Guanling Biota: A Marker of Triassic Biotic Recovery from the end-Permian Extinction in the Ancient Guizhou Sea

After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member (conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone), Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid: three ichthyosaurs (Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000), three thalattosaurs (Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004), and two placodonts (Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002). Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi (Zhou in Yin et al., 2000), Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ? minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.

Cephalopods of the “Falang Formation” (Triassic) from Guanling and Zhenfeng Counties, Guizhou Province, China

The 'Falang Formation' of western Guizhou was previously called the 'Halobia Bed' and considered to beLadinian in age. It was subdivided upward into the Zhuganpo, Laishike and Longchang members based on ammonites andthe Trachyceras multitubertulatum Zone of the Longchang Member was put in the Lower Carnian. Here in the presentpaper, 4 genera and 9 species of ammonites and 1 nautiloid genus and species collected from the upper part of the 'FalangFormation' (i.e. the Wayao Formation used in this paper, equivalent to the Laishike Member from Guanling and Zhenfengcounties are described. The geological and geographical distribution of these cephalopods, as well as the co-existingconodonts, put the Wayao Formation to the late early Carnian.

Ancient Zhenyuan, Gateway to East Guizhou

This ancient city has a history going back over 2,000 years.It has witnessed the fusion of multiple ethnic cultures including the Miao,Dong,and Han,and hosts a number of cultural heritage sites.THE old town of Zhenyuan is located in Zhenyuan County,Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture in southwest China’s Guizhou Province.Covering an area of just around three square kilometers,it sits on the banks of the Wuyang River and is surrounded by mountains.Zhenyuan has been a county for more than 2,281 years and was the prefectural capital during the Yuan(1271-1368)and Qing(1644-1911)dynasties.It is a multicultural region,with Miao,Dong,and other ethnic minorities making up nearly half of the population.

Machine learning-based automatic construction of earthquake catalog for reservoir areas in multiple river basins of Guizhou province,China

Large reservoirs have the risk of reservoir induced seismicity.Accurately detecting and locating microseismic events are crucial when studying reservoir earthquakes.Automatic earthquake monitoring in reservoir areas is one of the effective measures for earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation.In this study,we first applied the automatic location workflow(named LOCFLOW)to process 14-day continuous waveform data from several reservoir areas in different river basins of Guizhou province.Compared with the manual seismic catalog,the recall rate of seismic event detection using the workflow was 83.9%.Of the detected earthquakes,88.9%had an onset time difference below 1 s,81.8%has a deviation in epicenter location within 5 km,and 77.8%had a focal depth difference of less than 5 km,indicating that the workflow has good generalization capacity in reservoir areas.We further applied the workflow to retrospectively process continuous waveform data recorded from 2020 to the first half of 2021 in reservoir areas in multiple river basins of western Guizhou province and identified five times the number of seismic events obtained through manual processing.Compared with manual processing of seismic catalog,the completeness magnitude had decreased from 1.3 to 0.8,and a b-value of 1.25 was calculated for seismicity in western Guizhou province,consistent with the b-values obtained for the reservoir area in previous studies.Our results show that seismicity levels were relatively low around large reservoirs that were impounded over 15 years ago,and there is no significant correlation between the seismicity in these areas and reservoir impoundment.Seismicity patterns were notably different around two large reservoirs that were only impounded about 12 years ago,which may be explained by differences in reservoir storage capacity,the geologic and tectonic settings,hydrogeological characteristics,and active fault the reservoir areas.Prominent seismicity persisted around two large reservoirs that have been impounded for less than 10 years.These events were clustered and had relatively shallow focal depths.The impoundment of the Jiayan Reservoir had not officially begun during this study period,but earthquake location results suggested a high seismicity level in this reservoir area.Therefore,any seismicity in this reservoir area after the official impoundment deserves special attention.

Human Driving Forces:Analysis of Rocky Desertification in Karst Region in Guanling County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is one of the major ecological and environmental problems that threaten the sustainable development of southwestern China. It is caused by irrational and intensive land-use patterns in karst geo-ecological environment. Therefore, it is vital to identify how human forces work on this degraded environment. Based on the soil erosion information in 2000 and remote sensing images of Guanling County collected in 2000 and 2007, four grades of karst rocky desertification data in 14 villages of Guanling County were extracted. Impacts of population, affluence, and other human forces on karst rocky desertification were analyzed using STIRPAT model. The results show that:1) Factors of population and affluence had strong influence on karst rocky desertification. In the STIRPAT model analysis, the population and affluence coefficients were positive, indicating that the increase in population and affluence would lead to more serious desertification. 2) Factors of farmer correlated with karst rocky desertification negatively, especially the way of viewing the relationship between people and nature, and the level of knowledge about rocky desertification. Government behavior was not a significant factor in this analysis. 3) The findings provide evidence that STIRPAT model can be used to analyze the relationship between human driving forces and rocky desertification.

Geological characterization and exploration potential of shale gas in the Carboniferous Jiusi Formation,northern Guizhou and Yunnan provinces,SW China

Dark mudstones and shales of the Carboniferous Jiusi Formation are widely developed in northern Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, SW China. However, the distribution, reservoir characterization, and exploration potential of organic-rich shales in this area are yet to be quantified, thus limiting the prospect of shale gas in this area. This study investigates the basic geological conditions of Jiusi shale gas, using core data, well-logs, and some other test data, obtaining the following results. The organic-rich shales are mainly composed of deltaic-to-shallow-shelf deposits, with thickness ranging from 0 to 450 m, and above 350 m around the subsidence center. The organic matter is mainly type Ⅱ kerogen with TOC content of mostly 1%–2%, indicating a moderate maturity. The argillaceous shale reservoirs are indicative of strong heterogeneity, high clay minerals content, low porosity, low permeability, high specific surface area, and relatively developed secondary porosity. The gas-log anomaly intervals obtained from the survey wells have a cumulative thickness that is apparently greater than 200 m, and a few shale intervals showing high desorbed and adsorbed gas contents. Due to complex structures in the study area, conditions responsible for shale gas occurrence and trapping are generally moderate. However, areas having wide and gentle folds with moderate depth of burial reveals relatively favorable conditions of hydrocarbon traps. In contrast with typical marine-continental transitional shales, the Jiusi shale have better geological conditions for shale gas preservation. The analysis of the geological framework and hydrocarbon potential of Carboniferous Jiusi Formation provide more insight for the exploration of Carboniferous shale gas in southern China.

Discovery of the Middle-Late Triassic elasmobranch ichthyoliths from the Guanling area,Guizhou,SW China

应用Johns等(1997)的形态分类系统,对首次报道出现于贵州关岭地区中上三叠统的软骨鱼类的微体化石进行了初步研究,描述了其中的1个牙齿化石(可能属于弓鲛鲨科的)和7个鳞片类化石的形态属种,其中包括两个鳞片类化石的新属种,即Lobaticoronacf.floriditurris,Sacrisubcoronacf.circabasis,Glabrisubcoronacf.arduidevexa,Parvi-coronadacrysulcan.gen.et.n.sp.s.f.,Annulicoronapyramidalisn.gen.et.n.sp.s.f.,new(?)parageneraA和new(?)parageneraB。还初步探讨了软骨鱼类微体化石在三叠纪地层划分中的应用,以及中国西南部三叠纪软骨鱼类与北美相当地层中软骨鱼类的洲际对比。

Temporal and Spatial Variation of Summer Extreme High Temperature in Guizhou Province from 1970 to 2020

Based on the daily maximum temperature data of 31 meteorological observation stations and some statistical methods, the temporal and spatial characteristics of summer extreme high temperature in Guizhou province from 1970 to 2020 are analyzed. The results indicate that: 1) The threshold of extreme high temperature (EHT) in summer in Guizhou province had a large spatial difference, with decreasing characteristics from the northeast to the southwest, it was negatively correlated with the altitude. 2) In most parts of Guizhou province, the extreme high temperature days (EHTD) in summer can reach about 4.2 d, the lowest EHTD occurred in the southernmost part. From June to August, the EHTD gradually increased, especially in Central and eastern parts of Guizhou province. However, the extreme high temperature intensity (EHTI) displayed similar distribution characteristics in summer, June, July and August, with larger value in the northeast part and lower value in the southwest part of Guizhou. 3) EHTD had a rising trend in almost stations, except for the PZ station, the increased range and intensity gradually increased from June to August. But the EHTI had a larger spatial difference, especially in June, it declined in most parts of Guizhou, the declined scope and intensity gradually decreased in July, and completely increased in August, this made EHTI show an increasing trend in summer in most parts the Guizhou province. 4) The averaged EHTD increased by 0.62 d/10a (p 0.1), the significant increase also occurred in August, but it increased insignificantly in June and July. The averaged EHTI had insignificant increase in summer and the three months. In general, the EHTD and EHTI increased in most parts of Guizhou province during the period of 1970-2020, this may be related to the changes of them in August.

Biostratigraphy of Triassic Marine Reptiles in Southwest Guizhou and Its Adjacent Area

This paper briefly reviews the Triassic marine reptile fossils inGuizhou Province, especially the fossils that have been recently found in the Guanling area. Based on three sections at Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou Province and Luoping, Yunnan Province, four horizons with vertebrate fossils are recognized in the Middle and Upper Triassic of this area; They are from bottom to top: Member I and Member Ⅱ of the Guanling Formation, and the Zhuganpo Member and the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation.

Problems and Recommendations for Export of Guizhou Tea in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

As a traditional advantageous industry in Guizhou and an important export product,tea plays an important role in the rural revitalization strategy.This paper first introduces the current situation of tea industry and export in Guizhou,then analyzes the problems that arise in the export process,and finally comes up with corresponding countermeasures and recommendations for the export development of tea,hoping to provide certain guidance and reference to the development of tea industry in Guizhou Province.

Species Composition and Diversity of Fagus longipetiolata in Leigong Mountain, Guizhou Province

[Objectives]To understand the species composition and diversity of Fagus longipetiolata community.[Methods]The F.longipetiolata community in Guizhou Province was investigated by typical plot method.[Results]There were 107 species of vascular plants belonging to 79 genera and 51 families in Leigong Mountain F.longipetiolata community,including 3 species of pteridophytes belonging to 3 genera and 3 families,104 species of spermatophytes belonging to 76 genera and 48 families,including 3 species of gymnosperms belonging to 3 genera and 3 families,and 101 species of angiosperms belonging to 73 genera and 45 families.The types of Leigong Mountain F.longipetiolata community were divided into 7 formations,and the top 10 important species of each formation were Fagaceae,followed by Lauraceae and Ericaceae.The change trend of tree layer richness index was formation I>formation IV>formation VI>formation III>formation VII>formation II>formation V;the dominance index was formation I>formation IV>formation V>formation VI>formation VII>formation III>formation II;H diversity index was formation V>formation II>formation I>formation III>formation VII>formation VI>formation IV;the evenness index is formation II>formation III>formation VI>formation VII>formation IV>formation I>formation V;the total diversity index of the community,formation I(3.67)was the highest,formation V(2.74)was the lowest,manifested as formation I>formation III>formation VI>formation II>formation IV>formation VII>formation V.[Conclusions]The community stability is closely related to its species composition,and the background species is the basis for the survival of the community;the existence of rare species can further enhance the community diversity index and enhance the community stability.

Coordinated Development of Tourism Economy and Ecological Environment Coupling in Mountainous Provinces:A Case Study of Guizhou

The degree of coupling coordination can reflect the intensity of interaction between multiple-indicator system,and can characterize the harmonious and consistent degree of benign correlation between them.It is an effective measurement method for analyzing the level of coordinated development of tourism economy and ecological environment coupling.Guizhou,a mountainous province,is taken as the research object in this paper.Using entropy method and coupling coordination model,the coordinated development level of tourism economy and ecological environment coupling during 2011-2020 is measured and analyzed,and the coordinated development strategies for the tourism economy and ecological environment coupling in Guizhou,a mountainous province,are proposed.

Guanling Biota: A Rare Biota in Sea Early Late Triassic

Guanling biota has been found at the bottom of Wayao Formation of Upper Triassic (Carnic stage) near Xinpu town, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, China. There are a lot of crinoids and marine reptiles, which is a characteristic of Guanling biota, including ammonites, bivalve, brachiopod, fish, conodont and plant. These fossils are featured not only with the large quantity, but also with their extraordinary perfect forms. This paper explores the meaning, geological background, present situation of study and scientific significance of Guanling biota.

Correlation and analysis of well-log sequence with Milankovitch cycles as rulers: A case study of coal-bearing strata of late Permian in western Guizhou

Based on the well-logging data of typical wells of Zhijin,Panxian and Weining areas in western Guizhou,the well-logging data GR of late Permian coal-bearing strata were processed and wavelet transform technique was used to carry out the sequence stratigraphy division and correlation.The study mainly focuses on the controlling effects which Milankovitch had on high frequency sequence,Milankovitch cycle can be used as a ruler of sequence stratigraphy division and correlation to ensure the scientifcity and the unity of sequence stratigraphy division.According to well-logging signal of the ideal Milankovitch cycle,the corresponding relation between the wavelet scales and the cycles is determined by wavelet analysis.Through analyzing analog signals of subsequence sets to search the corresponding relation between various system tracts and the features of time-frequency,the internal features of wavelet transform scalogram could be made clearly.According to ideal model research,features of Milankovitch curves and wavelet spectrum can be seen clearly and each well can be classifed into four third-order sequences and two system tracts.At the same time Milankovitch cycle can realize the division and correlation of stratigraphic sequence in a quick and convenient way.

Trace Elements in Sphalerite from the Dadongla Zn-Pb Deposit, Western Hunan-Eastern Guizhou Zn-Pb Metallogenic Belt, South China

The western Hunan-eastern Guizhou Zn-Pb metallogenic belt is one of the important Zn-Pb mineralization regions in China.The Dadongla deposit,located in the northeast of Guizhou Province,is one of the typical Zn-Pb deposits in the region and has estimated resources more than 12 million metric tons(Mt)with an average grade of 4.11 wt%Zn+Pb.Its orebodies are hosted in the lower Cambrian Aoxi Formation dolomite,occurring as bedded,para-bedded in shape,and in conformity with the wall rock.The ore mineral assemblage is simple,dominated by sphalerite with minor pyrite and galena,and the gangue minerals are composed of dolomite,calcite with minor bitumen and barite.In view of the lack of geological and geochemical researches,the genesis of Zn-Pb ore is still unclear.Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICPMS)spot and mapping analyses were used to obtain sphalerite trace element chemistry in the Dadongla Zn-Pb deposit in Guizhou,China,aiming to constrain its ore genesis.The results show that sphalerite is characterized by the enrichment of Cd,Fe,Ge and Hg,corresponding with that of typical MVT deposits.Four zones were identified in the sphalerite crystal from Dadongla from the center to margin according to the color bands.in which the zone in the center,representing the early ore-stage sphalerite,is characterized by enrichment of Cd relatively,while the zone forming at late ore-stage is enriched in Ge and Hg relatively.The finding was controlled by differential leached metals content in ore-forming fluid from its source rock.Notably,critical element Ge trends to be enriched at the late ore-stage and follows a substitution of 2 Zn^2+(?)Ge^4++□(vacancy).Moreover,the calculated ore-forming temperature ranges from 79.9℃to 177.6℃by the empirical formula,which is similar to that of typical Mississippi Valley-type(MVT)deposits.Compared with the features of trace elements in sphalerite from different types of deposits,together with the geology,the Dadongla deposit belongs to an MVT Zn-Pb deposit.

Geochemical anomaly and the causes of transition metal accumulations in late Permian coal from the eastern Yunnan-western Guizhou region

The concentration of 39 trace elements in coal from the late Permian taken from the eastern Yunnan-western Guizhou region was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It was found that the mean content of Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Co, Ni, Y, and Zr is higher than the national average. The occurrence of Mn, Ni, and Co in the different coalfields is distinctly different. Most of the enriched transition metal elements exist mainly as inorganic minerals. In the Zhina coalfield, Co, Ni, and Nb are primarily associated with sulfur. Mn, Cs, and Mo are mostly sulfides. Almost all Co was organic and a significant part of the Ni is also organic in the Liupanshui coalfield. Cs, Co, and Ni are related to sulfur in the coal taken from eastern Yunnan. Carbonate is the main form of Mn in the coal from eastern Yunnan and the Liupanshui coalfield. Ti is the oxide in the coal samples where Ti is enriched. Zr is in the form of zircon in the samples where Zr is enriched. The situation for most of the transition metal elements is consistent with terrestrial genesis. Coal seams are universally influenced by the sea. The strongly seawater effected peat bog with a reductive and alkaline environment favors the relative enrichment of Mn. A reducing environment is conducive to transition metal element enrichment.

Geological characteristics and co-exploration and co-production methods of Upper Permian Longtan coal measure gas in Yangmeishu Syncline, Western Guizhou Province, China

Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.

Comparative Analysis of Two Freezing Disasters in Southeastern Guizhou

[Objective] The aim was to compare two freezing disasters in January 2008 and 2011 in southeastern Guizhou. [Method] By means of meteorological data from automatic stations in southeastern Guizhou, the occurrence time, influence range and disaster intensity of freezing disaste from December 31st, 2010 to January 10th, 2011 were analyzed and compared with freezing disaster in January 2008. [Result] Freezing weather in January 2011 started early and strongly, with large influence rang, lower decrease and intermittent rising of temperature, and subsequent cold air was weak, so freezing disaster weakened gradually; in January 2008, freezing weather began later and lasted for a long time, and subsequent cold air strengthened gradually, while temperature went down gradually accompanying continuous rainfall (snowfall), so freezing disaster became more and more serious. In a word, freezing disaster in January 2008 was severer than that of 2011. [Conclusion] The study could provide scientific references for the prediction and early warning of freezing disaster and establishment of corresponding countermeasures.

Limited Heredity Diversity of the Critically Endangered Guizhou Golden Monkeys

Guizhou golden monkey(Rhinopithecus brelichi)was a unique,endangered and endemic primate species in Guizhou Province.It was an isolated population caused by habitat loss and fragmentation due to the human disturbance in the recently 30 years in China,only distributed in Fanjingshan National Natural Reserve,Guizhou Province.To know the background with demonic population structure,we sequenced 867 bp of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop from 312 fresh fecal samples,results showed there 11 haplotypes among these samples,h was 0.517,πwas 0.00413.It indicated that this species had the lowest genetic diversity among four golden monkeys in China and need strengthen the conversation concern for this species immediately.

Analysis of Batik Value Chain in Ethnic Minority Areas--A Case Study of Danzhai County in Guizhou Province

Based on value chain analysis method,we surveyed and interviewed interest groups of batik industry in Danzhai County.From raw material production,product processing,marketing,organization and management,we discussed the supply chain of batik products in ethnic minority areas,and analyzed favorable factors of batik industry development and obstacles to interest groups developing batik industry.Finally,we put forward corresponding policy suggestions,including strengthening farmers' ability in batik production section,enhancing capability construction of batik cooperatives and associations,increasing cultural value added of batik products,bolster policy and financial support of government departments,and promoting establishment of cooperative mechanism for handicrafts.