in control rats, it was strongly up-regulated after LPS injection and had a 7.84 times increase compared with control rats. Exogenous GH could enhance IGF-I mRNA expression in control rats, but it did fail to prevent the decline in IGF-I mRNA expression in endotoxemic rats. Endotoxin stimulated the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and the elevated IL-6 levels was shown a positive correlation with increased SOCS-3 mRNA expression. The liver GHR mRNA expression was obviously down-regulated after TNF-alpha iv injection and had a 40% decrease at 8h, but the liver SOCS-3 mRNA expression was the 4.94 times up-regulation occurred at 40 min after IL-6 injection. CONCLUSION: The growth hormone insensitivity could be induced by LPS injection, which was associated with down-regulated GHR mRNA expression at receptor level and with up-regulated SOCS-3 mRNA expression at post-receptor level. The in vivo biological activities of LPS were mediated by TNF-alpha and IL-6 indirectly, and TNF-alpha and IL-6 may exert their effects on the receptor and post-receptor levels respectively.

Effect of sericin on diabetic hippocampal growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis

Previous studies have shown that sericin extracted from silk cocoon significantly reduces blood glucose levels and protects the nervous system against diabetes mellitus. In this study, a rat type 2 diabetes mellitus model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg streptozotocin for 3 successive days, following which the rats were treated with sericin for 35 days. After treatment, the blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats decreased significantly, the growth hormone level in serum and its expression in the hippocampus decreased significantly, while the insulin-like growth factor-1 level in serum and insulin-like growth factor-1 and growth hormone receptor expression in the hippocampus increased significantly. The experimental findings indicate that sericin improves disorders of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis to alleviate hippocampal damage in diabetic rats.

Optimization of the Purification Methods for Recovery of Recombinant Growth Hormone from Paralichthys olivaceus

This study aimed to optimize the purification of recombinant growth hormone from Paralichthys olivaceus. Recombinant flounder growth hormone （r-fGH） was expressed by Escherichia coli in form of inclusion body or as soluble protein under different inducing conditions. The inclusion body was renatured using two recovery methods, i.e., dilution and dialysis. Thereafter, the refolded protein was purified by Glutathione Sepharase 4B affinity chromatography and r-fGH was obtained by cleavage of thrombin. For soluble products, r-fGH was directly purified from the lysates by Glutathione Sepharase 4B affinity chromatography. ELISA-receptor assay demonstrated that despite its low receptor binding activity, the r-fGH purified from refolded inclusion body had a higher yield （2.605 mg L^-1） than that from soluble protein （1.964 mg L^-l）. Of the tested recovery methods, addition of renaturing buffer （pH 8.5） into denatured inclusion body yielded the best recovery rate （17.9%）. This work provided an optimized purification method for high recovery of r-fGH, thus contributing to the application of r-fGH to aquaculture.

ENDOCRINE CHANGES OF PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION WITH EXOGENOUS GROWTH HORMONE

Recombinant salmon growth hormone contained in yeast was given for 5 months to flounder in its diet. Both free and total specific binding sites for the growth hormone were examined in liver membranes of control and treated fish. The association constants of both free and total specific binding sites were of the same order (1 nM 1 ), and no significant difference was found between any two groups in the capacity of their free binding sites. The capacity of total binding sites in the liver of treated fish increased significantly compared with that of control. Insulin like growth factor I (IGF I) levels in the plasma of treated fish increased by 22.61% (P<0.05), compared with that of control. While the T 4 levels in plasma did not increase significantly (from 1.35±0.91 ng/ml to 2.29±1.13 ng/ml), T 3 levels were elevated significantly (from 1.78±1.14 ng/ml to 4.87±1.22 ng/ml, P<0.01), as compared with that of control.

Stimulating effect of thyroid hormones in peripheral nerve regeneration:research history and future direction toward clinical therapy

Injury to peripheral nerves is often observed in the clinic and severe injuries may cause loss of motor and sensory functions.Despite extensive investigation,testing various surgical repair techniques and neurotrophic molecules,at present,a satisfactory method to ensuring successful recovery does not exist.For successful molecular therapy in nerve regeneration,it is essential to improve the intrinsic ability of neurons to survive and to increase the speed of axonal outgrowth.Also to induce Schwann cell phenotypical changes to prepare the local environment favorable for axonal regeneration and myelination.Therefore,any molecule that regulates gene expression of both neurons and Schwann cells could play a crucial role in peripheral nerve regeneration.Clinical and experimental studies have reported that thyroid hormones are essential for the normal development and function of the nervous system,so they could be candidates for nervous system regeneration.This review provides an overview of studies devoted to testing the effect of thyroid hormones on peripheral nerve regeneration.Also it emphasizes the importance of combining biodegradable tubes with local administration of triiodothyronine for future clinical therapy of human severe injured nerves.We highlight that the local and single administration of triiodothyronine within biodegradable nerve guide improves significantly the regeneration of severed peripheral nerves,and accelerates functional recovering.This technique provides a serious step towards future clinical application of triiodothyronine in human severe injured nerves.The possible regulatory mechanism by which triiodothyronine stimulates peripheral nerve regeneration is a rapid action on both axotomized neurons and Schwann cells.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 effects on proliferation and telomerase activity in sheep growth plate chondrocytes

Background： Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 （FGFR3） inhibits growth-plate chondrocyte proliferation and limits bone elongation. Gain-of-function FGFR3 mutations cause dwarfism, reduced telomerase activity and shorter telomeres in growth plate chondroyctes suggesting that FGFR3 reduces proliferative capacity, inhibits telomerase, and enhances senescence. Thyroid hormone （1-3） plays a role in cellular maturation of growth plate chondrocytes and a known target of T3 is FGFR3. The present study addressed whether reduced FGFR3 expression enhanced telomerase activity, mRNA expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase （TERT） and RNA component of telomerase （TR）, and chondrocyte proliferation, and whether the stimulation of FGFR3 by T3 evoked the opposite response. Results： Sheep growth-plate proliferative zone chondrocytes were cultured and transfected with siRNA to reduce FGFR3 expression; FGFR3 siRNA reduced chondrocyte FGFR3 mRNA and protein resulting in greater proliferation and increased TERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity （p 〈 0.0.5）. Chondrocytes treated with T3 significantly enhanced FGFR3 mRNA and protein expression and reduced telomerase activity （p 〈 0.05）; TERT and TR were not significantly reduced. The action of T3 at the growth plate may be partially mediated through the FGFR3 pathway. Conclusions： The results suggest that FGFR3 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and reducing telomerase activity indicating an important role for telomerase in capacity during bone elongation. by down-regulating TERT expression sustaining chondrocyte proliferative

Preclinical therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia with neuropeptide hormone antagonists

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)is a pathologic condition of the prostate described as a substantial increase in its number of epithelial and stromal cells.BPH may significantly reduce the quality of life due to the initiation of bladder outlet obstruction and lower urinary tract syndromes.Current medical therapies mostly consist of inhibitors of 5α-reductase orα1-adrenergic blockers;their efficacy is often insufficient.Antagonistic analogs of neuropeptide hormones are novel candidates for the management of BPH.At first,antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH)have been introduced to the therapy aimed to reduce serum testosterone levels.However,they have also been found to produce an inhibitory activity on local LHRH receptors in the prostate as well as impotence and other related side effects.Since then,several preclinical and clinical studies reported the favorable effects of LHRH antagonists in BPH.In contrast,antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)and gastrin-releasing peptide(GRP)have been tested only in preclinical settings and produce significant reduction in prostate size in experimental models of BPH.They act at least in part,by blocking the action of respective ligands produced locally on prostates through their respective receptors in the prostate,and by inhibition of autocrine insulin-like growth factors-Ⅰ/Ⅱand epidermal growth factor production.GHRH and LHRH antagonists were also tested in combination resulting in a cumulative effect that was greater than that of each alone.This article will review the numerous studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of antagonistic analogs of LHRH,GHRH and GRP in BPH,as well as suggesting a potential role for somatostatin analogs in experimental therapies.

阿贝西利联合非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂一线治疗HR+/HER2-绝经后晚期乳腺癌患者的效果观察

探讨针对激素受体阳性/人类表皮生长因子受体2阴性(HR+/HER2-)绝经后晚期乳腺癌患者应用阿贝西利联合非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂一线治疗的效果。以玉林市红十字会医院在2022年1月—2023年4月收治的92例HR+/HER2-绝经后晚期乳腺癌患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=46,应用非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂一线治疗)和研究组(n=46,在对照组基础上应用阿贝西利治疗),对比两组疗效、不良反应发生率、生活质量。研究发现,针对HR+/HER2-绝经后晚期乳腺癌患者应用阿贝西利联合非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂一线治疗,疗效有所提高,不良反应未增加,安全性较高,患者生活质量显著提高,值得推广。

HR+/HER2-乳腺癌与HR+/HER2+乳腺癌临床特征和内分泌治疗时长的比较

目的比较免疫组化激素受体阳性、人表皮生长因子阴性(HR+/HER2-)乳腺癌患者和激素受体阳性、人表皮生长因子受体阳性(HR+/HER2+)乳腺癌患者的临床特征和内分泌治疗时长。方法回顾性分析青岛大学附属医院收治的36例HR+/HER2-乳腺癌患者和22例HR+/HER2+乳腺癌患者的临床资料,比较两组患者的年龄、月经状态、骨转移、肺转移、肝转移、淋巴结转移、总转移数、BMI、BI-RADS分级、ECOG评分,以及总线数、一线、二线、三线及以上内分泌治疗时长。结果两组患者年龄、月经状态、肺转移、肝转移、淋巴结转移、总转移数、BMI、BI-RADS分级、ECOG评分,以及总线数、一线、二线、三线及以上内分泌治疗时长比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);HR+/HER2+组患者骨转移发生率高于HR+/HER2-组(P<0.05),HR+/HER2-组患者三线及以上内分泌治疗时长长于HR+/HER2+组(P<0.05)。结论HR+/HER2+乳腺癌可积极选用内分泌治疗或与HER2靶向药物联合治疗,从而避免使用化疗,减轻化疗所带来的不良反应。

激素受体阳性/人表皮生长因子受体2阳性晚期乳腺癌生物学特点及治疗进展

激素受体阳性(hormone receptor-positive,HR+)/人表皮生长因子受体2阳性(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive,HER2+)晚期乳腺癌是一种异质性较高的肿瘤亚型,各大指南对于HER2+晚期乳腺癌,不论HR阳性或阴性,均建议在抗HER2治疗基础上首选联合化疗,专门针对HR+/HER2+晚期乳腺癌的临床研究不多,其最佳治疗特别是后线治疗选择仍存在争议。晚期乳腺癌很难治愈,兼顾不同治疗手段比如化疗与内分泌治疗的疗效和患者的生活质量等显得非常重要。加之近几年针对HR+的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6 (cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor,CDK4/6)抑制剂等靶向药物和针对HER2+乳腺癌的新型抗HER2靶向药物和抗体药物偶联物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)的应用,为HR+/HER2+晚期乳腺癌的治疗带来了诸多选择和疗效以及安全性的不确定性。本文综述HR+/HER2+晚期乳腺癌分子生物学和临床病理特点、研究进展和治疗选择,为临床医生治疗决策提供参考。

基于双参数MRI影像组学构建的支持向量机模型对乳腺癌人表皮生长因子受体-2和激素受体表达的预测效能

目的构建基于磁共振T_(2)WI反转恢复压脂(TIRM)及扩散加权成像(DWI)序列图像的支持向量机(SVM)模型,评估其对乳腺癌人表皮生长因子受体-2(HER-2)和激素受体(HR)表达水平的预测效能。方法收集128个于术前或治疗前接受乳腺MRI检查的乳腺癌病灶。根据免疫组织化学(IHC)或原位荧光杂交(FISH)检测结果进行分组。使用ITK-SNAP软件在磁共振TIRM和DWI序列图像上勾画三维容积感兴趣区(VOI),并导入Pyradiomics程序提取影像组学特征。对数据进行归一化处理后使用基于支持向量机的递归特征消除法(SVM-RFE)筛选特征。采用随机分层抽样方法将108例病例按照8∶2比例分为训练组及验证组,另外20例作为外部测试组。采用SVM机器学习分类器构建影像组学模型。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估模型预测效能。采用DeLong检验评估各影像组学模型ROC曲线下面积(AUC)。采用SHAP算法进行可视化分析,并筛选最具贡献力的预测特征。结果联合模型(训练组AUC=0.94;验证组AUC=0.90)对HER-2的预测效能均高于TIRM模型(训练组AUC=0.85;验证组AUC=0.80)、单DWI模型(训练组AUC=0.88;验证组AUC=0.66)。外部测试组联合模型的AUC为0.89。SHAP算法得出DWI序列的特征贡献较大。基于TIRM和DWI序列联合特征(训练组AUC=0.96;验证组AUC=0.88)、单DWI序列特征(训练组AUC=0.92;验证组AUC=0.86)构建的影像组学模型预测HR效能优于单TIRM序列特征(训练组AUC=0.84;验证组AUC=0.68)构建的模型。外部测试组证明联合模型具有较好的预测效能,AUC为0.90。SHAP算法得出TIRM序列的特征贡献较大。结论基于磁共振成像TIRM和DWI序列联合特征构建的影像组学模型对于HER-2水平具有良好的预测效能,对HR表达具有较大的预测潜力,可为乳腺癌患者制订个性化治疗方案提供依据。

哌柏西利、来曲唑及氟维司群联合用药治疗晚期HR^(+)/HER2^(-)乳腺癌的疗效与安全性观察

目的:探讨晚期激素受体阳性/人类表皮生长因子受体2阴性(HR^(+)/HER2^(-))乳腺癌采用哌柏西利、来曲唑及氟维司群联合用药的临床效果。方法:本研究选取湖北省肿瘤医院2021年01月至2023年01月治疗的晚期HR^(+)/HER2^(-)乳腺癌患者120例,根据治疗方案将患者分为观察组(n=62)和对照组(n=58),对照组给予来曲唑及氟维司群治疗,观察组给予哌柏西利、来曲唑及氟维司群治疗,观察两组治疗疗效、不良反应及生存情况,同时分析两组治疗前后血清肿瘤标志物、免疫功能差异。结果:观察组客观缓解率(ORR)和疾病控制率(DCR)分别为11.29%和82.26%,明显高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原15-3(CA15-3)和糖类抗原125(CA125)分别为(19.49±6.67)ng/mL、(11.54±3.34)U/mL和(43.34±17.28)U/mL,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组治疗后CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)和CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)分别为(49.98±6.90)%、(31.02±7.00)%和(1.18±0.39),高于对照组(P<0.05),而CD8^(+)为(26.38±3.35)%,低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组和对照组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组中位无进展生存期和总生存期分别为20个月(95%CI:18.87~21.14)和25个月(95%CI:24.41~25.59),明显长于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:哌柏西利、来曲唑及氟维司群治疗晚期HR^(+)/HER2^(-)乳腺癌有较好的临床效果,安全性好,可有效调节肿瘤标志物水平,提高患者预后。

生长激素释放肽及其受体的异常表达在肿瘤诊治中的应用

生长激素释放肽(ghrelin)是一种胃源性肽,也被称为饥饿素,可刺激垂体释放生长激素,是一种调节能量代谢的关键多肽,以酰基化生长激素释放肽与无活性的非酰基化生长激素释放肽两种形式存在。酰基化的生长激素释放肽与生长激素促分泌素受体结合,介导多种生理功能。除了刺激食欲增加食物摄入的作用外,生长激素释放肽还可以保护心脏功能,防止肌肉萎缩,增加骨密度,调节应激与焦虑,抑制炎性细胞因子产生,生长激素释放肽及其受体成为多种疾病的潜在治疗靶点。近年来,越来越多的研究证明生长激素释放肽及生长激素促分泌素受体在多种肿瘤中异常表达,对肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、自噬等功能产生直接作用;也可通过调节炎症反应、雌激素产生和代谢的间接作用,与肿瘤的发生与发展密切相关。生长激素释放肽及其受体异常表达可作为多种肿瘤诊断、疗效预测和预后评估的标志物。靶向生长激素释放肽药物也逐渐被研发,并在抗肿瘤和肿瘤患者支持治疗的临床前研究和临床试验中显示了良好疗效。本文将讨论生长激素释放肽及受体在肿瘤发生发展中的作用及其作为肿瘤标志物与治疗靶点的潜力,并对其相关药物在肿瘤患者中的应用进行综述。

Do tensile and shear forces exerted on cells influence mechanotransduction through stored energy considerations?

All tissues in the body are subjected externally to gravity and internally by collagenfibril and cellular retractive forces that create stress and energy equilibrium required for homeostasis.Mechanotransduction involves mechanical work(force through a distance)and energy storage as kinetic and potential energy.This leads to changes in cell mitosis or apoptosis and the synthesis or loss of tissue components.It involves the application of energy directly to cells through integrin-mediated processes,cell-cell connections,stretching of the cell cytoplasm,and activation of the cell nucleus via yes-associated protein(YAP)and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-motif(TAZ).These processes involve numerous complexes,intermediate molecules,and multiple pathways.Several pathways have been identified from research studies on vertebrate cell culture and from studies in invertebrates.These pathways involve mechanosensors and other molecules that activate the pathways.This review discusses the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)family,Hippo,Hedgehog,and Wingless-related integration site(WNT)/βcatenin signaling pathways.The mediators covered includeβcatenin,ion channels,growth factors,hormone receptors,members of the Ras superfamily,and components of the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton(LINC)complex.However,the interrelationship among the different pathways remains to be clarified.Integrin-mediated mechanotransduction involves direct tensile loading and energy applied to the cell membrane via collagenfibril stretching.This energy is transferred between cells by stretching the cell-cell connections involving cadherins and the WNT/βcatenin pathway.These alterations induce changes in intracellular events in the cytoskeleton and nuclear skeleton caused by the release of YAP and TAZ.These coactivators then penetrate through the nuclear pores and influence nuclear cell function.Alteration in the balance of forces and energy applied to cells and tissues is hypothesized to shift the cell-extracellular matrix mechanical equilibrium by modifying mechanotransduction.The shift in equilibrium can lead to either tissue synthesis,genetic modifications,or promotefibrotic diseases,including epithelial cell-derived cancers,depending on the local metabolic conditions.

HR+/HER2-老年乳腺癌患者临床病理特征及预后分析

目的:探讨激素受体阳性(hormone receptor-positive,HR+)/人表皮生长因子受体2阴性(human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative,HER2-)老年乳腺癌患者临床病理特征及预后相关情况,为临床治疗提供相关依据。方法:在监测、流行病学和结果(surveillance,epidemiology and end results,SEER)数据库中筛选出老年乳腺癌患者41972例,按照7∶3分成测试组和验证组,用Cox回归分析筛选出影响预后的相关因素并建立列线图,利用一致性指数(C-index)和ROC曲线及校准曲线评价模型的预测能力及一致性。结果:测试组与验证组的临床病理特征间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Cox回归分析筛选出年龄、婚姻状况、种族、T分期、N分期、病理分级、手术、放疗、孕激素受体状态是60岁以上HR+/HER2-老年乳腺癌患者的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。测试组和验证组列线图的C-index为0.761和0.763,测试组1、3、5年的ROC曲线的AUC为0.810、0.791、0.784,验证组为0.811、0.799、0.793。结论:利用SEER数据库建立了HR+/HER2-老年乳腺癌患者预后模型,可为临床诊疗时提供更准确的参考依据。